AP3

Steel Building Load Combinations

Approach
A frame is subjected to the loads and loads combinations specified in AISC LRFD. Calculate the following: The critical load combination that produces the maximum reaction moment at the right column base (point A). Also, find the maximum combined stresses at Ytop fiber of right column base (point A). For these two calculations plot their respective concomitant deformed shapes and loads. The maximum combined Ybot stresses at middle of left roof span (point B). Also, plot the concomitant deformed shape and loads. The maximum combined stresses according to the loads and loads combinations specified in AISC LRFD in all the sections of the plane frame.

Geometrical Properties a = 30 ft b = 15 ft
b

Y B

Cross sections Beams: W 12x50 (AISC U.S. Units) Columns: HP 12x63 (AISC U.S. Units) Materials Steel A572 Fy = 50 ksi

b A a a X

Loads
D : dead load due to the weight of the structural elements and the permanent loads on the structure L : live load due to the occupancy and movable equipment Lr : roof live load W : wind load S : snow load E : earthquake load determined in accordance with Part I of the AISC Seismic Provisions for the Structural Steel Buildings R : load due to initial rainwater or ice exclusive of the pounding contribution

Loads A dead load of 1 Kips/ft at the roof level and 0.9 Kips/ft at the remaining floors is considered.

1.0 Kips/ft

0.9 Kips/ft

0.9 Kips/ft

Dead Load (D)

A live load of 1.3 Kips/ft in all plants (even at roof) is considered in the analysis as shown in the figure bellow. All live loads are placed independently at each floor element.

1.3 Kips/ft

1.3 Kips/ft

1.3 Kips/ft

Live Load

 A wind pressure of 0.8 Kips/ft in the windward area and a suction of 0.4 Kips/ft in the leeward area is applied. Likewise a suction of 0.4 Kips/ft at the roof level is also applied. The wind action has been divided in two independent load steps, one with the wind blowing in the +X direction and the other with the wind blowing in the X direction.

0.4 Kips/ft

0.8 Kips/ft

0.4 Kips/ft

Wind X +

0.4 Kips/ft

0.4 Kips/ft

0.8 Kips/ft

Wind X -

 A snow load of 0.5 kips/ft is applied at roof.

0.5 Kips/ft

Snow

The seismic action is represented by horizontal forces of 20 kips, 24 kips and 22 kips from top to bottom of the frame acting in the positive X direction.

22 Kips

24 Kips

20 Kips

Earthquake X+

 A rainwater load of 1.0 Kips/ft is applied on the roof.

1.0 Kips/ft

Rainwater

Load combinations
The most critical effect may occur when one or more loads are not acting. The following load combinations and the corresponding load factors shall be investigated:
1.4D 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 0.9D (1.3W or 1.0E) (A4-1) (A4-2) (A4-4) (A4-5) (A4-6)

1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) (A4-3)

Practice
0. CivilFem Setup: Units and codes
Main Menu>Civil Setup - Select Foot (length), s (time), Kips (force) Or issue: ~UNITS,,LENG,FT ~UNITS,,TIME,S ~UNITS,,FORC,KIPS

1. Define material properties.

Main Menu>Civil Preprocessor>Materials - Select steel A 572 Gr 50 from material library Or issue: ~CFMP,1,LIB,STEEL,ASTM,A572Gr50

2. Define element types

Main Menu>Civil Preprocessor>Element Type>Civil Beams - Select 2D elast Beam 3 Or issue: ET,1,BEAM3

3. Define Cross sections

Main Menu>Civil Preprocessor>Cross Sections - Select W12x50 as beams section (cross section 1) - Select HP12x63 as columns section (cross section 2) Or issue: ~SSECLIB,1,1,51,219 ~SSECLIB,2,1,54,7

4. Define Beam & Shell Properties

Main Menu> Civil Preprocessor>Beam & Shell Properties - Define beams properties with cross section 1 - Define beams properties with cross section 2 Or issue: ~BMSHPRO,1,BEAM,1,1,,,3,1,0 ~BMSHPRO,2,BEAM,2,2,,,3,1,0

5. Generate the model 5.1 Create the keypoints

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Keypoints>In Active CS - Create the following keypoints Or issue: K,1,0 K,2,30 K,3,60 KP number 1 2 3 X 0 30 60

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Copy>Keypoints - Press pick all - Generate 4 copies (including original) - Enter Y increment 15 Or issue: KGEN,4,ALL, , , ,15, ,0,0

5.2 Create the lines.

Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Lines>Lines>Straight Line - Pick the keypoints to define the lines:

First Floor 4-5, 5-6

Second Floor 7-8, 8-9

Left Column 1-4, 4-7, 7-10

Central Column 2-5, 5-8, 8-11

Right Column 3-6, 6-9, 9-12

Roof 10-11, 11-12

Or issue: L,4,5 $ L,5,6 L,7,8 $ L,8,9 L,10,11 $ L,11,12 L,1,4 $ L,4,7 $ L,7,10 L,2,5 $ L,5,8 $ L,8,11 L,3,6 $ L,6,9 $ L,9,12

5.3 Meshing
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Tool - Press set to define element size = 3 - Mesh beams - Set real constant to real constant 2 on the element attributes window - Mesh columns

Or issue: ESIZE,3 REAL,1 $ LMESH,1,6 REAL,2 $ LMESH,7,15

6. Create Components
Utility Menu>Select>Entities - Select the roof elements Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Create Component - Create the component Roof made of elements Or issue: LSEL,S,,,5,6,,1 CM,ROOF,ELEM

- In the same way, create the element component FLOOR - Create the element component BEAMS - Create the element component LCOLUMN - Create the element component CCOLUMN - Create the element component RCOLUMN - Create the element component COLUMN
Or issue: ESEL,S,REAL,,1 CMSEL,U,ROOF CM,FLOOR,ELEM CMSEL,S,ROOF CMSEL,A,FLOOR CM,BEAM,ELEM

NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 ESLN,S,1 CM,LCOLUMN,ELEM NSEL,S,LOC,X,30 ESLN,S,1 CM,CCOLUMN,ELEM NSEL,S,LOC,X,60 ESLN,S,1 CM,RCOLUMN,ELEM ESEL,S,REAL,,2 CM,COLUMN,ELEM

Utility Menu>Select>Everything or issue allsel,all

7. Apply boundary conditions

Main Menu>Solution>Define Loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement>On Keypoints - Pick the keypoints 1, 2 and 3 - Constraint ALL degrees of freedom Or issue: /SOLU DK,1,ALL DK,2,ALL DK,3,ALL

8.Load steps 8.1 Load step 1: Dead load(structural elements+permanent loads)

a) Dead load on roof = 1 Kips/ft Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Select Comp/Assembly - Select roof elements Main Menu>Solution>Define Load> Apply>Structural>Pressure>On beams - Press Pick All - Apply pressure = 1 kips/ft

Or issue: CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,1.00 b) Dead load in floor = 0.9 Kips/ft - Select floor elements. - Apply pressure. Or issue: CMSEL,S,FLOOR SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.90 c) Solve load step 1 Utility Menu>Select>Everything Select Everything Main Menu>Solution>Solve>Current LS Solve Delete all loads

Or issue: ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

8.2 Load step 2 to 41: Live load (1.3 kips/ft) located independently at each floor element.
Issue:
IELEM=0 *DO,I,1,40 /TITLE,LIVE LOAD %I% CMSEL,S,FLOOR IELEM=ELNEXT (IELEM) ! Select floor elements ! Select the first element from the selected ! component with number greater than current ! value of IELEM. SFBEAM,IELEM,1,PRESS,1.30 ! Apply pressure on selected element ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL *ENDDO ! Select everything ! Solve current load step (I+1) ! Delete all loads ! End of cycle ! Define the parameter IELEM ! Create a CYCLE. There are 40 elements in floors.

8.3 Load step 42 to 61: Live load (1.3 kips/ft) located independently at each roof element.
Issue:
IELEM=0 *DO,I,1,20 /TITLE, LIVE LOAD ROOF %I% CMSEL,S,ROOF IELEM=ELNEXT (IELEM) ! Select roof elements ! Select the first element from the selected ! component with number greater than current ! value of IELEM. ! Apply pressure on selected element ! Select everything ! Solve current load step (I+41) ! Delete all loads ! End of cycle ! Define the parameter IELEM ! Create a cycle. There are 20 elements in roof.

SFBEAM,IELEM,1,PRESS,1.30 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL *ENDDO

Notes about 8.2 and 8.3:

- It is not possible to work with the *DO command with the menus and windows. - ELNEXT is an abbreviation of one function of the *GET command. You can look up to this command help if you want to know more about this function.

8.4 Load step 62: Wind +X

a) Pressure 0.8 Kips/ft al left column - Select left column elements (LCOLUMN component). - Apply 0.80 Kips/ft on all left column elements b) Suction 0.4 Kips/ft at roof - Select roof elements (ROOF component). - Apply -0.40 Kips/ft on all roof elements c) Suction 0.4 Kips/ft at right column - Select right column elements (RCOLUMN component). - Apply 0.40 Kips/ft on all right column elements d)Solve load step 62 - Select everything - Solve - Delete all loads

Or issue: CMSEL,S,LCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.80 CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,RCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES, 0.40 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

8.5 Load step 63: Wind -X

a) Pressure 0.8 Kips/ft al right column - Select right column elements (RCOLUMN component). - Apply -0.80 Kips/ft on all right column elements b) Suction -0.4 Kips/ft at roof - Select roof elements (ROOF component). - Apply -0.40 Kips/ft on all roof elements c) Suction 0.4 Kips/ft at left column - Select left column elements (LCOLUMN component). - Apply -0.40 Kips/ft on all left column elements d)Solve load step 63 - Select everything - Solve - Delete all loads

Or issue: CMSEL,S,LCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,RCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.80 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

8.6 Load step 64: Snow load (0.5 Kips/ft)

- Select roof elements (ROOF component). - Apply 0.50 Kips/ft on all roof elements - Select everything - Solve - Delete all loads Or issue: CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.50 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

8.7 Load step 65: Earthquake +X

a) Horizontal force of 22 kips at first floor Main Menu>Solution>Define Load>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment>On Keypoints - Pick on keypoint 4 (left of the first floor) - Enter Fx=22 b) Horizontal force of 24 kips at second floor Main Menu>Solution>Define Load>Apply> Structural>Force/Moment>On Keypoints - Pick on keypoint 7 (left of the second floor) - Enter Fx=24 c) Horizontal force of 20 kips at roof Main Menu>Solution>Define Load>Apply>Structural>Force/Moment>On Keypoints - Pick on keypoint 11 (left of the roof) - Enter Fx=20

d) Solve load step 65 - Solve - Delete all loads Or issue: FK, 4,FX,22.00 FK, 7,FX,24.00 FK,10,FX,20.00 SOLVE FKDELE,ALL,ALL

8.8 Load step 66: Load due to the rainwater (1.00 Kips/ft)
- Select roof elements - Apply pressure 1.00 Kips/ft on all roof elements - Select everything - Solve load step 66 - Delete all loads Or issue: CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,1.00 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL

9. Define combination rules

CMB n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Name Dead Load (D) Live Load (L) Roof Live Load (Lr) Wind (W) Snow (S) Earthquake (E) Rainwater (R) Lr, S or R 0.5*L or 0.8*W 1.3*W or 1.0*E 1.4*D 1.2*D+1.6*L+0.5*C8 1.2*D+1.6*C8+0.5*C9 1.2D+1.3W+0.5L+0.5C8 1.2D+/-1.0*E+0.5L+0.2*S 0.9*D+/-C10 C11,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16, or C17 Type Addition Compatible Compatible Incomp. Compatible Opposed Compatible Option Sel var coeff Sel var coeff Addition Addition Addition Addition Add. Var Coeff Add. Var Coeff Option Start States LS 1 LS 2 to 41 LS 42 to 61 LS 62 to 63 LS 64 LS 65 LS 66 CMB 3,5,7 CMB 2,4 CMB 4,6 CMB 1 CMB 1,2,8 CMB 1,8,9 CMB 1,4,2,8 CMB 1,6,2,5 CMB 1,10 CMB 11 to16

9. Define combination rules

A4-1 A4-2 A4-3 A4-4 A4-5 A4-6 1.4D 1.2*D + 1.6*L + 0.5*(Lr or S or R) 1.2*D + 1.6*(Lr or S or R) + 1.0*(0.5*L or 0.8*W) 1.2*D +1.3*W + 0.5*L + 0.5*(Lr or S or R) 1.2*D +/- 1.0*E + 0.5*L + 0.2*S 0.9*D +/- (1.3*W or 1.0*E) Lr or S or R 0.5*L or 0.8*W 1.3*W or 1.0*E

Bracket 1 Bracket 2 Bracket 3

(*) The data marked with an asterisk in the following table, should be introduced by the user with the ~CMBDEF and ~STSTCFT commands or using the Menu.

9.0 Initialize combinations

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Initialize

9.1 Combination Rule N1: Dead Load [D]

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Def Comb. Rule - Select Addition as type - Enter 1 as number of start states

Or issue: /TITLE,Dead load ~CMBDEF,1,ADD,1,0,1 ~STSTDEF,1,1,LSTEP,1,0,1,1,1,1 ~STSTCFT,1,1,1

9.2 Combination Rule N2: Live Load [L]

- Select Compatible as type - Enter 40 as number of start states

- Define the 40 start states

Combination rule n2 40 start states to define

Get from .rst files

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,2,COMPATIB,40 ~STSTDEF,2,1,LSTEP,2, ,40,1,1

9.3 Combination Rule N3: Roof Live Load [Lr]

- Select Compatible as type - Enter 20 as number of start states - Define the 20 start states Or issue: ~CMBDEF,3,COMPATIB,20 ~STSTDEF,3,1,LSTEP,42,,20,1,1

9.4 Combination Rule N4: Wind [W]

- Select Incompatible as type - Enter 2 as number of start states - Define the 2 start states

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,4,INCOMPAT,2 ~STSTDEF,4,1,LSTEP,62,,2,1,1

9.5 Combination Rule N5: Snow [S]

- Select Compatible as type - Enter 1 as number of start states - Define the start state

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,5,COMPATIB,1 ~STSTDEF,5,1,LSTEP,64

9.6 Combination Rule N6: Earthquake [E]

- Select Opposed as type - Enter 1 as number of start states - Define the start state

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,6,OPPOSED,1 ~STSTDEF,6,1,LSTEP,65

9.7 Combination Rule N7: Rainwater [R]

- Select Compatible as type - Enter 1 as number of start states - Define the start state

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,6,OPPOSED,1 ~STSTDEF,6,1,LSTEP,65

9.8 Combination Rule N8: Roof live load or Snow or Rainwater

- Select Option as type - Enter 3 as number of start states - Define the start state Or issue: ~CMBDEF,8,OPTION,3 ~STSTDEF,8,1,CMB,3,,3,1,2

The start states are comb. 3,5,7

Point to combination results

9.9 Combination Rule N9: [0.5*L or 0.8*W]

- Select Sel. Var. Coef. as type - Enter 2 as number of start states - Enter 1 as number of start states to add - Define the 2 start states

- Define coefficients for start state 1 (0.5*[L] Live Load)

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,9,SELECTVC,2,,1 ~STSTDEF,9,1,CMB,2,,2,1,2 ~STSTCFT,9,1,0.50,0.50 ~STSTCFT,9,2,0.80,0.80

- Define coefficients for start state 2 (0.8*[W] Wind)

9.10 Combination Rule N10: [1.3*W or 1.0*E]

- Select Sel. Var. Coef. as type - Enter 2 as number of start states - Enter 1 as number of start states to add - Define the 2 start states

- Define coefficients for start state 1 (1.3*[W] Wind)

- Define coefficients for start state 2 (1.0*[E] Earthquake)

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,10,SELECTVC,2,,1 ~STSTDEF,10,1,CMB,4,,2,1,2 ~STSTCFT,10,1,1.30,1.30 ~STSTCFT,10,2,1.0,1.0

9.11 Combination Rule N11: [1.4*D]

- Select Addition as type - Enter 1 as number of start states - Define the start state

- Define the coefficient

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,11,ADD,1,,1 ~STSTDEF,11,1,CMB,1 ~STSTCFT,11,1,1.40

9.12 Combination Rule N12: Art 4-2: [1.2*D+1.6*L+0.5*(Lr or S or R)]

- Select Addition as type - Enter 3 as number of start states - Define the 3 start states

- Define coefficients for start state 1 (1.2*[D] Dead load)

- Define coefficients for start state 2 (1.6*[L] Live load)

- Define coefficients for start state 3 (0.5*[Lr or S or R] Roof live load or Snow or Rainwater)

Or issue: ~CMBDEF,12,ADD,3 ~STSTDEF,12,1,CMB,1,,2,1,1 ~STSTDEF,12,3,CMB,8 ~STSTCFT,12,1,1.20 ~STSTCFT,12,2,1.60 ~STSTCFT,12,3,0.50

9.13 Combination Rule N13: Art 4-3: [1.2*D+1.6*(Lr or S or R)+ (0.5*L or 1.0*E)]
- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12 Or issue: ~CMBDEF,13,ADD,3 ~STSTDEF,13,1,CMB,1 ~STSTDEF,13,2,CMB,8,,2,1,1 ~STSTCFT,13,1,1.20 ~STSTCFT,13,2,1.60 ~STSTCFT,13,3,1.0

9.14 Combination Rule N14: Art 4-4: [1.2*D+1.3*W+0.5L+0.5*(Lr or S or R)]

- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12 Or issue: ~CMBDEF,14,ADD,4 ~STSTDEF,14,1,CMB,1,,2,1,3 ~STSTDEF,14,3,CMB,2,,2,1,6 ~STSTCFT,14,1,1.20 ~STSTCFT,14,2,1.30 ~STSTCFT,14,3,0.50 ~STSTCFT,14,4,0.50

9.15 Combination Rule N15: Art 4-5: [1.2*D+/1.0*E+0.5*L+0.2*S]

- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12, but select addition with variable coefficients as combination type. Or issue: ~CMBDEF,15,ADDVC, 4 ~STSTDEF,15,1,CMB,1 ~STSTDEF,15,2,CMB,6 ~STSTDEF,15,3,CMB,2 ~STSTDEF,15,4,CMB,5 ~STSTCFT,15,1,1.20,1.20 ~STSTCFT,15,2,1.00,-1.00 ~STSTCFT,15,3,0.50,0.50 ~STSTCFT,15,4,0.20,0.20

9.16 Combination Rule N16: Art 4-6: [0.9*D+/-(1.3*W or 1.0E)]

- Follow the same procedure as for 9.15 Or issue: ~CMBDEF,16,ADDVC,2 ~STSTDEF,16,1,CMB,1 ~STSTDEF,16,2,CMB,10 ~STSTCFT,16,1,0.90,0.90 ~STSTCFT,16,2,1.00,-1.00

9.17 Combination Rule N17: Art4-1 or Art 4-2 or Art4-3 or Art 4-4 or Art 4-5 or Art 4-6
- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12 but select Option as combination type Or issue: ~CMBDEF,17,OPTION,6 ~STSTDEF,17,1,CMB,11,,6,1,1

10. Inquire results 10.1 Maximum reaction moment Z at node 90

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor> Combine Results>Nodal Results - Select Mz at node 90. - Select combination rule 17 - Select recursively - Select target value and update Or issue: ~CMBINQ,17,REACT,M,Z,MAX,90,,2,1 Main Menu>General Postprocessor> Plot Results>Deformed Shape - Select Def+undef edge Or issue: PLDISP,2

Results
1 MAR 27 2002 15:40:06 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.399814 U F DSCA=7.503 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =31.481 YF =22.491 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .192222 .384444 .576667 .768889 .961111 1.153 1.346 1.538 1.73

Y Z X

Load due to Rainwater

10.1 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the Maximum Reaction Moment Z at node 90 (right column base)

10.2 Maximum combined stress at Ytop at element 91 node 90 (right column base)
Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Element Results - Select BEAM and SYTZM. - Select combination rule 17 Select node 90 and element 91 Select Absolute (ABS)

- Select recursively - Select target value and update Or issue: ~CMBINQ,17,BEAM,COMBS,YTZM,ABS,90,91,2,1 Main Menu>General Postprocessor>Plot Results>Deformed Shape - Select Def+undef edge Or issue: PLDISP,2

Utility Menu>Plot Ctrls>Symbols - Suppress plot of loads (/PBC and /PSF) Or issue: /PBC,F,0 Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Beam Utilities>Graph Results>Stess & Strain - Select Sx at point 25 to plot concomitant stress distribution Or issue: /PBC,F,0 /PSF,PRES,,0 ~PLLSSTR,SX,25,2

Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:03:56 PLOT NO. 1 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.396931 U F DSCA=7.558 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =28.513 YF =22.493 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .192222 .384444 .576667 .768889 .961111 1.153 1.346 1.538 1.73

Y Z X

Load due to Rainwater

10.2 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the maximum combined stress at Ytop fiber of element 91 node 90 (right column base)

MAR 27 2002 16:06:03 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6523 ELEM=76 MAX =7423 ELEM=11 U ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6523 -4973 -3424 -1874 -324.536 1225 2775 4324 5874 7423

Y Z X

Load due to Rainwater

10.2 RESULTS: Concomitant Stress Distribution

10.3 Maximum combined stress at YBOT at element 45 node 49 (middle of left roof span)
- Follow the same procedure as for 10.2 Or issue: ~CMBINQ,17,BEAM,COMBS,YBZM,MAX,49,45,2,1 PLDISP,2 /PBC,F,0 /PSF,PRES,,0 ~PLLSSTR,SX,132,2

Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:09:43 PLOT NO. 1 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.136416 U F DSCA=21.992 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =29.947 YF =22.468 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .364444 .728889 1.093 1.458 1.822 2.187 2.551 2.916 3.28

Y Z X

Load due to Rainwater

10.3 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the maximum combined stress at Ybot fiber of element 45 node 49 (middle of left roof span)

MAR 27 2002 16:12:14 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6608 ELEM=50 MAX =4033 ELEM=45 U ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6608 -5426 -4244 -3061 -1879 -696.23 486.195 1669 2851 4033

Y Z X

Load due to Rainwater

10.3 RESULTS: Concomitant Stress Distribution

11. Get critical results at all elements 11.1 Define targets.

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Def User Point - Define user point 1 and 2 corresponding to cross section points 25 and 132 Or issue: ~TRGUPT,1,25,S,X ~TRGUPT,2,132,S,X

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor> Combine Results>Def One Target - Define two targets, for user point 1 and 2

Target 1
Select Cross group and stress (SS) in user point 1 (PT1)

Press Apply

Select absolute

Target 2 User point 2

Or issue: ~TRGDEF,1,CROSS,SS,PT1,ABS ~TRGDEF,2,CROSS,SS,PT2,ABS

Press Ok

11.2 Do combinations and read results

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Do Combinations Or issue: ~COMBINE Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Set Data to read - Point to combined results Or issue: ~CMBDAT,2

11.3 Absolute Maximum Y top stress.

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Read Results>Read Comb. Data>By Number - Select combination 17 and target 1. Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Beam Utilities>Graph Results>Stress & Strain - Plot stress distribution (SX) at point 25 Or issue: ~CMB,17,,,,,1 ~PLLSSTR,SX,25,2

Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:20:25 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=33 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6722 ELEM=76 MAX =6763 ELEM=30 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6722 -5224 -3726 -2227 -728.996 769.366 2268 3766 5264 6763

Y Z X

Dead Load

11.3 RESULTS: Absolute Maximum Y Top Stress

11.4 Absolute Maximum Y BOT stress.

Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Read Results>Read Comb. Data>By Number - Select combination 17 and target 2. Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Beam Utilities>Graph Results>Stress & Strain - Plot stress distribution (SX) at point 132 Or issue: ~CMB,17,,,,,2 ~PLLSSTR,SX,132,2

Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:21:53 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =2 TIME=34 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-7690 ELEM=10 MAX =3719 ELEM=25 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -7690 -6422 -5154 -3887 -2619 -1351 -83.747 1184 2452 3719

Y Z X

Dead Load

11.4 RESULTS: Absolute Maximum Y Bottom Stress