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GENERATION OF AM,FM AND PWM SIGNALS

AIM To generate AM, FM and PWM signals using MATLAB. a) AM SIGNAL THEORY

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In the amplitude modulation (AM), the instantaneous amplitude of a carrier signal having high frequency is varied by the instantaneous amplitude of a modulating voltage having low frequency. Let the modulating signal be em(t)=Emsin(wmt) and the carrier signal be ec(t)=Ecsin(wct).Then the modulating signal e(t) is expressed as
e(t)=[ Ec+ Emsin(wmt)]sin(wct). = Ec [1+msin(wmt)]sin(wct),where m=Em/Ec is known as the modulation index.Emax and E min are the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the signal in the positive side. Expression for suppressed carrier is Ecsin(wmt) sin(wct).

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MATLAB CODE

%AM wave DSB with carrier clc;clear all; close all; fc=input('Enter the carrier signal freq in hz,fc ='); fm=input('Enter the modulating signal freq in hz,fm ='); m=input('Modulation index,m= '); n=0:0.001:1; c=sin(2*pi*fc*n);%carrier signal M=sin(2*pi*fm*n);% modulating signal y=(1+m*M).*c;%AM signal subplot(2,1,1);plot(n,y); ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index'); %AM with suppressed carrier n=0:0.001:1; c=sin(2*pi*fc*n);%carrier signal M=sin(2*pi*fm*n);% modulating

signal y=M.*c; subplot(2,1,2);plot(n,y);axis([0 1 -2 2]); ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');

SAMPLE INPUTS

Enter the carrier signal freq in hz,fc=400 Enter the modulating signal freq in hz,fm =25 Modulation index,m= 0.5

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT

A Double Side Band Amplitude Modulated wave and the corresponding Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulated wave
are plotted in MATLAB.

b) FM SIGNAL

THEORY

In the frequency modulation (FM), the frequency

of a carrier signal having high frequency is varied by the instantaneous amplitude of a modulating voltage having low frequency. Let the modulating signal be em(t)=Emsin(wmt) and the carrier signal be ec(t)=Ecsin(wct).Then the modulating signal e(t) is expressed as
e(t)= Ec sin(wct+(m sin(wmt))),where m is known as the modulation index.

MATLAB CODE

%FM generation clc;clear all; close all; fc=input('Enter the carrier signal freq in hz,fc='); fm=input('Enter the modulating signal freq in hz,fm ='); m=input('Modulation index,m= '); t=0:0.0001:0.1; c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);%carrier signal

M=sin(2*pi*fm*t);% modulating signal subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,c); ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');title('Carrier signal'); subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,M); ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');title('Modulating signal'); y=cos(2*pi*fc*t+(m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t))); subplot(3,1,3);plot(t,y); ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');title('Frequency Modulated signal');

SAMPLE INPUTS

Enter the carrier signal freq in hz,fc=400 Enter the modulating signal freq in hz,fm =25 Modulation index,m= 10

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT

The MATLAB code for plotting an FM wave had been written and the output was obtained.

c) PWM SIGNAL THEORY

PWM does the modulation of the duty cycle of the pulse. In addition of use in communication systems. PWM is also used in voltage regulators such as Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) to control the power delivered to control the power delivered to load. PWM can be generated

using a comparator to which the modulating signal and a reference ramp (sawtoooth) waveform are fed.

MATLAB CODE

%PWM wave generation clc;clear all; close all; t=0:0.001:1; s=sawtooth(2*pi*10*t+pi); m=0.75*sin(2*pi*1*t); n=length(s); for i=1:n if (m(i)>=s(i)) pwm(i)=1; elseif (m(i)<=s(i)) pwm(i)=0; end end plot(t,pwm,'-k',t,m,'--r',t,s,'--b'); title('PWM wave'); axis([0 1 -1.5 1.5]);

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT The program for plotting a PWM wave was written in MATLAB and the output is obtained.
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