Pakistan International School Jeddah English Section Academic Year: 2021-2022 Islamiyat 0493 Notes and Guidelines [Student Name/ID| Sehash blarxoom £12927} Class! Section ¥7-a Chapter 7 The period of Rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and their Importance as Leaders Topic ‘Abu Bakr (RA) as First Caliph Election and Administration Defeat of false prophets Dealing with refusal to pay Zakat Challenges Achievements Reference Note - 1 Scanned with CamScanner‘Chapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr (RA) as First Caliph > Generic Guidelines » These notes are consisted of outines NOT the complete answer. > Outlines are based on the IGCSE requirements with the reference of past paper question and guidelines with examiner report for the relevanttopics. > These notes will serve the students as a mind map, in order to forma well- developed answer. > Students are required to usethe given key points to develop the response in their ‘own words. > For some topics notes are given in complete paragraph form to give idea howto develop the answer > References are also included within the notes to help students memorize ‘Abu Bi 's irst Caliph and his Admit Qn the, answer the questions related to the y jake (RA) nas jaliph and his Administration’ ‘Agood answer shouldhave most of the information anda lot of detail, accurate chronology, perhaps giving relevant quotes. Following is the outline for a well-developed response General Outline: B mand of Ansars ‘Address of Ubayda bin Jarrah (RA) Appointment of Abu Bakr(RA) ‘Abu Bakr's First Address as Khalifa im rare ‘(Advisory Council) Division of State into Provinces. Important Appointments Rosponsibilies given Companions Pillar of islam Secured by Abu Bakr (RA) Miltary Campaigns During the Relgn of Abu Bakr Conclusion oo ooy ooocoooy Page 10027 G2021 ITIES AA Kean overvo Scanned with CamScannerPast Pay 3 and ing Sch Part ‘A’ (10 marks Question) ‘Students are required to recall, select and present relevant facts from the main elements of the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’. 1. Write a detailed account about the election and administration of Abu Bakr. Marking Scheme; objected sayingit upon his election. tebellions and m: marks were credited In answer to this question, as for election of Abu Bakr (RA), It could be said that the Prophet (pbuh) did not nominate a successor. After his death the ansars gathered in Saqifah ~i-Bani Sa'ad to discuss the appointment of a caliph where they were joined by Abu Bakr and ‘Umar and other eminent muhajireen, ‘Ali was not present at this meeting as he was busy with the preparations of the final rites of the Prophet (pbuh). Whether the caliph was to be from the | ansar, or the Quraysh was discussed at the meeting, The ansarswanted a caliph fromamongst them in view of their sacrifices for Islam, but Abu Bakr argued that the Arabs would not agree on any Amir other than a person from the Quraysh, at which point the ansars suggested the option of electing two Amirs, one from the Quraysh and one from the ansars, to which ‘Umar je jould cause confusion in theumma. 'Ubaydabin Jarra addressed the ansars at this point and said, 'O Ansar! You were the first to uphold Isiamdo not be the first to sow the seeds of dissension in it’ The ansars immediately withdrew their claim. Abu Bakr suggested the name of ‘Ubayda bin Jarrah and ‘Umar held the hand of Abu Bakr and pledged his | allegiance. On seeing this people from all sides rushed to pledge their loyally to Abu Bakr and a general pledge was taken the next day. Candidates could referto the speech Abu Bakr made As forthe administration of Abu Bakr, candidates could say thathe laid the foundation of a tuly democratic state. Following the Quran and sunna Abu Bakr conducted the affairs of the state | by discussing all matters with the Majiis-e-Shura. He divided the state into provinces and ‘appointed govemors who were responsible for both administrative and military affairs. Pubic money was strictly accounted for and all those in government were selected on merit. it should be said that even though there wasno police force, all crimes and their perpetrators were dealt with in the light of the teachings from the Qur'an and sunnah end if they were silent ma was practiced. By his efficient administration he preserved the Integrity of Islam by suppressing jing sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced Examiner report In part (a) of this question candidates needed to write about the election and administration of Hazrat Abu Bakr. Some candidates over-simplified the answer and said that Hazrat Umar nominated him, anda few confused HazratAbu Bakr's election with Hazrat Uthman's. However, there were some very good and detailed accounts of Hazrat Abu Bakr's election. When writng about the administration of the first caliph it was important to focus on how the caliphate was divided into provinces under govemors, the creation of the Majis-e-Shura and the Bait u! Maal etc. The events of Abu Bakrs caliphate were not relevant here. However, when candidates focussed on events such as making the tribes pay zakat or defeating the false prophets, and linked the events to how he administered the caliphate according to the teachings of Islam, [10] 2017 - Oct Nov— 22 L Page 3of27 (©2021 PISIES AD Rights Reserve! Scanned with CamScanner 4First Caliph ‘Chapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr(RA): 7 s n_as First Calli swer mus lin with the ger it ict ils about each as] 2s mentioned in the outline, ‘0 The Prophet (pbuh) did not nominate a successor his life. ‘After his death the Ansars gathered in Saqitah-i.Bani Sa’ad to discuss the appointment ‘of a caliph where they were joined by Abu Bakr and'Umarand other eminentmuhajreen. © ‘Ali(RA)was not present at this meeting as he was busy with the preparations of the final fites of the Prophet (pbuh). © whetherthe caliph wasto be from the Ansar, or the Quraysh was discussedat themeeting nd of © The Ansars wanted a caliph from amongst them in view of their sacrifices for Islam, but ‘Abu Bakr argued that the Arabs would not agree on any Amir other than a person from the Quraysh, at which point the ansars suggested the option of electing two Amirs, one from the Quraysh and one from the ansars, to which ‘Umar objected saying it wouldcause confusionin the umma. a h 0 ‘Ubayda bin Jarrah (RA) addressed the ansars at this point and said, ‘O Ansar! You were the first to uphold Islam do notbe the first to sow the seeds of dissension init’ The ansars immediately withdrew their claim, Appointment of Abu Bakr (RA) Abu Bakr suggested the name of 'Ubayda bin Jarrah and Umar ibn khattab (RA) but'Umar held the hand of Abu Bakr and pledged his allegiance. ‘00n seeing this people from all sides rushed to pledge their loyalty to Abu Bakr and a general pledge was taken the nextday. co After being appointed as a caliph, Abu Bakr addressed to the people, © “I have been given the authority over you, and | am not the best of you. if! do well, help ‘me; and If | do wrong, set me right. Sincere regard for truth is foyelty and disregard for truths treachery. The weak amongst you shall be strong with me unt! | have secured his tights if God wills; and the strong amongst you shall be weak with me until Ihave wrested from him the rights of others, if God wills, Obey me so long as | obey God and His Messenger, Butif| disobey God and His Messenger, ye owe me no obedience. Arise for your prayer, God have mercy upon you.” Page $027 (©2021 PISIES All Rights Reserved Scanned with CamScanner“Tay, Administration of Abu Bakr (RA) ‘Abu Bakr (RA) laid the foundation of atruly democratic state. Mallis-o-Shura (Advisory Council) © Following the Quran and sunna Abu Bakr conducted the affairs of the state by discussing all matters with the Majis-e-Shura, (Always took advice from the great companions of the Prophet in all important matters.) Division of Stato into Provinces © He divided the state into provinces, each had a governor. Important Appointments © The appointed governors were responsible for both administrative and military affairs. 0 Governor had an ‘amit’ to collect taxes and ‘Qaz!' to administer justice. 0 Allcommanders and governors were selected on merit. Responsibilities given Companions, ‘© Umar acted as a Ministerto the Caliph, and was in charge of judicial administration. © Abu Ubaida Jarrah was in charge of the financial administration. Crime Control in the Relgn of Abu Bakr (RA\ o He offered himself and his officers for strict accountability. ‘© Even though there was no police force, all crimes and their perpetrators were dealt with in the light of the teachings from the Quran and sunna andf they were silentijma was practiced. Pillar of islam Secured by Abu Bakr (RA) © By his efficient administration he preserved the Integrity of Islam by suppressing rebellions and making sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced. © Abu Bakr (RA) was a true savior of islam. He succeeded in suppressing the apostasy movement by which he saved the young Muslim state. He preserved the integrity of Islam and sanctity of the traditions of the Prophet (SAW). He subdued the rebellions tribes and made them pay Zakat and foughtthe false prophets, thus he was able to prevent the weakening of Islamic principles. Military Gampalans During the Reign of Abu Bakr © During the caliphate of Abu Bakr (RA) all the military campaigns undertaken by the ‘Muslims ended in their victory. The Muslims fought against forces superior to them in strength and numbers, but victory always lay with the Muslims. ‘Gonstusion ‘o The main causes of the victories of the Muslims during the caliphate of Abu Bakr were the high morale of the Muslim soldiers, their religious enthusiasm, their endurance, their mobility and the superb directions of Abu Bakr (RA) Page $027 (©2021 PISIES AI Rights Reserved Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr(RA) as First Caliph Paper Questions and Marki Part ‘A’ a stion, Students are required to recall, select and present relevant facts from the main elements of the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’, 2. Write a detail account of the four false prophets and how the Caliph Abu Bakr defeated them? [10] 2014 - May June ~ 24 Marking Scheme: The candidates need to write in detail ebout the four false prophets who threatened Islam and how Caliph Abu Bakr defeated them during his caliphate. There is no need for candidates to write about other aspects of Abu Bakr’s caliphate as it would not be relevant to the question. Details of these battles will help candidates get higherlevels. The candidates could simply say that Abu Bakr dealt very effectively with the false prophets who were a great threat to the unity of the Muslims. Names of the prominent false prophets and the tribes they belonged to need to be given. Better answerswill also give details of how Abu Bakr sent forces againstall of them and write about the fighting against Musaylimain the battle of Yamiama which wasthe fiercest, ‘and onein which many memorizers of the Qur‘an were killed. Candidates should not be credited for writing about the ridda wars or Abu Bakr's contribution in complling the Qur'an as the question is focusing on his election and how he dealt with the false prophets. lowing Is the patto ation: y 8 doaling with four false prophets" ‘A good answer should have most ofthe information and alot of datall, accurate chronology, Perhaps giving relevant quotes. Following is the outline for a well-developed response General Outline: > troduction © Aswad Ans! © Tulayha. © Sajah © Muaaylima (The Liar) > Conclusion Page 60°27 ©2021 PINILS All Righra Reserved Scanned with CamScannerv Chapter 7 — AbuBakr(RA) aay, ‘Abu Bakr (RA)'s deali 10 prophets’ ‘Answer must begin with the general introduction and details about each aspect as. Jntroduetion in the last days of the Prophet's life some misguided people arose to claim prophethood. When Abu Bakr was elected as the Caliph, they started their preaching openly. Among these false prophets were Aswad Ansi, Tulaiha, Sajjah and Musailamah. ASWAD ANSI Background + He belonged to the Ans/ tribe of Yemen and was an ugly man who used to cover his face and this why he was also called the veiled prophet the one who covers face). + Badhan was the King of Yemen who embraced Islam at the call of Prophet (PBUH). With Badha many came into the fold of Islam. Claim of Prophethood + After the death of Badhan whenhisson Shahrtook the throne, Aswad Ansiwhohad already laid the claim of being prophet gathered his army, attacked and killed Shahr. + By this, Aswad captured Yemen and repudiated allegiance to Madinah. + Prophet (PBUH) on knowing Aswad's false claim sent an army under Hazrat Maaz bin Jabal (RA). + Personal Life + After that Aswad forcefully married the widow of Shahrnamed Azad. + Inorder to empower himself Aswad Ansi dismissed Qais, commander in chief of the forces: of Shah and Feroz, minister under Shahr. Death + Azad who bitterly hated Aswad killed him In conspiracy spearheaded by her, Feroz and ais. He was killed @ day or two before the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH) but the news reached Madinah during the caliphate of Abu Bakr (RA) TULAYHA Background + He laida claim among Bani Asad of receiving revelations and prophethood during Prophet (PBUH) lifetime. Claim of Prophethood + When Prophet (PBUH) asked to take action against him a Muslim tried to kill him but the atiompt was miscarried. After this the followers of Tulayha procialmed that no sword could harm him Defeat of Tulvaha + Abu Bakr (RZ) sent Khalid bin Walid (RA) wanted to crush his growing power, Khalid bin ‘Walid (RA) negotiated with thenelghboring tibes which broughtreinforcement for Muslims + The armies of Muslims and Tulayha met at Buzakha but this remained indecisive. ‘Thereafter, Tulyaha retired to a place of safoty and pretended to await divine ravelations, + Uyaynah, nis commander in chief, after inquiring Tulayha about revelations many times found hia cause doomed to failure and asked his army to retreat, This gave an advantage to Mustims and many men of Tulayha were killed, «He eacapad to Syria with his wite and later when Muslims conquered Syria he embraced tala age 20027 ©2021 MIEN AIL Rights Reserved Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 - AbuBakr(RA) as First Caliph, SAJJAH Background + She belonged to Bani Tamim tribe. Among the false prophets who arose in Arabia, she was the lady who claimed to be a prophetess. Claim of Prophethood + She was beautiful, professed in predicting future, was a poetess and mostly talked in verses. She had an influential personality and was famous In her people. Due to her fame and appealing person: butlearning about Tulayha's def Revolt Against Muslims + So, she collected an amy of her followers and proceeded to Yamamah to fight ag Musaylima, Instead of attacking, Musaylima invited her and gave hera warm welcome. He convinced herto join forces with him as theirenemy was the same, the Muslims. Personal Life + Musaylima proposed Sajjah which she accepted and admitting each other as prophetthey got maried. The followers of Sajah went back to Iraq frustrated, considering the loss withouta battle. Defeat of Sajiah « Itis said that she realized that she had degraded herself and lost the battle. She went back to Iraq and later embraced Islam when Muslims conquered Iraq. MUSAYLIMA, jar Background + He belonged to Hanifa tribe in Yamama and was the most dangerous one. + Ho visited Madinah during the Prophet (PBUH)'s lifetime and met him. Claim of Prophethood + Onvhis retum to Yamama he laid claim to be a prophet. He also composed some verses and called them the revelations. Effect of False Claim + He lessened the number of prayers from five to three, relived his followers from Zakat and allowed adultery and drinking. + When Prophet (PBUH) asked him to abandon he demanded to divide Arabia in two parts one for Muslims and other for him and his followers. + Prophet(PBUH) called himthe liar and deputed Nahr ur Rial to go back to his people and propagate Islam but Nabr falsely declared to his people that Prophet (PBUH) adrnvtted Musaylima to be his co-partner In Divine mission. Powe BFA ONDE FUN AI chia Romer Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 — Abu Bakr(RA} aay, Defeat of Musaylama_ After the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH) people preferred him as a living prophet Abu Bar (RZ) then sent two armies under Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl and Shrubail bin Hasnal wey instructions to attack only when both forces joined. Both the delegations lost in battle wih because they did not follow the caliph'sinstructions. Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RA) was then sent by the caliph with an army of 15,000. Musaylima with his 40,000 men intercepted the outnumbered Muslims which brought defeat for Muslims on the first day of the battle. Hazrat Khalid (RA) refused to admit defeat and prepared his reserved cavalry for the next day battle. Whileboth forces were engagedin handto hand fighting Khalid bin Walid (RZ) attacked on Musaylima's camp. Musaylima retreated to a neighboring garden which was surrounded by a wall, Muslims jumped over the wall and after that, a huge slaughtertook place and due to this the battle is also known as the Battle of the garden of death’. ath of Musaylama Eventually, Wahshi ibn Harb, the Negru slave killed Musaylima.3000 Muslims were martyred including a large number of Huffaz (memorizers) and10,000 of Musaylima's army men were Killed. Conclusion ‘Abu Bakr (RA) faced various challenges in his reign but one of the most significant input as a caliph was to crushed the false prophet and secure the Muslim Umma by preventing them being misled. Scanned with CamScannerPast Paper Questions and Marking Scheme Part ‘A’ (10 marks Question) Students are required to recall, select and present relevantfacts from the main elements of the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’. 3. Write an accountof the campaign led by Abu Bakr against the tribes refusing to pay zakat [10] 2018 - Oct Nov— 22 Markin, Some tribes went back on their pledged allegiance to the Prophet and refused to pay zakat. | In answering this question candidates could say why these tribes reneged on their pledge and how the caliph dealt with the tribes on theissue of nonpaymentof zakat. It could be said that he called the Shura to discuss this matter who advised himto not take action againstthe | | rebelling tribes at the time. His response to the Shura and the delegates who had come to | ask for exemption could be written aboutin some detail in order to develop the answer. Also, an accountof the attack launched by the tribes and Abu Bakr's counter attack repulsing the tribes could be given in the answer. The eventual defeat of these tribes at Abraq by Abu Bakr | could also be written about. Candidates could say that once the main amy retumed from | Syria, Abu Bakr led the force personally and defeated the tribes which resulted in them sending delegates to Madina not only offering their allegiance to the caliph but also | expressing their willingness to pay zakat. | the questions related to the ‘Abu Bakr (RA) deali al at A good answer should have most of the information anda lotof detail, accurate chronology, perhaps giving relevant quotes. Following is the outline for a well-developed response Qutline: Tribes around Madina. Deputation of the tribes Counsel of the advisers Judgmentof Abu Bakr Reply and Addressing the delegates Challenge of the tribes Preparations of Abu Bakr The attack of the tribes ‘The counter attack of the Muslims in Zul Hissa ‘The battle of Zul isa, Battle of Abraq. YYYYYYYvYYY Foye 100029 ©2091 PINTES AM hag feanern op Scanned with CamScanner‘Abu Bakr (RA) dealing with Refusal to pay Zakar 42 Ans t begin with the general introduction and dotails about each aspect as in the outlins mentior > Tribes around Madina ov ¥ ‘Madinah was surrounded by a ring of tribes named Banu Ghatafan, Banu Asad, Banu ‘Thalba, Banu Marah, Banu Abbas and others. After the invasion of Makkah when other tribes sent delegations for the acceptance of Islam. these tribes also became Muslims. Their allegiance was based more on diplomacy than on real faith. Deputation of the tribes. ‘After the Prophet (SAW)'s death, the tribes around Madina senta deputation. They shared their view with the caliph that the agreement they made with Mohammad (SAW) had terminated and authorities should make new agreements relieving them from Zakat. Abu Bakr treated the deputation with due courtesy, and said that he would give his reply after consulting his advisers. Counsel of the a ‘Abu Bakr (RA) called a meeting of “Majis — Shura’. (Advisory Council) When Abu Bakr (RA) discussed the matter with his council, he was suggested by companions including Umer (RA) to accept thedemand. Buthis view was different from the suggestion received. He judged the matter of Zakat as an obligatory duty upon all therefore it couldnot be relieved and no concessions could be made in it. Reply and addressing the delegates After convincing his council members, he wrote back to the tribes explaining them that if they professed Islam, they had to observe all the injunctionsof Islam. There was no haf way house in Islam and no room in Islam for any compromise on fundamentals. Addressing the delegates, Abu Bakr declared in unequivocal terms: "Under the circumstances, if with reference to Zakat you withhold even as much as a string to tle a camel, as the Caliph of the Holy Prophet, it will be my duty to fight for it whatever the consequences. | will be propared to face all risks, but / cannot be a part fo the compromising of islam on any fundamental issu He clarified thatif they withheldZakat, he would fightforit whatever the consequences were. Challenge of the tribes: ‘Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to forego islam. The tribes decided to attack Madinah taking advantage of the situation that the major army of Muslims was at Syria and there would be hardly any fighting force in Madinah. The tribes concentrated their forces at Zul Hissa and Zu! Qissa to the north east of Madina ‘on the way to Nejd. and decided to launch the attack against Madina. Preparations of Abu Bakr (RA) Noticing the mood of tnbes, Abu Bakr (RA) posted his senior companions like Khatid (RAY. Taiha (RA), Abdur Rahman bin Auf (RA), Abdullah bin Masud (RA) and others on strategic approaches of the city to make @ report about enemies’ movements, On the other hand. Hazrat Abu Gakr (RA) prepared adult Muslims to fightfor the defen se of Isiam and Istomic state Page VW of 27 ©2021 PISTES A Rights Reseed Scanned with CamScannery Chapter? Auta) a Fe caliph / > Theattack of the tribe: ov ov ‘One dark night during the month of July 632 C E. The intelligence brought report of movements in tribes of Zu! Hissa, so Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) collected adultMuslims and took position on the strategic point in the direction of Zul Hissa from where the attack wi cS xpected. The tribes launched the attack at midnight. But the enemy who had thoughtto have an easy victory was surprised by Abu Bakr (RA)'s attack. Many tribesmen fell victims to the swords of the Musii e rest fled in utter confusion. he counter a 0 “The Muslims gave chase to the enemy and advanced to Zul Hissa. Here the reveating tribesmen were joined by their reserves. In the battle at Zul Hissa the Muslims were ‘outnumbered but they foughtwith grim determination, Asa stratagem the tibesmen threw inflatedwater skins in the path of the Muslimarmy. That {frightened the camels on which the Muslims were riding, and the camels did notrest till they reached Madina. The tibes feltjubilantat what they regarded as the repulse of the Muslims. ‘The tribes thinking that all was over with the Muslims retired to their camps at Zul Hissa and Zul Qissa. of Zul Qissa ‘Back in Madina, Abu Bakr ralliedthe Muslimforces. In the late hoursof thenight, the Musim forces rushed out of the city, and led a violent attack against the enemy at Zul Hissa, The tribal forces were taken unawares and they retreated to Zul Qissa. The Muslims pursued them to Zul Qissa. There was an action at Zu! Qissa but the tribal force could not withstand the fury of the attack of the Muslims. Many tribesmen were cut to pieces. Those who survived fled in confusion. Before the day dawned, the Muslimshad won a victory and they were the masters of Zul Qissa. ‘Abu Bakr decided to canton his forces at Zu! Qissa, and make it a base forfurthercampaigns againstthe apostate tribes. Abu Bakr left a detachment at Zul Qissa under the command of Nauman bin Mugran and himself retumed to Madina with considerable booty captured at the battle of Zul Qissa. The victory of Zul issa was the first significant event of the caliphate of Abu Bakr. Battle of Abra “The survivors of Zul Qissa retreated to Abraq. There they repudiated slam andjoined hands with the apostates of Islam who were fully poised to attack Muslims. Those who remained Muslim at Abraq, were killed by the apostate tribes mercilessly, some were putto the sword, ‘some were bumt alive, some were thrown from the cliffs etc. ‘When Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) came to know of these killings he waited for the forces to retum from Syria, Afterwards, he personally led the Muslim force and attacked Abraq. During the battle, the enemy leaders Haris and Auf were killed, while Huteeyah who was ‘also a well-known poetwas captured alive, With the fall of the leaders the enemy forces were demoralised. Ultimately the courage of the tribes gave away under the increased pressure of the Muslims, and they found safely in fight The Muslims thereby won a significant victory. Page 120127 (©2021 PISIES Al Rights Reserved Scanned with CamScannerast Paper Questions and Markin, 1 Part ‘A’ (10 marks Question) ‘Students are required to recall, select and present relevant facts from the main elements of the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’. 4, Write an accountof the major challenges that faced Abu Bakr during his caliphate. [10] | Ma 5c | “Answers could have basic references to the false prophets, the tibes withholding zakat and the apostate tribes. Some could go on to give fuller accounts of these challenges, faced | by Abu Bakr. In the answers it could be described that at the time of Abu Bakr's caliphate | there were a number of people in Arabia who claimed to be prophets like Muhammad. The | main ones were Musaylima among the Hanifa tribes in Yamama, Tulayha among the tribes | of Asad and Ghatafan, al-Aswad in the Yemen and Sajjah among the Tamim tribe. Answers could give accounts of how Abu Bakr sent forces against all of them and write about the | | fighting against Musaylima in the battle of Yamama, which was the fiercest, and one in which | many memorizers of the Quran were Killed. The revolt against Islam by tribes that had | | pledged loyalty to the Prophet and the refusal of some tribes to send taxes to Medina could | also be described. Excellentanswers will give a full account. | I I ) | Following is the pattem to answer the questions related to the | ‘Major challenges that faced Abu Bakr during his caliphate | | good answer should have most of the information and alotof detail, accurate chronology. | perhaps giving relevant quotes. Following is the outline for a well-developed response | Quttine: | | | Settlement of the prevailing unrest amongst Muslims at the sad Demise Departure of Usama's expedition to Syria Bringing an end to Apostasy Movement (The Rida Wars) Suppressing the rise of false Prophets Dealing with the tibes who refuse to pay Zakat Compilation of the Quran Defeated the Redellions Conquests towards Persian and Byzantine Empires vrvy vvvy mee 1.0827 OM A Rink Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 - Abu Bakr(RA) as First Caliph f ‘Major challenges that faced Abu Bakr during his calipha' Answer must begin with the general introduction and details about each aspect as ‘Mentioned in the outline, > of the prevailing unrest am: FA 1d Ds After the death of the Prophet (saw), Abu Bakr (RA) advised Muslims in many matters. o Hemade the Muslims believe that the Prophet (saw) had p: an Ayat from Sura Al Ahzaab. ‘Abu Bakr (RA) normalized the critical situation arising outof the death of the Holy Prophet (SAW), as nobody was ready to believe thisincluding Umar. Abu Bakr (RA) on this occasion recited these verses, Surah Al-Imran (3:14), If the Prophet dies or killed, will you tum away from religion? \d away when he recited 0 He determined the place of burial of the Prophet (saw) when he told a Hadith. o He convinced Ansaars that the caliph should be from Muhajroen and the Quresh and saved a civil war. ‘Ansars gatheredin a house when the Prophetwas not buried yet Abu Bakr along with other Quresh companions came to that place. + He delivered an impressive speech and convinced Ansars caliph must be from Quresh + On the same occasion, Omar seconded the name of abu Bakr as caliph + He was elected by the present gathering. The rest of the city approved himas caliph > Usama’‘s Expedition to Syria © The Prophet (SAW) before his death had appointed Usamah (RA) to lead an expedition against Syrians to avenge the death of his father Zayd. o When Usamah was aboutto leave, the news of the Prophet (SAW) came and the departure of army was postponed. o After becoming caliph, Abu Bakr (RA) considered sending the Expedition as his first task. However, in view of the peculiar circumstances some companions urged him to postpone the Expedition, as troops were needed for countering intemal uprising. ‘¢ Some argued that the command should be changed, as Usamah (RA) was inexperienced. o Abu Bakr (RA) refused to change his decision and said thathe could neverallter the decision taken by the Prophet (SAW). ‘© Atlast, the army led by Usamah left for Syria and retumed to Madinah after forty days with a great victory. > Bringing an end to Apostasy Movement (The Rida Wars) 0 After the Prophet's death, some of the people rose in revolt againsithe authontiesin Medina, and renounced Islam. A threat to the unity & stability of the Islamic State. co Main cause was lack of true & firm faith as some Tnbes in 9th & 10th AH. accepted Islam for Political reason only. Several Arabic tribes revolted againstAbu Bakr o Abu Bakr, without any delay, launched an expedition against this movement. ‘0 The opostasy of central Arabia was led by self-prociaimed prophet Musailema of Yarama area, The other centers were to the south and east in Bahrain, Oman, Mahra region and Yemen, o Abu Bakr ctanned his strategy accordingly, after collecting the troops at Medina, he divicted them into eleven battalions, esch with an experienced commander. pent in eleven different rections to crush these revolts. Page 84.0 27 © 202) PRSTTS All Right: Resenwat Scanned with CamScannerChaptér 1 - nou pant{KA) a8 Fins , © The strongest troop and this was the main punch of the Muslim army, was that of Khalid ibs -Walid. It was used to fight the most powerful of the rebel forces. © Other corps were given areas of secondary importance in which to bringthe less dangerous apostate tribes © He instructed each commander to first invite these tribes to Islam. If any refused to comply they were to be attacked, © Some of the tribes accepted Islam butthe others were stubbom andwere dealt with harshly. © Alter a series of successful campaigns, Khalid ibn al-Walid finally defeated Musailema and his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, in the Battle of Yamama ‘0 The Campaign of the Apostasy was foughtand completed during the eleventh year of the Hijpah, ‘o The year 12 Hijrah dawned, with Arabia united under the central authority of the Khalifa at Madina. ‘o Abu Bakr was able to re-establish control of Islam throughoutthe Peninsula. » Ealse Prophets: © In the last days of the Prophet'slife some misguided people arose to claim prophet hood. When Abu Bakrwas elected as the Caliph, they started theirpreaching openly. Amongthese false prophets were Tulaiha, Aswad Ansi, Musailamah and Sajah. © Tulaiha belonged to the Banu Asad tribe in the northem Arabia. An army under Khalid bin Walid was sent which met them at Buzaka. After a fierce battle Tulaiha’s army surrendered and he himself led to Syria. He embraced Islam during the time of the second Caliph. belonged to the Ansi tibe in Yemen. He was an ugly man who kept his face veiled all the time. He was nicknamed “the veiled prophet’. Being leader of his tribe, he revolted with the cooperation of the neighbouring chiefs. He was the first false prophet who collected a large army in open revolt against Islam. He was defeated and killed by the Muslims. ‘The most dangerous of the false prophets was Musalima, He belonged to a tibe of central Arabia. His tribe accepted him as a prophet. Abu Bakr sent Shurbhiland Ikramah to crush ter Khalidbin Walidjoinedthem.Musalima,s army was defeated after a fierce battle at Yamamah in 633AD.Musalimah was killed. In this battle about 800 Muslims were martyred. Amongst them were 360 Huffaz (memorizers of the Holy Qur'an). allah was a woman who belongedto the Bani Tamim tribe. She claimed to be a prophetess ‘and succeeded in mustering a large following. When Musalimah heard about her claim he invited her to Yamamah. They decided to Join forces and later Musailma married her which ended her adventure of prophet hood and she lived in obscurity for the rest of herlife. When the Muslims conquered Iraq she entered the circle of Islam along with her tribe. ° > Refusal to pay Zakat: © The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a great test of the moral courage of Abu Bakr as tho first Caliph of the Holy Prophet. © After the demise of the Holy Prophet many surrounding tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to Isiam, senta deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that their agreementwih the Muslims had ended. © A fresh agreement was necessary in which they should berelieved from the obligation to pay Zokat. o Abu Bakr argued that Zakat was a fundamental injunction of islam and had to be paid. ‘© Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to forego Islam. © Their decision wasto attack Medina when the main Muslim army was in Syria. ‘0 They attacked at night but found Abu Bakr with his army ready to fight. Tho apostates were defeated: many tribesmen died while others led in confusion. After this battle many tribes sent their delegates to Medina, offered allegiance and paid Zakat. Page 15 0f 27 (02021 PISIES AIIRighy Reserveat Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr(RA) as First Caliph > Compilation of the Holy Quran: © Inthe battle of Yamamah several Huffaz laid down theirlives. © Umar (RA) approached Abu Bakr (RA) aboutthe compilation of the Holy Quran. © He was of the opinion that soon the preservation of the Qur'an will become a major problem owing to the deaths of the Huff © Abu Bakr did not agree in the beginning butwas later convinced by Umar and he ordered the compilation of the Holy Book underthe supervision of Zaid bin Thabit (RA) > Reboltions © Many states rebelled after the death of the Prophet (SAW). On such state was Bahrain whose people had accepted Islam in the lifetime of the Prophet (SAW). © Soon after his demise, the Muslim governor of Bahrain died and there was disorder and rebellion in the province. 0 Abu Bakr (RA) sent a force that defeated the rebellions tribes. Besides, there were also rebellions in the adjoining small states like, Oman, Maharh, Hadramaut and Yemen. o Allthe revolts were suppressed and these states were brought back underthe banner of Islam. > Gonqu Is ‘There were many reasons that Abu Bakr (RA) took action against Persians and Romans. These two powers were a great threat to Islam as they tried their best to crush Islam so they helped false prophets Musailma and the baduin tribes to attack Muslims and also blocked the trade links of the Arabs. Abu Bakr (RA) thoughtitwas necessary to take action against them. Persian Empire: © Abu Bakr (RA) sent an army under Muthanabin Haritha (RA) to take action against Persian in the eastem Iraq. Khalid bin Waleed (RA) also joined hands with him. o Both defeated the Persians at Kazima the Persian commander Hurmuz was killed this battle is also known asthe battle of chains as Persians tied themselves in chains that showed ther do or die state of mind. co The Muslims also defeated the Persians in the battles of Mazar, Walja, Ullis, Amber, Hira, Einnut Tamar and controlled the area between Ubala and Umber. Byzantine Empire: ‘© Then in 13. A HI634 AH Muslim armies paid their attention to Byzantine whowere creating many problems for the Muslims in the lifetime of Holy Prophet by fighting at Muattah, challenging at Tabuk and helped the bedwins tribes againstisiam. ‘0 Muslims were dispatchedin four columnsunderAbu Ubaidabin Jarrah, Amr bin Aas, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan and Shurehbi bin Hasanah, Meanwhile Khalid bin Waleed also joined them so Muslims attacked Romans at Basra and defeated them. 0 This was.a very significant victory on the Syrian aide and Roman commander accepted islam and joined hands witn Muslims to fightagainathis own people. Then fhe Romans amassed 2 lac and 50000 soldiers to fight Muslims, who were only 40000 at Ajnagayn but Muslims because of effective strategies of Khalid bin Waleed (RA) defeated te Romans This victory of Musilme ied to the siege of Damascus. ine 160 7 O20) LPISIES AN Rigi Ronervas Scanned with CamScannerN Chapter 7 ~ AbuBakr(Ks} x, Past Paper Questions and Marking Scheme, Part ‘A’ (1 (S lon) Students are required to recall, select and present relevantfacts from the main elements of the faith and history of Istam in part‘ }. Write a detailed account of Abu Bakr's achievements as Caliph. [10] 2019 Oct/Nov 21 | Marking Scheme; In this answer, candidates need to reflect upon the services rendered by Abu Bakr during his caliphate which, though brief, was packed with significant achievements. It could be said that he laid the foundations of a truly democratic state, by running the affairs of the caliphate in consultation with the Majis © Shura, He administered in accordance with the practice of the Prophet (pbuh) and set the precedent of maintaining stict standards of accounting for public finances. Apart from his administration, he united the umma at a critical time after the death of the Prophet (pbuh). He dealt firmly with the apostate tribes who left Islam or refused to pay zakat, and foughtthe false prophets. The compilation of the Quran in a single volume can be counted as one of his greatest services to Islam as Caliph. Developmentof these points wil determine the final mark a candidate receives. ystions the Abu Bakrs achievements as Caliph | ‘Agood answer should have most of the information anda lot of detail, accurate chronology. | perhaps giving relevant quotes. Following is the outline for a well-developed response Qutfine: United the Ummah at the death of the Prophet (SAW) | Usama's Expedition to Syrla Apostasy Wars, | ‘Suppressing the rise of false Prophets | | Dealing with the tribes who refuse to pay Za ‘Compilation of the Holy Quran Defeated the Rebeliions Expedition to Iraq (Persian Empire) Expedition to Syria (Byzantine Empire) | ‘Administration of Abu Bakr (RA) vyyyyyvyYyY Page 17027 ©202| PISIES AlIRIghts Reserve Scanned with CamScannerChapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr(RA) as Fist Caliph Abu Bakr’s achievements as Caliph must lin with the ral introdt n_and details at h a ntioned in the ot » United the Ummah at the death of the Prophet (SAW) ‘Abu Bakr (RA) normalized the critical situation arising out of the death of the Holy Prophet (SAW), as nobody was ready to believe this including Umar. ‘© Abu Bakr (RA) on this occasion recited these verses: "Mohammad is no more than a messenger: many messengers that were before him passed away, it he died or were slain will you then turn back on your heels?” (3:144). Usama's Expedition to Syria } The Prophet (SAW) before his death had appointed Usamah (RA) to lead an expedion against Syrians to avenge the death of his father Zayd, When Usamah was about to leave, the news of the Prophet (SAW) came and the departure of army was postponed. © After becoming caliph, Abu Bakr (RA) considered sending the Expedition as his first task. However, in view of the peculiar circumstances some companions urged himto postpone the Expedition, as troops were needed for countering intemal uprising. Some argued that the ‘command should be changed, as Usamah (RA) was inexperienced. ‘Abu Bakr (RA) refused to change his decision and said that he could never alter the decision taken by the Prophet (SAW). At last, the army led by Usamah left for Syria and retumed to Madinah after forty days with a great victory. .) Apostasy Wars, ‘Abu Bakr’s main achievement during this period was to unify the Islamic world under the central authority of Medina in the ‘wars of apostasy’, a series of civil wars against other Muslims intended to unity stam and suppress dissent 0. His success in these wars ledto a strong central goverimentin the Arabian Peninsula. ° se to claim prophet hood. When Abu Bakrwas elected as the Caliph, they started theirpreaching openly. Amongthese false prophets were Tulaiha, Aswad Ansi, Musallamah and Sajah. ‘© Tulatha belonged to the Banu Asad tribe In the northem Arabia, An army under Khalid bin ‘Walid was sent which met them at Buzaka, After a fierce battle Tulaiha’s amy surrendered and he himself fled to Syria. He embraced Islam during the time of the second Caliph. revolted with the cooperation of the neighbouring chiefs. He was the first false prophet who collected a large army in open revolt against Islam. He was defeated and killed by the Muslims. ©. The most dangerous othe fase prophets was Musalins He belonged ioe tibe of conta ‘Arabia. His tribe accepted him a8 2 prophet. Abu Bakr sent Shurbhiland kramah to crush the rebellion; later Khalidbin Walldjoined th rmy was defeated after afierce battle at Yamamah in 633AD.Musalimah was killed, In this battle about 800 Muslims were martyred. Amongst them were 360 Huffaz (memorizers of the Holy Quran). © $allah was a woman who belongedto the Bani Tamim tribe, She claimed to be a prophetess ‘and succeeded in mustering a large following. When Musalimah heard about her claim he Invited her to Yamamah. They decided to join forces and later Musallmamaried herwhich ‘ended her adventure of prophet hood and she lived In obscurity for the rest of her life. When, the Muslims conquered Iraq she entered the circle of Islam along with her tibe Page 180627 ©2021 PISJES All Rights Reserves Scanned with CamScannerwe ~ Chapter 7 - Abu Bakr(RA) as Fira fo The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a great test of the moral courage of Abu Bakr a5 the first Caliph of the Holy Prophet. © After the demise of the Holy Prophet many surrounding tribes of Medina which had offered allegiance to islam, senta deputation to Abu Bakr with the proposal that their agreement with the Muslims had ended, A fresh agreementwas necessary in which they shouldbe relieved from the obligation to pay Zakat. co Abu Bakr argued that Zakatwas a fundamental injunction of Islam and had to be paid. ‘Seeing their proposal being rejected these tribes decided to forego Islam. ‘0 Their decision wasto attack Medina when the main Muslim army was in Syria. co They attacked at night butfound Abu Bakrwith his army ready to fight. co The apostates were defeated; many tribesmen died while others fled in confusion. After this battle many tribes senttheir delegates to Medina, offered allegiance and paid Zakat. > Compilation of the Ho! ‘©. The greatest service Abu Bakr (RA) rendered to Islam was the compilation of the Quran ‘© In various battles that took place against the rebels and false prophets, a number of ‘companions who had memorized the Quran were martyred, ‘©. Inthe battle of Yammah against Musailimah false prophet about 70 Huffazhad died. © Then, Umar (RA) advised Abu Bakr (RA) to compile the Quran in a book form before it was lost © Abu Bakr (RA) agreed and appointed Zayd bin Thabit (RA) to compile the Quran. ‘0 He adopted the same order of the various chapters of the Holy Book as was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW). ‘0 The compiled copy of the Quran was kept in the house of Ummul-Muminun Hafsa (RA). The wife of the Prophet (SAW) and daughter of Umar (RA). Defeated the Rebellion 0 Many states rebelled after the death of the Prophet (SAW). On such state was Bahrain whose people had accepted Islam in the lifetime of the Prophet (SAW). Soon after his demise, the ‘Muslim govemor of Bahrain died and there was disorder and rebellion in the province. ‘o Abu Bakr (RA) sent a force that defeated the rebellions tribes. Besides, there were also rebellions in the adjoining small states like, Oman, Maharh, Hadramaut and Yemen. All the revolts were suppressed and these states were brought back under the banner of Islam. threatened by the Persian might. Besides, Abu Bakr (RA) wanted to spread Islam. In the Persian Empire, the Muslims took advantagalthe sstem Iraq under the command of Muthanna bin Haritha, later was Joined by Khalid bin Walid. Khalid bin Walid invited Hurmuz the Persian commander towards Islam or pay Jizyah or to fightthe Muslims. © Tho Persians refused and decided to fight. A fierce battle took place at Hafirin 633 AD. The Persians were defeated and Hurmuz was killed. © In order to not to run from the batlofield the Persian soldiers had tied themselves to one ‘nother with chains, Oue to this, the battle as known asthe battle of Chains. After these conquest Khalid bin Walld conquered Hira, Oumatal-Jandal and Farad one after another, After the fall of Hira, the whole of South and most of the North iraq was conquered Expedition to traq (Persian Empire) 0 The Persian Empire wanted to wipe out the increasing power of the Muslims who tum felt Page 19 of 27 (02021 PISJES ANI Rights Reserved Scanned with CamScannerooVv 0° ° yy Chapter 7 ~ Abu Bakr(RA) as First Caliph ria (Byzantine Empire} Byzantines began to conspire against Muslims in cooperation with the Bedouins tribes that lived on the Syrian border. ‘Abu Bakr (RA) raised a big army 27,000 men and divided into four battalions. ‘When Heraclius heard this news, he also sent huge army to face Muslims. The first fight took place at Basra in 634 AD in which the Muslims emerged victorious. ‘Then the famous battle of Ajnadayn took place in which Muslims defeated Romans which was the great shock to Byzantium. After this victory, the Muslims army advanced towards Damascus and laid siege to it Administration of Abu Bakr (RA) Abu Bakr (RA) laid foundation of a truly democratic state. Following the teachings of the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet(SAW), Abu Bakr (RA) conducted affairs of the goverment by consultation. He discussed all state matters with Majlis- shura before making any decision. He administered in accordance with the practice of the Prophet (SAW) and set the precedent of maintaining strict standards of accounting for public finances. Abu Bakr (RA) was a true savior of Islam. He succeeded in suppressing the apostasy movement by which he saved the young Musim state. He preserved the integrity of Islam and sanctity of the traditions of the Prophet (SAW). He subdued the rebellions tribes and made them pay Zakat and fought the false prophets, thus hewas able to prevent the weakening of Islamic principles. Scanned with CamScannerPast Paper Questions and Marking Schtmme Part ‘A’ (10 marks Questio! ‘Students are required to recall, select and present relevantfacts from the main elements ot the faith and history of Islam in part 6. Write a detalled accountof the election of Abu Bakr as the first caliph andthe | =| action he took against any two of the false prophets. [10] 2019 - OctNov — 22 Marking Scheme: | In the first part candidates need to give a detailed account of | the election of Abu Bakr which should include the key points like how ‘Umar took Abu Bakr to the Sagifa of Bani Saida where the Ansars had gathered to elect a caliph; Abu Bakr's | persuasive argument to the gathering of why a Quraysh should lead the Muslims; the Ansars suggestion for having two leaders; Abu Jarrah’s intervention and how the nomination of Abu Bakrcame about. Candi ‘could also mention the speech made by him upon his election and thatwill be seen as development of the answer. | who posed a threat in fhe time of the caliphate of Abu Bakr and write an account of them and say how they were dealt with by Abu Bakr and what the outcome was. The mark is not divided between the | two parts but will be read as a whole. | 7. Write about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph and how he dealt with the false prophets during his relgn. [10] 2012-OctNov—21 | Marking Scheme: Candidates could give a simple answerabout the election of Abu Bakr as caliph by stating that Umar took bait at the hand of Abu Bakr and the people from all sides rushedto pledge their foyalty to him. Other answers will describe the gathering of the ansar at Sagifan+- Bani to discuss the appointment of a caliph where they were joined by Abu Bakr, ‘Umar and other eminent muhajireen. Whetherthe caliph was to be from th ‘or the Quraish could be discussed here, Abu Bak’'s nomination of ‘Ubaidah bin Jana could also be mentioned. The general pledge was taken the next day. Good answers may well incude | an extract from Abu Bakrs address. i In answering the second part of the question the candidates could simply say that Abu | Bakr dealt very effectively with the false prophets who wore a great threat to the unity of _ the Muslims. Names of the prominent alte prophets and the tribes they belonged o need | 1o-be given. Better anewers will also give detalls of how Abu Bakr sant forces against al | ofthem and write ebouttne fighting againstMusaylimain the battle of Yamama which was Page 2h ora? ©2021 PINIES Ail Rage Reserves Scanned with CamScanner— ee 01 ind art ‘A’ ‘S. io. ‘Students are required to recall, select and present relevant facts from the main elements of the faith and history of Islam in part ‘A’. |. Write a detailed account of the battle of Yamama, and of the compilation of the -{ Qur'an during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10] 2016 - May June ~ 22 Answers could state that the Battle of Yamama was fought against the false prophet Musaylimah, who belonged to a central Arabian tribe of Banu Hanifa and had claimed prophethood during the Prophet's (pbuh) lifetime and had been accepted as one by his | tribe. In December 632, he was in command of 40000 Bedouin, some of whom did not believe his claims but had joined forces with him to support their tribe. Abu Bakr firstsent ‘Shurhbeel bin Hasanah and ‘Ikrimah to crush the rebellion and instructed them to wait for each other to launch a combined attack on Musaylimah. They disobeyed him and hence were defeated. Abu Bakr then senta larger force underthe command of Khalid bin Waleed to Yamama. The Muslims, numbering 13000, fought a long-drawn-out bate | with many casualties as they met with a strong resistance. Eventually Musaylimah was | killed by Wahashi. In this battle, many hundreds of Muslims were martyred; amongst themwere 360 huffaz ‘Umar therefore advised Abu Bakr to take the necessary steps needed to preserve the Quran lestit be lost, forgotten or corrupted. Abu Bakr, though hesitantat first, finally saw the importance of carrying out this task and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit alongwith a group to collect the texts of all the verses from the surviving huffaz and companions of the Prophet (pbuh). These were then compared, authenticated and compiled into a single volume. The mark is notdivided between the two parts; the answer needs to be read as a whole and a global mark for both parts of the answer should be given. 9. Write about any two major events that took place during the caliphate of Abu Baki [10] 2016 -May June-21 Marking Scheme; Many important events took place during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. Expedition to 8) the wars with the false prophets, the apostasy movement (the ridda wars) well a8 the conquests of Persia and Byzantine, and of course the compilation of Qur'an, Candidates need to choose any two events and give an accountof them. Voge 22 of 27 (©2021 PISJES AlIRights Reserved Scanned with CamScannerlines nsand uide! st Paper vestiors westion Part ‘B’ (4 mai : 5¢ significance in the : ferstanding of their SIMI Students are required 10 demonstrate es a Muslims in part ‘8 amy ansatz atgrstnpenancoT@wteat Oe PLOTS m2 | Marking Scheme! ints, teachings of Islam and | An evaluative response giving the dangers of what could have happened if the false | prophets were not defeated by Abu Bakr should be cited. : | Tovals atzined will depend on the evaluation given in the answers which could inckude | points like the teachings of Islam could have been comupted; the purity of the religion wou! have been lost and many who called themselves Muslims in reality would be following 2 manmade faith. ‘The first pillar of Islam would have been challenged as the second part of the shahadah | | which deals with the Rissalah and finality of the Prophet ‘Muhammad would be contradicted | ifone believed in the so-called prophets after Muhammad. | ] 2. Was Abu Bakr a good choice as caliph? Give reasons to support your answer. [4] | OctNov 2012 Ma Sel Candidates could give a variety of reasons to support their answer, if they agree to him being 2 good choles as caliph, they could refer to him being the first male Muslim, to his | being the Prophet's closest friend and fatherin law, for being appointed as the first Amir al taj by the Prophet when it frst became obligatory in the 9th year of Hijra and for all his Coliteutions to Islam etc. i they disagree, they will need to suppor their view. All valid | points must be credited. | ly with the apostate | tit 2018 - May Juno- 21 Marking Scheme, It could be said that by taking action against the apostate tribes and defeating them he | maintained unity and.mede clear that deviations from the faith like non-paymentof zakat, | ‘Challenging the finailty of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), etc. would not be tolerated. The ‘wars confirmed that the Muslim state was one undertheleadershipotone Caliph. | | Candidates could Back up their answers by saying what could have happened if Abu Bakr fred not taken fiem acton, All valid responses need to be cradited on thelr own merit 3. What was the significance of his actions In dealing firm! bes? @) Page B00? 9.707? PRSIHY AUR Iyhs Reseed Scanned with CamScanner ‘