CHAPTER D TENSION MEMBERS

This section applies to prismatic members subject to axial tension caused by forces acting through the centroidal axis. For members subject to combined axial tension and flexure, see Sect. H2. For members subject to fatigue, see Sect. K4. For tapered members, see Appendix F7. For threaded rods see Sect. J3.

ALLOWABLE STRESS

The allowable stress Ft shall not exceed 0.60^ on the gross area nor 0.50FM on the effective net area. In addition, pin-connected members shall meet the requirements of Sect. D3.1 at the pin hole. Block shear strength shall be checked at end connections of tension members in accordance with Sect. J4. Eyebars shall meet the requirements of Sect. D3.1.
BUILT-UP MEMBERS

The longitudinal spacing of connectors between elements in continuous contact consisting of a plate and a shape or two plates shall not exceed: 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate, nor 12 in. for painted members or unpainted members not subject to corrosion. 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate, nor 7 in. for unpainted members of weathering steel subject to atmospheric corrosion. In a tension member the longitudinal spacing of fasteners and intermittent welds connecting two or more shapes in contact shall not exceed 24 inches. Tension members composed of two or more shapes or plates separated by intermittent fillers shall be connected to one another at these fillers at intervals such that the slenderness ratio of either component between the fasteners does not exceed 300. Either perforated cover plates or tie plates without lacing are permitted on the open sides of built-up tension members. Tie plates shall have a length not less than % the distance between the lines of welds or fasteners connecting them to the components of the member. The thickness of such tie plates shall not be less than Vso of the distance between these lines. The longitudinal spacing of intermittent welds or fasteners at tie plates shall not exceed 6 in. The spacing of tie plates shall be such that the slenderness ratio of any component in the length between tie plates should preferably not exceed 300.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Sect. D3]
D3. 1. Allowable Stress

PIN CONNECTED MEMBERS

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PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS

The allowable stress on the net area of the pin hole for pin-connected members is 0.45 Fy. The bearing stress on the projected area of the pin shall not exceed the stress allowed in Sect. J8. The allowable stress on eyebars meeting the requirements of Sect. D3.3 is 0.60 Fy on the body area.
2. Pin-connected Plates

The minimum net area beyond the pin hole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than % of the net area across the pin hole. The distance used in calculations, transverse to the axis of pin-connected plates or any individual element of a built-up member, from the edge of the pin hole to the edge of the member or element shall not exceed 4 times the thickness at the pin hole. For calculation purposes, the distance from the edge of the pin hole to the edge of the plate or to the edge of a separated element of a built-up member at the pin hole, shall not be assumed to be more than 0.8 times the diameter of the pin hole. For pin-connected members in which the pin is expected to provide for relative movement between connected parts while under full load, the diameter of the pin hole shall not be more than V32 in. greater than the diameter of the pin. The corners beyond the pin hole may be cut at 45 to the axis of the member, provided the net area beyond the pin hole, on a plane perpendicular to the cut, is not less than that perpendicular to the direction of the applied load.
3. Eyebars

Eyebars shall be of uniform thickness, without reinforcement at the pin holes, and have circular heads whose periphery is concentric with the pin hole. The radius of the transition between the circular head and the eyebar body shall not be less than the diameter of the head. For calculation purposes, the width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness. The thickness may be less than Vi-in. only if external nuts are provided to tighten pin plates and filler plates into snug contact. For calculation purposes, the distance from the hole edge to plate edge perpendicular to the direction of the applied load shall not be less than % nor greater than 3A times the width of the eyebar body. The pin diameter shall be not less than Vs times the eyebar width. The pin-hole diameter shall be no more than V32-in. greater than the pin diameter. For steel having a yield stress greater than 70 ksi, the hole diameter shall not exceed 5 times the plate thickness and the width of the eyebar shall be reduced accordingly.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

5-42

CHAPTER E
COLUMNS AND OTHER

COMPRESSION MEMBERS

This section applies to prismatic members with compact and noncompact sections subject to axial compression through the centroidal axis. For members with slender elements, see Appendix B5.2. For members subject to combined axial compression and flexure, see Chap. H. For tapered members, see Appendix F7.
E1. EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND SLENDERNESS RATIO

The effective-length factor K shall be determined in accordance with Sect. C2. In determining the slenderness ratio of an axially loaded compression member, the length shall be taken as its effective length Kl and r as the corresponding radius of gyration. For limiting slenderness ratios, see Sect. B7.
E2. ALLOWABLE STRESS

On the gross section of axially loaded compression members whose cross sections meet the provisions of Table B5.1, when Kl/r, the largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment is less than Cc, the allowable stress is:

Fa

5 3(Kl/r) 3 + 8CC

v-mv>
Fy

(Kl/r)3 8CC3

(E2-1)

where On the gross section of axially loaded compression members, when Kl/r exceeds Cc, the allowable stress is:
Fa =

23(KUrT2

'

E3.

FLEXURAL-TORSIONAL BUCKLING

Singly symmetric and unsymmetric columns, such as angles or tee-shaped columns, and doubly symmetric columns such as cruciform or built-up columns with very thin walls, may require consideration offlexural-torsionaland torsional buckling.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Sect. E4]
E4. BUILT-UP MEMBERS

BUILT-UP MEMBERS

5-43

All parts of built-up compression members and the transverse spacing of their lines of fasteners shall meet the requirements of Sect. B7. For spacing and edge distance requirements for weathering steel members, see Sect. J3.10. At the ends of built-up compression members bearing on base plates or milled surfaces, all components in contact with one another shall be connected by rivets or bolts spaced longitudinally not more than 4 diameters apart for a distance equal to Wi times the maximum width of the member, or by continuous welds having a length not less than the maximum width of the member. The longitudinal spacing for intermediate bolts, rivets or intermittent welds in built-up members shall be adequate to provide for the transfer of calculated stress. The maximum longitudinal spacing of bolts, rivets or intermittent welds connecting two rolled shapes in contact shall not exceed 24 in. In addition, for painted members and unpainted members not subject to corrosion where the outside component consists of a plate, the maximum longitudinal spacing shall not exceed: \2H\fYy times the thickness of the outside plate nor 12 in. when fasteners are not staggered along adjacent gage lines. 190/V^ times the thickness of the outside plate nor 18 in. when fasteners are staggered along adjacent gage lines. Compression members composed of two or more rolled shapes separated by intermittent fillers shall be connected at these fillers at intervals such that the slenderness ratio Kl/r of either shape, between the fasteners, does not exceed 3 A times the governing slenderness ratio of the built-up member. The least radius of gyration r shall be used in computing the slenderness ratio of each component part. At least two intermediate connectors shall be used along the length of the built-up member. All connections, including those at the ends, shall be welded or shall utilize high-strength bolts tightened to the requirements of Table J3.7. Open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shall be provided with lacing having tie plates at each end and at intermediate points if the lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends as practicable. In main members carrying calculated stress, the end tie plates shall have a length of not less than the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to the components of the member. Intermediate tie plates shall have a length not less than Vi of this distance. The thickness of tie plates shall not be less than Vso of the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds connecting them to the components of the member. In bolted and riveted construction, the spacing in the direction of stress in tie plates shall not be more than 6 diameters and the tie plates shall be connected to each component by at least 3 fasteners. In welded construction, the welding on each line connecting a tie plate shall aggregate not less than $ the length of the plate.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS

[Chap. E

Lacing, including flat bars, angles, channels or other shapes employed as lacing, shall be so spaced that the ratio IIr of the flange included between their connections shall not exceed 3A times the governing ratio for the member as a whole. Lacing shall be proportioned to resist a shearing stress normal to the axis of the member equal to 2% of the total compressive stress in the member. The ratio IIr for lacing bars arranged in single systems shall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double lacing bars shall be joined at their intersections. For lacing bars in compression the unsupported length of the lacing bar shall be taken as the distance between fasteners or welds connecting it to the components of the built-up member for single lacing, and 70% of that distance for double lacing. The inclination of lacing bars to the axis of the member shall preferably be not less than 60 for single lacing and 45 for double lacing. When the distance between the lines of fasteners or welds in the flanges is more than 15 in., the lacing preferably shall be double or be made of angles. The function of tie plates and lacing may be performed by continuous cover plates perforated with access holes. The unsupported width of such plates at access holes, as defined in Sect. B5, is assumed available to resist axial stress, provided that: the width-to-thickness ratio conforms to the limitations of Sect. B5; the ratio of length (in direction of stress) to width of holes shall not exceed 2; the clear distance between holes in the direction of stress shall be not less than the transverse distance between nearest lines of connecting fasteners or welds; and the periphery of the holes at all points shall have a minimum radius of IV2 in. PIN-CONNECTED COMPRESSION MEMBERS Pin-connections of pin-connected compression members shall conform to the requirements of Sect. D3. COLUMN WEB SHEAR Column connections must be investigated for concentrated force introduction in accordance with Sect. Kl.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION