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AIM: To design the instrumentation amplifier with the bridge type transducer and convert the amplified voltage from the instrumentation amplifier to 4-20mA current using op-amp. SOFTWARE REQUIRED: Or cad THEORY: In a number of industrial and consumer applications physical quantities such as temperature, pressure and light intensity are to be measured and controlled. These physical quantities measured with the help of transducers have to be amplified so that it can drive the display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation amplifier. The circuit uses a resistive transducer whose resistance changes as a function of the physical quantity to be measured. The bridge is initially balanced by a dc supply so that V 1=V2. As the physical quantity changes, the resistance RT of the transducer also changes, causing an unbalance in the bridge (V1V2). This differential voltage gets amplified by the three op-amp differential instrumentation amplifier. The amplified voltage is converted to current using V-I converter. The important features of instrumentation amplifier are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. High Gain Accuracy High CMRR High Gain Stability With Low Temperature Coefficient Low Dc Output High Output Impedance
DESIGN: A sensistor is a type of resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. Instrumentation Amplifier: [ Let V1 = 2.3v V2 = 2.5v V0 = 4v Assume R' = 45k R = 10k V0 = R2/R1(1+90k/10k)(0.2v) 4v = R2/R1(1+90k/10k)(0.2v) 4 = 2R2/R1 R2/R1 = 2. Let R1 = 50k R2 = 100k V - I Converter: Let V0 = 4v I0 = 8mA R = V0/ I0 R = 500 ]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PINDIAGRAM of IC741:
OUPUT:
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Use PSPICE simulator and run. Note down the input voltages applied to the IA, output voltage of IA and output current. Vary the resistance value and note down the readings. Plot the variation of resistance Vs output current.
RESULT: Thus the instrumentation amplifier with the bridge type transducer was designed and the amplified voltage was converted to current.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT:
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Use PSPICE simulator and run. Note down the input voltages applied to the SCR, output voltage and current of SCR. Plot the Graph.
RESULT: Thus the phase controlled voltage regulator using full wave rectifier and SCR was constructed and output was verified.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: OrCad THEORY: The process control is the activities involved in ensuring a process is predictable, stable and consistently operating at a level(target) of performance with only normal variation. The IC 555 is highly stable device for generating accurate time delay oscillations. The process control timer designed using timer IC555 is operated in either astable or monostable mode. There are three timers used to trigger the other timers through a switch control. The output of the next timer is obtained after a delay with respect to the delay in the triggering of the circuit.
DESIGN: vc= Vcc (1 e-t/RC) At t = T, vc= (2/3) Vcc Therefore, T=1.1RC Here, T=1.1 ms Assume C= 0.1uF R= R= 10K
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Timer 1
Time, t =
ms
Frequency=
Hz
Timer 2
Time, t =
ms
Frequency=
Hz
Timer 3
Time, t =
ms
Frequency=
Hz
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Use PSPICE simulator and run. Note down the input voltages applied and the output at each stage. Plot the Graph.
RESULT: Thus a sequential timer was designed to switch on & off 3 relays in a particular sequence using timer IC.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: OrCad THEORY: Modulation is achieved by varying one of the three parameters, amplitude, frequency and phase in accordance with the message signal while keeping the other two parameters as constant. Hence the amplitude is varied in accordance with the instantaneous values of the low frequency signals. The frequency of the carrier is much greater than the amplitude of the modulating signal to avoid over modulation. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Use PSPICE simulator and run. Note down the input voltages applied and output voltage Also note down the demodulated output. Plot the Graph and calculate the modulation index.
RESULT: Thus the message signal was modulated and demodulated. The modulation index was also calculated.
EXPT NO: DATE: 4.b FREQUENCY MODULATION AIM: To perform the Frequency modulation using IC 566 and to calculate the modulation index for various modulating voltages.
HARDWARE REQUIRED: Frequency generator, IC NE566, Resistors, Capacitor, CRO, Bread board and connecting wires, RPS.
THEORY: Frequency modulation is a process of changing the frequency of a carrier wave in accordance with the slowly varying base band signal. The main advantage of this modulation is that it can provide better discrimination against noise. Frequency Modulation using IC 566: A VCO is a circuit that provides an oscillating signal whose frequency can be adjusted over a control by Dc voltage. VCO can generate both square and triangular wave signal whose frequency is set by an external capacitor and resistor and then varied by an applied DC voltage. IC 566 contains a current source to charge and discharge an external capacitor C1 at a rate set by an external resistor. R1 and a modulating DC output voltage. The Schmitt trigger circuit present in the IC is used to switch the current source between charge and discharge capacitor and triangular voltage developed across the capacitor and the square wave from the Schmitt trigger are provide as the output of the buffer amplifier. The R2 and R3 combination is a voltage divider, the voltage VC must be in the range 3/4 VCC < VC < VCC. The modulating voltage must be less than 3/4VCC the frequency fc can be calculated using the formula fo = 2 (VCC-Vc) R1 C1 VCC. For a fixed value of VC and a constant C1 the frequency can be varied at 10:1 similarly for a constant R1 C1 product value the frequency modulation can be done at 10:1 ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PIN DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
PROCEDURE: 1. The circuit connection is made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The modulating signal FM is given from a FG (1KHZ) 3. For various values of modulating voltage Vm the values of Fmax and Fmin are noted. 4.The values of the modulation index are calculated.
RESULT: Thus the FM circuit using IC566 was performed and the modulation index was found.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: IC XR 2206, Resistors, Capacitors. THEORY: In digital data communication, binary code is transmitted by shifting the carrier frequency between two preset frequencies. This type of the transmission is called Frequency Shift Keying. The standard digital data input frequency is 150Hz. Modem takes the digital electrical pulses from the terminal and converts it into the analog signal that can be transmitted. The FSK technique is employed for the modulation of digital Signal.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
GRAPH:
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Give the message signal. Check the output and verify. Switch off the input to find the carrier frequency. Plot the graph for input and output.
RESULT: Thus a FSK was implemented using XR2206 and verified the result
THEORY: The Computer Aided analysis is essential and can provide information about the circuit performances. It permits. Evaluation of effects of variation in elements such as resistors, transistors etc. The assessment of performance improvements or degradations. Evaluation of the effects of noise and signal distortion without the need of
expensive measuring instruments. Sensitivity analysis to determine the permissible bounds due to the tolerances each and every element value or parameter of active elements. Evaluation of the effects of non-linear elements of the circuit performance. Optimization of the design of electronic circuits in terms of circuit parameters. on
Top Layer
Bottom Layer
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. Draw the circuit diagram using Pspice and get the simulated output. Create .mnl file Select the required file Go to tools and select create netlist Click Layout from the dialog box appearing and give OK. Note the path in which the .mnl file is created. 3. To create PCB Design Open OrCad Layout Plus Make the data of OrCad Layout Plus to default Take the .mnl file and save it. Select the obstacle from tools and select all the components. Auto Auto Place Auto route Board Board
View the Global Layer. View the individual layers by selecting tools, layer. Give backspace and select the layers.
RESULT: Thus a schematic of cascade amplifier circuit was designed and a PCB layout Using CAD was obtained
PROGRAM: Simulation module prbs(rand,clk,reset); input clk,reset; output rand; wire rand; reg [3:0]temp; always @ (posedge reset) begin temp[0]=1'b0; temp[1]=1'b1; temp[2]=1'b0; temp[3]=1'b1; end always @ (posedge clk) begin if(~reset) begin temp<={temp[0]^temp[1],temp[3],temp[2],temp[1]}; end end assign rand =temp[0]; endmodule
OUTPUT:
PROCEDURE: 1. Write the coding. 2. Use Xilinx ISE simulator and run. 3. Note the output and verify.
RESULT: Thus a PRBS Generator is simulated in Verilog and implemented using Spartan3 FPGA kit.
The 74138 chip is used for generating the address decoding logic to generate the device select pulses CS1 and CS2 for selecting the IC 74175 in which latches the data bus to stepper motor driving circuitry. PROGRAM:
Address
Opcode
Label
Mnemonics
Operand
Comments
4100
90 41 1F
START
MOV
DPTR # TABLE
Load the start address of switching scheme data TABLE into Data pointer. Load the count in R0 Load the number in TABLE into A Push DPTR Value to stack
4103 4105
78 04 F0 LOOP
MOV MOV X
4106
C0 83
PUSH
DPH
4108 410A
C0 82 90 FF C0
PUSH MOV
DPL DPTR, # 0FFFC0 @ DPTR, A Load the motor port address into DPTR. Send the value in A to stepper motor port address Delay loop to cause a specific amount of time delay before next data item is sent to the motor
410D
F0
MOV X
410F
7C FF
MOV
R4,#0FFH
4110 4112
7D FF DD FE
DELAY DELAY1
MOV DNZ
R5,#0FFH R4, DELAY 1 R4,DELAY DPL POP back DPTR value from stack
4114 4116
DC FA D0 82
DJNZ POP
4118 411A
D0 83 A3
POP INC
DPH DPTR Increment DPTR to point to next item in the TABLE Decrement R0, if not zero repeat the loop Short jump to start of the program to make the motor rotate continuosly. Value as per two phase switching scheme.
411B
D8 E8
DJNZ
R0, LOOP
411D
80 E1
SJMP
START
411F
09 05 06 0AH
TABLE
DB
09 05 06 0AH
RESULT: Enter the above program starting from location 4100 and execute the same, stepper motor rotates. Varying the count at R4 and R5 can vary the speed. Entering the data in the look-up TABLE in the reverse order can vary the direction of rotation.
EXPT NO: DATE: SIMULATION OF ALU USING XILINX AIM: To stimulate and implement an ALU using Xilinx.
PROGRAM:
module logic_unit(d_out1,logic_unit,s0,s1,c0,A,B); output [1:0] d_out1; input s0,s1,c0,logic_unit; input [1:0] A; input [1:0] B; reg [1:0] d_out1; always @(s0,s1,A,B,logic_unit) begin if(logic_unit== 1'b1) begin if(s0 == 1'b0 & s1 == 1'b0) begin d_out1 = ( A & B); end else if(s0 == 1'b1 & s1 == 1'b0) begin d_out1 = ( A | B); end else if(s0 == 1'b0 & s1 == 1'b1) begin d_out1 = ( A ^ B);
end else begin d_out1 = ( A ^~ B); end end else begin d_out1 = 4'b00; end end endmodule
UCF CONSTRAIN:
NET"s0" LOC="p6"; NET"s1" LOC="p18"; NET"c0" LOC="p24"; NET"logic_unit" LOC="p36"; NET"A[0]" LOC="p38"; NET"A[1]" LOC="p41"; NET"B[0]" LOC="p69"; NET"B[1]" LOC="p78"; NET"d_out1[0]" LOC="p33"; NET"d_out1[1]" LOC="p34";
PROCEDURE: 1. Write the coding. 2. Use Xilinx ISE simulator and run. 3. Note the output and verify.
RESULT: Thus a ALU is simulated in Verilog and implemented using Spartan3 FPGA kit
ECHO CANCELLATION
AIM: To perform echo cancellation using MATLAB SOFTWARE REQURIED: pc with MATLAB PROGRAM: clear all; mule =0.01; max_run=200; for run =1:max_run; taps=20; freq=2000; w=zeros(1,taps); time=0.2; samplerate=8000; samples=time*samplerate; max_iterations=samples-taps+1; iterations=1:max_iterations; t=1/samplerate:1/samplerate:time; rand('state',sum(100*clock)); noise=0.02*rand(1,samples); s=.4*sin(2*pi*freq*t); x=noise+s; echo_amp_per=.4; %rand('state',sum(100*clock)); echo_time_delay=.064; echo_delay=echo_time_delay*samplerate; echo=echo_amp_per*[zeros(1,echo_delay) x(echo_delay+1:samples)]; for i=1:max_iterations;
y(i)=w*x(i:i+taps-1)'; e(run,i)=echo(i)-y(i); %mule(i)=0.5/(x(i:i+taps-1)*x(i:i+taps-1)'+0.01); w=w+2*mule*e(run,i)*x(i:i+taps-1); end end mse=sum(e.^2,1)/max_run; b=x+echo; out=b(1:length(y))-y; subplot(3,1,1),plot(b); title('signal and echo'); ylabel('amp'); xlabel('time sec'); subplot(3,1,2),plot(b); title('output of the system'); ylabel('amp'); xlabel('time sec'); subplot(3,1,3),semilogy(mse); grid title('learning curve mu= 0.01 echo delay= 64ms runs =200'); ylabel('estimated MSE, db'); xlabel('number of iterations'); %subplot(3,1,2), semilogy(iterations,e(1,:).^2); %grid %subplot(3,1,3), semilogy(iterations,e(2,:).^2);; %grid
OUPUT:
PROCEDURE:
1. Write the coding. 2. Use Mat lab and run. 3. Note the output and verify.
RESULT: Thus echo cancellation using MATLAB has been executed successfully.