6.

002

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Filters

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Review
vI

R +
ZR

+ vC

Vi +

ZC

+ Vc

ZC Vc = Vi ZC + Z R
1 Vc 1 jC = = 1 Vi + R 1 + jRC j C
Reading: Section 14.5, 14.6, 15.3 from A & L.
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

A Filter
ZR

Vi +

ZC

+ Vc

ZC 1 Vi = Vc = ZC + Z R 1 + jRC
H ( ) = Vc Vi

Low Pass Filter

Demo with audio

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quick Review of ImpedancesJust as

I ab
R1 R2

Vab B A

RAB

Vab = = R1 + R2 I ab

I ab
R1

j L B

Vab

Z AB

Vab = = R1 + jL I ab

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quick Review of Impedances

Similarly

A
R1

Z AB = R1 + Z C || R2 + Z L
R2

C L B

Z C R2 = R1 + + ZL Z C + R2 R2 = R1 + + jL 1 + jCR2

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

We can build other filters by combining impedances

Z ( )

L
Z

R C

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

We can build other filters by combining impedances

Z ()

L
Z

R C
H ( )

HPF High Pass Filter

H ( )

LPF Low Pass Filter

H ( )

HPF

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Check out:
Vi +
Intuitively:

C
+ R Vr

Vr 1 Vi
C k bloc eq w fr s lo
o =
1 LC

L bloc

ks hig h

freq

R Vr = 1 Vi j L + +R j C j RC = 1 2 LC + j RC
Vr = Vi

(1

LC ) + ( RC )
2

RC

At resonance, = o and ZL + ZC = 0, so Vi sees only R! More later

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

What about: +

Vlc L C

Vi +

Vlc Vi 1
C open

Band Stop Filter

L open

Check out Vl and Vc in the lab.

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Another example:

R
+

Vi +

Vo

Vo Vi
t hor Ls

BPF
Cs

ho rt

Application: see AM radio coming up shortly

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

AM Radio Receiver

antenna

R Vi +
Thvenin antenna model
crystal radio demo

demodulator amplifier

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

AM Receiver
R Vi + C
demodulator amplifier

signal strength 10 KHz

filter

WBZ News Radio

f 540 1000 1010 1020 1030 1600 KHz

Selectivity important relates to a parameter Q for the filter. Next
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Selectivity: Look at series RLC in more detail

L C
+ Vr

Vi +
Recall,
Vr R = Vi R + j L + 1 j C

Vr Vi

1
1 2

higher Q
bandwidth

o o Define Q =
quality factor

high Q more selective

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quality Factor Q
o Q=
:
R Vr = Vi R + j L + 1 j C = 1 L 1 1 + j R CR

at =0
1 o = LC ?

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quality Factor Q
o Q=
:
Note that abs magnitude is when
Vr = Vi
1 2

i.e. when

1 1 = L 1 1 j1 1 + j R CR 1 L = 1 R CR

R
L

1 =0 LC

Looking at the roots of both equations,

R 1 R2 4 1 = + + 2 L 2 L2 LC

R 1 2 = + 2L 2

R2 4 + L2 LC

R = 1 2 = L

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quality Factor Q
o o
R L =

Q= Q=

o L
R

o =

1 LC

The lower the R (for series R), the sharper the peak

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18

Quality Factor Q
Another way of looking at Q :
Q = 2 energy stored energy lost per cycle
1 L Ir 2
2

1 2 2 Ir R 0 2 o L Q= R

= 2

Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].

6.002 Fall 2000

Lecture

18