Cartesian Coordinate System

A straight line with an associated direction, a selected point and a unit length is known as thenumber line, especially when the numbers of interest are integers. Otherwise, it may be called anumber or real axis. The selected point is called the origin. Points on the real axis relate to real numbers such that the origin is associated with 0 and the point at the unit distance from it in the chosen direction with 1. All other points are assigned real numbers which are their distances to the origin measured with the given unit length and taken with the sign plus or minus depending whether they are on the same side from the origin as the number 1. (It is assumed that any point on a line divides the line into two rays so that the division point separates the points on the rays. In case of a real axis and its origin, the rays are known as the positive and negative half-axes). The number associated with a point is called its coordinate. Two perpendicular real axes in the plane define a (rectangular planar) Cartesian coordinate system. Their common point is taken to be the origin (for both of them) and the two unit lengths are commonly equal. Usually, but not always, one of the two axes is horizontal, the other vertical; their positive directions are to the right and upwards. Usually, but again not always, the horizontal axis is called x-axis, the vertical one is called y-axis. With a Cartesian system in place, any point in the plane is associated with an ordered pair of real numbers. To obtain these number, we draw to lines through the point parallel (and hence perpendicular) to the axes. We are interested in the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two lines with the axes. Assuming the given point does not lie on either of the axes, there are two cooridnates: x-coordinate on the x-axis and y-coordinate on

the y-axis. The x-coordinate is called the absissa and the y-coordinate is called the ordinate of the point at hand. These are the two numbers associated with the point. They are usually written as (x, y), the absissa coming first, the ordinate second. Complex numbers are points in the plane endowed with additional structure. The y-unit is then denoted i and the points on the y-axis are written as yi. The points on the x-axis are denoted by the single real number x, as if it was the only number axis. Instead of (x, y), we then write x + yi and call the expression the complex coordinate of a point. Thus
x + yi = (x, y).

The sign "+" really signifies an operation of addition defined for complex numbers. In fact, yi actually means the product of y and i. The two claims imply yi = 0 + yi and x + 0i = x.

GEOLOGY
The science of geology is significant in locating water supplies, mineral resources, understanding the development of life on Earth, developing predictive models for earthquake, volcano, and tsunami activity, and adding fundamental knowledge to the field of Earth and planetary sciences. Geology is important in determining building placement, discovery of resources such as gravel, stone, oil, coal, water, and mineral deposits, knowledge of rock and mineral properties, landslide avoidance, erosion control, determining planetary histories, and earthquake and volcano eruption prediction. Nearly everything we use in daily life, from sidewalks to computers to homes, are constructed of components of rocks, or of plant material relying on the minerals in rock for growth.

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The science of geology is significant in locating water supplies, mineral resources, understanding the development of life on Earth, developing predictive models for earthquake, volcano, and tsunami activity, and adding fundamental knowledge to the field of Earth and planetary sciences.

Geology is important in determining building placement, discovery of resources such as gravel, stone, oil, coal, water, and mineral deposits, knowledge of rock and mineral properties, landslide avoidance, erosion control, determining planetary histories, and earthquake and volcano eruption prediction. Nearly everything we use in daily life, from sidewalks to computers to homes, are constructed of components of rocks, or of plant material relying on the minerals in rock for growth.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_geology_important#ixzz1dYYKsQ6j

Economic Geology Geomorphology Hydrogeology Mineralogy Crystallography Oceanography Palaeontology Petrology Plate tectonics / Rheology Volcanology Sedimentology Stratigraphy Seismology Structural Geology Geochemistry (Isotope Geology)

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The Scope of Geology and its Importance for future Geologist.

Content: What is Geology, Different branches of geology, Scope of Geology, Importance of Geology. What is Geology The word Geology has been derived from the Greek words Geo meaning the Earth and Logos meaning Science. Geology is a branch of science dealing with the scientific study of the Earth. The study of Geology mainly concerns itself with the study of the earths origin, structure, composition & history (including the development of life), and the nature of the processes. So, it is also known as earth science. The word was first used in 1778 in the work of Jean Andrea de Luc (a Swiss-born scientist who lived at Windsor for much of his life as adviser to Queen Charlotte) and at much the same time in the work of Swiss Chemist, S.B. Saucer. This is a fascinating subject which feels the pulse of the earth. It dealings with the outer solid shell of the earth

composed of rocks, which is known as lithosphere. A student should know what lies beneath the crust and how long back the earth came into existence. By Arefin.A Different branches of geology includes Physical Geology, Geo-Tectonics, Structural Geology, Sedimentology, Geomorphology, Economic Geology, Crystallography , Mining Geology, Mineralogy , Civil Engineering Geology, Rock Mechanics, Petrology , Hydrology, Stratigraphy , Paleontology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Photo Geology, Historical Geology.

Physical Geology:

As a branch of geology it deals with the internal and external agencies and various processes such as wind, water, glaciers and sea waves that bring about changes on the earths surface based on the study of rocks, minerals, and sediments, their structures and formations, and their processes of origin and alteration. It briefly explains how and why Earths surfaces, and its interior, are constantly changing. James Hatton is regarded as the father of Physical Geology. Physical geology includes the study of Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD). In civil engineering, it divulge constructive and destructive processes of physical agents at a particular site and helps in selecting a suitable site for different types of project to be under taken after studying the effects of physical agents.

Structural Geology

Structural Geology is the study of structures found in rocks. As a branch of geology it deals with the three-dimensional distribution of the rocks/rock units in earths crust produced due to a number of forces generated both internally and externally with respect to their deformational histories. The major goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to expose the history of deformation/strain and stress field in the rocks. Structural Geology also called tectonic geology or simply tectonics.

Geo-Tectonics

Geo-Tectonics is related to the large-scale structure of the earths crust. It concerns with the movements of the earths crust and the shape, structure, and arrangement of the rock masses resulting from structural deformation caused by movements.

Crystallography

As a branch of geology, it deals with the study of crystals. It is the study of the external forms and internal atomic structure of the crystalline minerals.

Mineralogy

As a branch of geology, it deals with the study of minerals including knowledge related to their formation, composition, characteristics, properties (physical, includingoptical), classification, mode of occurrence and origin as well as their geographical distribution & utilization. A mineral may be defined as a naturally occurring, homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, having a

definite chemical composition and ordered atomic arrangement. The study of mineralogy is most important.

Geomorphology

Geomorphology is the study of landforms. It concerned with surface features of the earth, including landforms and forms under the oceans, and chemical, physical, and biological factors that act on them; e.g. , weathering, streams, groundwater, glaciers, waves, gravity, and wind.

Petrology

Petrology (from Greek petra, rock; and logos, knowledge) is the branch of geology it deals with the study of rocks including the origin, texture, mineralogical composition, distribution, structure, and history of rocks. A rock is defined as the aggregation of minerals found in the earths crust. The study of petrology is most important for a civil engineer; in the selection of suitable rocks for building stones, road metals, etc. There are three branches of petrology: Igneous petrology, Sedimentary petrology, Metamorphic petrology.

Stratigraphy

As a branch of geology it deals with the study of stratified rocks as a record of geological history. It is the study of the strata of sedimentary rocks, their succession, thickness, age, variations and correlations. Lithologic Stratigraphy or lithostratigraphy and biologic Stratigraphy or biostratigraphy are the two related subfields of Stratigraphy. Chronostratigraphy is the branch of Stratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy is a chronostratigraphic technique. In the field of archaeology, soil Stratigraphy is used which called Archaeological Stratigraphy.

Paleontology

Paleontology (Greek- Palaios meaning ancient and Ontos meaning being), as a branch of geology, it deals with the study of fossils (prehistoric life) and the ancient remains of plants and animals are referred to as fossils that are found in the rocks of past geological periods. Fossils are useful in the study of evolution and migration of animals and plants through ages, ancient geography and climate of an area. SCOPE OF GEOLOGY

In Civil Engineering: Information about the site of construction materials used in the construction of buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs, highways and bridges is provide by Geology. It is most important planning phase, design phase and construction phase of an engineering project. In Mining Engineering: Geology is useful to know the method of mining of rock and mineral deposits on earths surface and subsurface. In Ground Water: Hydrogeology and Hydrology is applied in various aspects of resources and supply, storage, filling up of reservoirs, pollution disposal and contaminated water disposal. In Sedimentology: petroleum oils, Coal and oil shale are found in sedimentary rocks. Land pollution

Nuclear explosion Exploration Geophysics Oceanography Paleontological exploration Space exploration Planetary exploration

IMPORTANCE

Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials, their structure and properties. Geology is significant in locating water supplies, building & highway placement and mineral resources such as gravel, stone, oil, coal, water, and mineral deposits. The knowledge of ground water Geology is necessary in connection with excavation works, water supply, irrigation and many other purposes. Knowledge about the nature of the rock and mineral properties is very necessary in tunneling, construction roads and in determining the stability of cuts and slopes. The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly related with geology of the area where they are to be built. The knowledge of Erosion, landslide, Transportation and Deposition by surface water helps in soil conservation, river control, coastal and harbour works. It is developing predictive models for earthquake, volcano eruption, and tsunami activity. Understanding the development of life on Earth is done by Geology. Geology provides Fundamental knowledge to the field of Earth and planetary sciences, determining planetary histories. Pre-geological survey of the area concerned reduces the cost of engineering work. Geological maps and sections help considerably in planning many engineering projects. Geological features like faults, joints, beds, folds, solution channels are suitably treated to increase stability of the structure.