Lecture 3: General Anatomy of Skeleton 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. What are the general peculiarities of bones (bone tissue)?

What are functions of the skeleton? What factors determine different forms of skeletal bones? What is the mechanical strength of the bone tissue accounts for? What are the directions of collagen fibers in osteon laminae? Where are intermediate lamellae situated in the bone? Why is there a shadow of bones in the X-ray pictures? What properties does the bone acquire while losing organic and inorganic substances? What is the soft skeleton? What are the general peculiarities of bones (bone tissue)?

2 main peculiarities : a) living bones have some elasticity (flexibility) b) great rigidity (hardness) Classification of bone : Bones are classified according to shape Long bones e.g : Bones of the limbs Short bones e.g : Carpal & tarsal bones Flat bones e.g : Ribs, shoulder blade, breast bone & the bones of the skull wall Irregular bones e.g : Vertebra , facial skull , hip bones Pneumatic bones e.g : Bones with the pair nasal sinuses Sesamoic bones e.g : Pisiform , platella Accessory bones e.g : Sutural bones/worman bones

2.What are functions of the skeleton? a) b) c) d) e) provide protection of vital structures support of the body a mechanical basis for movements the sites for development of the blood cells storage for the salts calcium, phosphorous, magnesium

a) provide protection of vital structures: the ribs of the thoracic bone protects heart and lungs b) support of the body vertebral bones structural framework for the trunk c) a mechanical basis for movements by providing attatchment for muscles and provide levers for other movements

d) the sites for development of the red blood cells bone marrow in the ends of long bone, sternum, ribs , vertebra e) storage for the salts calcium, phosphorous, magnesium provide mineral reservoir for the body 3. a) b) c) What factors determine different forms of skeletal bones? The shape of the bones are generally related to their mechanical functions Those involving the support/ movement of body parts for instance long bone acts as a lever short bone collective bridge between other bones flat bone protective shell in birds : many bone are evolved by the air conducting sacs and it forms respiratory system to provide the lightness and strength humans : a number of skull bones are filled with cavities the spongy part of the bone is also being absorbed and replaced in human being by air cavities so called the paranasal sinuses (in sutural bones, maxillary, ethmoidal sinuses) the shape and the structure of many bones are adapted to its function of support of resisting mechanical stress the structural arrangement of animal must not be considered without reference to its architecture, because the architecture of the bones also depends on its functions, the bones are where the muscles and ligaments are attatched to and these relative structures create resistance for compression or tension force which acts on human body during the stress

4. What is the mechanical strength of the bone tissue accounts for? 2 fundamental factors which lead to mechanical strength of the structure of the bones a) the intimate combination of minerals, salts & fibrous tissue in the bone b) basic constructional units called osteon 5. What are the directions of collagen fibres in osteon laminae?

The direction of the collagen fibres in osteon laminae are as follows : a) directed along tension and pressure lines related to the weight bearing functions . e.g:femur 6. Where are intermediate lamellae situated in the bone?

Structures of osteon : a) The central osteon canal b) Lamella of the osteon c) The cells which are called osteocytes Speaking of the intermediate lamella situated in the spaces of the osteons Lamella is from the Latin word plate Structure of osteon provides great strength to resist typical everyday compressive forces

typical long bones usually have nutritive foramens for the passing of the vessels & nutrition of the bones it can be found at the epiphysis (proximal ) or diaphysis (distal ) of a long tubular bone only at the epiphysis and diaphysis can see the spongy bones

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Why is there a shadow of bones in the X-ray pictures? Compact bone contains salts of calcium, that is why bones become radiolucent then in comparison to the neighbouring soft tissues, therefore the bone as dense substance radiopaque Skeleton : translation from Greek word means dried up What properties does the bone acquire while losing organic and inorganic substances? Living bones are plastid tissues with organic / inorganic components Living bones consists of essentially of connective tissue fibers impregnated with the mineral substances, making it equally resistant to compression and to tension while giving it functional , considerable elasticity. If the bone is decalcified by putting it into acid, the bone retains its shape completely but becomes flexible owing to removal of mineral substances from its framework If on the other hand the fiber tissue is destroyed by burning it, it still retains its shape but becomes brittle, inelastic and may crumble What is the soft skeleton? A locomotor apparatus : skeleton, joints and muscular tissue \ The bones are considered to be so called hard skeletons The term soft skeleton was firstly used approximately 25 years ago and it includes fasciae, ligaments, synovial sheath(muscle), tendons of the muscle and the capsula of the organs As a conclusion : The mechanical function of the bones include : support, protection and movement

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