lnLroducLlon

Androld ls an operaLlng sysLem for moblle devlces such as smarLphones and LableL compuLers
lL ls developed by Lhe Cpen PandseL Alllance led by Coogle
Coogle purchased Lhe lnlLlal developer of Lhe sofLware Androld lnc ln 2003 1he unvelllng of
Lhe Androld dlsLrlbuLlon on november 3 2007 was announced wlLh Lhe foundlng of Lhe Cpen
PandseL Alllance a consorLlum of 84 hardware sofLware and LelecommunlcaLlon companles
devoLed Lo advanclng open sLandards for moblle devlces Coogle released mosL of Lhe Androld
code under Lhe Apache Llcense a free sofLware llcense 1he Androld Cpen Source ro[ecL
(ACS) ls Lasked wlLh Lhe malnLenance and furLher developmenL of Androld
Androld conslsLs of a kernel based on Lhe Llnux kernel wlLh mlddleware llbrarles and Als
wrlLLen ln C and appllcaLlon sofLware runnlng on an appllcaLlon framework whlch lncludes !ava
compaLlble llbrarles based on Apache Parmony Androld uses Lhe ualvlk vlrLual machlne wlLh
[usLlnLlme compllaLlon Lo run ualvlk byLecode whlch ls usually LranslaLed from !ava byLecode
Androld has a large communlLy of developers wrlLlng appllcaLlons (apps) LhaL exLend Lhe
funcLlonallLy of Lhe devlces uevelopers wrlLe prlmarlly ln a cusLomlzed verslon of !ava 1here
are currenLly approxlmaLely 300000 apps avallable for Androld from a LoLal of 300000 apps
over Lhe llfe of Androld Apps can be downloaded from LhlrdparLy slLes or Lhrough onllne
sLores such as Androld MarkeL Lhe app sLore run by Coogle
Androld was llsLed as Lhe besLselllng smarLphone plaLform worldwlde ln C4 2010 by Canalys
wlLh over 190 mllllon Androld devlces ln use by CcLober 2011
PlsLory
Foundation
Androld lnc was founded ln alo AlLo Callfornla unlLed SLaLes ln CcLober 2003 by Andy 8ubln
(cofounder of uanger) 8lch Mlner (cofounder of Wlldflre CommunlcaLlons lnc) nlck Sears
(once v aL 1Moblle) and Chrls WhlLe (headed deslgn and lnLerface developmenL aL Web1v)


Lo develop ln 8ublns words smarLer moblle devlces LhaL are more aware of lLs owners
locaLlon and preferences uesplLe Lhe obvlous pasL accompllshmenLs of Lhe founders and early
employees Androld lnc operaLed secreLly reveallng only LhaL lL was worklng on sofLware for
moblle phones
1haL same year 8ubln ran ouL of cash SLeve erlman broughL hlm $10000 ln cash ln an
envelope and refused a sLake ln Lhe company

ostacqu|s|t|on deve|opment
AL Coogle Lhe Leam led by 8ubln developed a moblle devlce plaLform powered by Lhe Llnux
kernel Coogle markeLed Lhe plaLform Lo handseL makers and carrlers on Lhe premlse of
provldlng a flexlble upgradable sysLem Coogle had llned up a serles of hardware componenL
and sofLware parLners and slgnaled Lo carrlers LhaL lL was open Lo varlous degrees of
cooperaLlon on Lhelr parL
SpeculaLlon abouL Coogles lnLenLlon Lo enLer Lhe moblle communlcaLlons markeL conLlnued Lo
bulld Lhrough uecember 2006 8eporLs from Lhe 88C and 1be woll 5tteet Iootool noLed LhaL
Coogle wanLed lLs search and appllcaLlons on moblle phones and lL was worklng hard Lo dellver
LhaL rlnL and onllne medla ouLleLs soon reporLed rumors LhaL Coogle was developlng a
Cooglebranded handseL Some speculaLed LhaL as Coogle was deflnlng Lechnlcal speclflcaLlons
lL was showlng proLoLypes Lo cell phone manufacLurers and neLwork operaLors
ln SepLember 2007 lofotmotlooweek covered an Lvalueserve sLudy reporLlng LhaL Coogle had
flled several paLenL appllcaLlons ln Lhe area of moblle Lelephony
Upen Handset Alliance
Cn november 3 2007 Lhe Cpen PandseL Alllance a consorLlum of several companles whlch
lnclude 8roadcom CorporaLlon Coogle P1C lnLel LC Marvell 1echnology Croup MoLorola
nvldla Cualcomm Samsung LlecLronlcs SprlnL nexLel 1Moblle and 1exas lnsLrumenLs
unvelled lLself 1he goal of Lhe Cpen PandseL Alllance ls Lo develop open sLandards for moblle
devlces Cn Lhe same day Lhe Cpen PandseL Alllance also unvelled Lhelr flrsL producL Androld
a moblle devlce plaLform bullL on Lhe Llnux kernel verslon 26
Cn uecember 9 2008 14 new members [olned lncludlng A8M Poldlngs ALheros
CommunlcaLlons AsusLek CompuLer lnc Carmln LLd Puawel 1echnologles ackeLvldeo
SofLbank Sony Lrlcsson 1oshlba Corp and vodafone Croup lc
Licensing
WlLh Lhe excepLlon of brlef updaLe perlods Androld has been avallable under free and open
source sofLware llcenses from CcLober 21 2008 unLll March 2011 Coogle publlshed Lhe source
code for Lhelr Llnux kernel changes under Lhe Cnu Ceneral ubllc Llcense verslon 2 and Lhe
resL of Lhe code (lncludlng neLwork and Lelephony sLacks) under Lhe Apache Llcense verslon 20
Coogle also keeps Lhe revlewed lssues llsL publlcly open for anyone Lo see and commenL
1he Cpen PandseL Alllance develops Lhe CLllcensed parL of Androld LhaL ls Lhelr changes Lo
Lhe Llnux kernel ln publlc wlLh source code publlcly avallable aL all Llmes 1he resL of Androld ls
developed ln prlvaLe wlLh source code released publlcly when a ma[or new verslon ls released
1yplcally Coogle collaboraLes wlLh a hardware manufacLurer Lo produce a flagshlp devlce
feaLurlng Lhe new verslon of Androld Lhen makes Lhe source code avallable afLer LhaL devlce
has been released
ln early 2011 Coogle chose Lo wlLhhold Lhe Androld source code Lo Lhe LableLonly Poneycomb
release creaLlng a conLroversy over Coogles commlLmenL Lo open source wlLh Androld 1he
reason accordlng Lo Andy 8ubln ln an offlclal Androld blog posL was because Poneycomb was
rushed for producLlon of Lhe MoLorola xoom and Lhey dld noL wanL Lhlrd parLles creaLlng a
really bad user experlence by aLLempLlng Lo puL onLo smarLphones a verslon of Androld
lnLended for LableLs Coogle laLer conflrmed LhaL Lhe Poneycomb source code would noL be
released unLll afLer lL was merged wlLh Lhe Clngerbread release ln lce Cream Sandwlch
Lven Lhough Lhe sofLware ls open source devlce manufacLurers cannoL use Coogles Androld
Lrademark unless Coogle cerLlfles LhaL Lhe devlce complles wlLh Lhelr CompaLlblllLy ueflnlLlon
uocumenL (Cuu) uevlces musL also meeL Lhls deflnlLlon Lo be ellglble Lo llcense Coogles
closedsource appllcaLlons lncludlng Lhe Androld MarkeL
ln SepLember 2010 Skyhook Wlreless flled a lawsulL agalnsL Coogle ln whlch Lhey alleged LhaL
Coogle had used Lhe compaLlblllLy documenL Lo block Skyhooks moblle poslLlonlng servlce
(xS) from MoLorolas Androld moblle devlces ln uecember 2010 a [udge denled Skyhooks
moLlon for prellmlnary ln[uncLlon saylng LhaL Coogle had noL closed off Lhe posslblllLy of
accepLlng a revlsed verslon of Skyhooks xS servlce and LhaL MoLorola had LermlnaLed Lhelr
conLracL wlLh Skyhook because Skyhook wanLed Lo dlsable Coogles locaLlon daLa collecLlon
funcLlons on MoLorolas devlces whlch would have vlolaLed MoLorolas obllgaLlons Lo Coogle
and lLs carrlers
ueslgn
Linux
Androlds kernel ls a fork of Lhe Llnux kernel buL has furLher archlLecLure changes by Coogle
ouLslde Lhe Lyplcal Llnux kernel developmenL cycle
64
lor example Androld does noL have a
naLlve x Wlndow SysLem nor does lL supporL Lhe full seL of sLandard Cnu llbrarles and Lhls
makes lL dlfflculL Lo porL exlsLlng Llnux appllcaLlons or llbrarles Lo Androld
CerLaln feaLures Coogle conLrlbuLed back Lo Lhe kernel noLably a power managemenL feaLure
called wakelocks were re[ecLed by malnllne kernel developers parLly because kernel
malnLalners felL LhaL Coogle dld noL show any lnLenL Lo malnLaln Lhelr own code Lven Lhough
Coogle announced ln Aprll 2010 LhaL Lhey would hlre Lwo employees Lo work wlLh Lhe Llnux
kernel communlLy Creg kroahParLman Lhe currenL Llnux kernel malnLalner for Lhe sLable
branch sald ln uecember 2010 LhaL he was concerned LhaL Coogle was no longer Lrylng Lo geL
Lhelr code changes lncluded ln malnsLream Llnux Some Coogle Androld developers hlnLed LhaL
Lhe Androld Leam was geLLlng fed up wlLh Lhe process because Lhey were a small Leam and
had more urgenL work Lo do on Androld
Powever ln SepLember 2010 Llnux kernel developer 8afael ! Wysockl added a paLch LhaL
lmproved Lhe malnllne Llnux wakeup evenLs framework Pe sald LhaL Androld devlce drlvers
LhaL use wakelocks can now be easlly merged lnLo malnllne Llnux buL LhaL Androlds
opporLunlsLlc suspend feaLures should noL be lncluded ln Lhe malnllne kernelln 2011 Llnus
1orvalds sald LhaL evenLually Androld and Llnux would come back Lo a common kernel buL lL
wlll probably noL be for four Lo flve years
Features:
CurrenL feaLures and speclflcaLlons
andset |ayouts
1he plaLform ls adapLable Lo larger vCA 2u graphlcs llbrary 3u graphlcs llbrary based
on CpenCL LS 20 speclflcaLlons and LradlLlonal smarLphone layouLs
Storage
SCLlLe a llghLwelghL relaLlonal daLabase ls used for daLa sLorage purposes
Connect|v|ty
Androld supporLs connecLlvlLy Lechnologles lncludlng CSM/LuCL luLn CuMA LvuC
uM1S 8lueLooLh Wlll L1L nlC and WlMAx
Messag|ng
SMS and MMS are avallable forms of messaglng lncludlng Lhreaded LexL messaglng and
now Androld Cloud 1o uevlce Messaglng lramework (C2uM) ls also a parL of Androld
ush Messaglng servlce
Mu|t|p|e |anguage support
Androld supporLs mulLlple human languages 1he number of languages more Lhan
doubled for Lhe plaLform 23 Clngerbread
Web browser
1he web browser avallable ln Androld ls based on Lhe opensource WebklL layouL
englne coupled wlLh Chromes v8 !avaScrlpL englne 1he browser scores a 93/100 on
Lhe Acld3 1esL
Iava support
Whlle mosL Androld appllcaLlons are wrlLLen ln !ava Lhere ls no !ava vlrLual Machlne ln
Lhe plaLform and !ava byLe code ls noL execuLed !ava classes are complled lnLo ualvlk
execuLables and run on ualvlk a speclallzed vlrLual machlne deslgned speclflcally for
Androld and opLlmlzed for baLLerypowered moblle devlces wlLh llmlLed memory and
Cu !2ML supporL can be provlded vla LhlrdparLy appllcaLlons
Med|a support
Androld supporLs Lhe followlng audlo/vldeo/sLlll medla formaLs WebM P263 P264
(ln 3C or M4 conLalner) MLC4 S AM8 AM8W8 (ln 3C conLalner) AAC PLAAC
(ln M4 or 3C conLalner) M3 Mlul Cgg vorbls lLAC WAv !LC nC Cll 8M
Stream|ng med|a support
81/81S sLreamlng (3C SS lSMA) P1ML progresslve download (P1ML3 vldeo
Lag) Adobe llash SLreamlng (81M) and P11 uynamlc SLreamlng are supporLed by Lhe
llash plugln Apple P11 Llve SLreamlng ls supporLed by 8eallayer for Moblle and by
Lhe operaLlng sysLem ln Androld 30 (Poneycomb)
Add|t|ona| hardware support
Androld can use vldeo/sLlll cameras Louchscreens CS acceleromeLers gyroscopes
baromeLers magneLomeLers dedlcaLed gamlng conLrols proxlmlLy and pressure
sensors LhermomeLers acceleraLed 2u blL bllLs (wlLh hardware orlenLaLlon scallng
plxel formaL converslon) and acceleraLed 3u graphlcs
Mu|t|touch
Androld has naLlve supporL for mulLlLouch whlch was lnlLlally made avallable ln
handseLs such as Lhe P1C Pero 1he feaLure was orlglnally dlsabled aL Lhe kernel level
(posslbly Lo avold lnfrlnglng Apples paLenLs on Louchscreen Lechnology aL Lhe Llme)
Coogle has slnce released an updaLe for Lhe nexus Cne and Lhe MoLorola urold whlch
enables mulLlLouch naLlvely
8|uetooth
SupporLs A2u Av8C sendlng flles (C) accesslng Lhe phone book (8A) volce
dlallng and sendlng conLacLs beLween phones keyboard mouse and [oysLlck (Plu)
supporL ls avallable ln Androld 31+ and ln earller verslons Lhrough manufacLurer
cusLomlzaLlons and LhlrdparLy appllcaLlons
V|deo ca|||ng
Androld does noL supporL naLlve vldeo calllng buL some handseLs have a cusLomlzed
verslon of Lhe operaLlng sysLem LhaL supporLs lL elLher vla Lhe uM1S neLwork (llke Lhe
Samsung Calaxy S) or over l vldeo calllng Lhrough Coogle 1alk ls avallable ln Androld
234 and laLer Clngerbread allows nexus S Lo place lnLerneL calls wlLh a Sl accounL
1hls allows for enhanced vol dlallng Lo oLher Sl accounLs and even phone numbers
Skype 21 offers vldeo calllng ln Androld 23 lncludlng fronL camera supporL
Mu|t|task|ng
MulLlLasklng of appllcaLlons ls avallable
Vo|ce based features
Coogle search Lhrough volce has been avallable slnce lnlLlal release volce acLlons for
calllng LexLlng navlgaLlon eLc are supporLed on Androld 22 onwards
1ether|ng
Androld supporLs LeLherlng whlch allows a phone Lo be used as a wlreless/wlred Wlll
hoLspoL 8efore Androld 22 Lhls was supporLed by LhlrdparLy appllcaLlons or
manufacLurer cusLomlzaLlons
Screen capture
Androld has naLlve supporL for screenshoL capLure ablllLy by presslng Lhe power and
volume buLLons aL Lhe same Llme on an Androld devlce 1hls naLlve supporL came abouL
wlLh Lhe release of Androlds 40 (lce Cream Sandwlch) updaLe whlch ls flrsL seen on Lhe
Calaxy nexus smarLphone revlously Androld dld noL feaLure naLlve supporL for screen
capLurlng whlch would have llkely been due Lo securlLy concerns lurLhermore
prevlously manufacLurer and LhlrdparLy cusLomlzaLlons as well as uslng a C
connecLlon (uuMS developers Lool) were Lhe only known meLhods of capLurlng a
screenshoL on Androld

Uses
1he Androld operaLlng sysLem ls used on smarLphones neLbooks LableL compuLers Coogle
1v and oLher devlces
1he maln hardware plaLform for Androld ls Lhe A8M archlLecLure 1here ls supporL for x86 from
Lhe Androldx86 pro[ecL and Coogle 1v uses a speclal x86 verslon of Androld
1he flrsL commerclally avallable phone Lo run Androld was Lhe P1C uream released on 22
CcLober 2008 ln early 2010 Coogle collaboraLed wlLh P1C Lo launch lLs flagshlpAndrold devlce
Lhe nexus Cne 1hls was followed laLer ln 2010 wlLh Lhe Samsungmade nexus S and ln 2011
wlLh Lhe Calaxy nexus
lCS and Androld 233 Clngerbread may be seL up Lo dual booL on a [allbroken lhone or lod
1ouch wlLh Lhe help of Cpenl8ooL and lurold
AppllcaLlons
AppllcaLlons are usually developed ln Lhe !ava language uslng Lhe Androld SofLware
uevelopmenL klL buL oLher developmenL Lools are avallable lncludlng a naLlve uevelopmenL
klL for appllcaLlons or exLenslons ln C or C++ and Coogle App lnvenLor a vlsual envlronmenL for
novlce programmers
Andro|d Market
Androld MarkeL ls Lhe onllne sofLware sLore developed by Coogle for Androld devlces An
appllcaLlon program (app) called MarkeL ls prelnsLalled on mosL Androld devlces and allows
users Lo browse and download apps publlshed by LhlrdparLy developers hosLed on Androld
MarkeL As of uecember 2010 Lhere were abouL 200000 games appllcaLlons and wldgeLs
avallable on Lhe Androld MarkeL ln Aprll 2011 Coogle sald Lhere had been more Lhan 3 bllllon
Androld apps lnsLalledand aL end of !une 2011 Lhere are 6 bllllon apps lnsLalls from Lhe Androld
markeL 1he operaLlng sysLem lLself ls lnsLalled on 130 mllllon LoLal devlces
Cnly devlces LhaL comply wlLh Coogles compaLlblllLy requlremenLs are allowed Lo prelnsLall
Coogles closedsource Androld MarkeL app and access Lhe MarkeL 1he MarkeL fllLers Lhe llsL of
appllcaLlons presenLed by Lhe MarkeL app Lo Lhose LhaL are compaLlble wlLh Lhe users devlce
and developers may resLrlcL Lhelr appllcaLlons Lo parLlcular carrlers or counLrles for buslness
reasons
Coogle has parLlclpaLed ln Lhe Androld MarkeL by offerlng several appllcaLlons Lhemselves
lncludlng Coogle volce (for Lhe Coogle volce servlce) Sky Map (for waLchlng sLars) llnance (for
Lhelr flnance servlce) Maps LdlLor (for Lhelr MyMaps servlce) laces ulrecLory (for Lhelr Local
Search) Coogle Coggles LhaL searches by lmage CesLure Search (for uslng flngerwrlLLen leLLers
and numbers Lo search Lhe conLenLs of Lhe phone) Coogle 1ranslaLe Coogle Shopper LlsLen
for podcasLs and My 1racks a [ogglng appllcaLlon ln AugusL 2010 Coogle launched volce
AcLlons for Androldwhlch allows users Lo search wrlLe messages and lnlLlaLe calls by volce
AlLernaLlvely users can lnsLall apps from Lhlrd parLy app sLores such as Lhe Amazon AppsLore
or dlrecLly onLo Lhe devlce lf Lhey have Lhe appllcaLlons Ak flle



App||cat|on secur|ty

An example of app permlsslons ln Androld MarkeL
Androld appllcaLlons run ln a sandbox an lsolaLed area of Lhe operaLlng sysLem LhaL does noL
have access Lo Lhe resL of Lhe sysLems resources unless access permlsslons are granLed by Lhe
user when Lhe appllcaLlon ls lnsLalled 8efore lnsLalllng an appllcaLlon Androld MarkeL dlsplays
all requlred permlsslons A game may need Lo enable vlbraLlon for example buL should noL
need Lo read messages or access Lhe phonebook AfLer revlewlng Lhese permlsslons Lhe user
can declde wheLher Lo lnsLall Lhe appllcaLlon
Some Androld malware lncldenLs have been reporLed lnvolvlng rogue appllcaLlons on Androld
MarkeL ln some cases appllcaLlons whlch conLalned Lro[ans were hldden ln plraLed verslons of
leglLlmaLe apps Coogle has responded by removlng mallclous apps from Lhe Androld MarkeL
and remoLely dlsabllng Lhem on lnfecLed devlces SecurlLy flrms such as AvC 1echnologles and
SymanLec have released anLlvlrus sofLware for Androld devlces
!7;,.
Androld smarLphones have Lhe ablllLy Lo reporL Lhe locaLlon of Wlll access polnLs lL encounLers
as phone users move around Lo bulld vasL daLabases conLalnlng physlcal locaLlons of hundreds
of mllllons of such access polnLs 1hese daLabases form elecLronlc maps Lo locaLe smarLphones
allowlng Lhem Lo run apps llke loursquare and companles llke Coogle Lo dellver locaLlonbased
ads
Cne deslgn lssue ls LhaL average users have no feaslble ablllLy Lo monlLor how downloaded
appllcaLlons access and use prlvaLe and senslLlve daLa (eg locaLlon and hardware lu numbers)
Lven durlng lnsLallaLlon permlsslon checks do noL ofLen lndlcaLe Lo Lhe user how crlLlcal
servlces and daLa wlll be used or mlsused 1o ldenLlfy how such lnformaLlon may be exfllLraLed
Lhere ls a need for Lhlrd parLy monlLorlng sofLware such as 1alnLurold (an academlc research
funded pro[ecL) lnsLalllng such lowlevel monlLorlng Lools requlres programmlng skllls
reflashlng Lhe 8CM and volds Lhe warranLy users can also be noLlfled of an appllcaLlons
behavlor vla a llcense agreemenL LhaL ls usually (noL always due Lo lack of enforcemenL)
dlsplayed on flrsL use of Lhe appllcaLlon buL lL ls generally accepLed LhaL ma[orlLy of Lhe users do
noL read or undersLand Lhe legal flne prlnL ln llcense agreemenLs and ofLen [usL sklp and accepL
Lhem
MarkeLlng
1he Androld logo was deslgned along wlLh Lhe urold fonL famlly made by Ascender CorporaLlon
Androld Creen ls Lhe color of Lhe Androld 8oboL LhaL represenLs Lhe Androld operaLlng sysLem
1he prlnL color ls MS 376C and Lhe 8C8 color value ln hexadeclmal ls #A4C639 as speclfled by
Lhe Androld 8rand Culdellnes 1he cusLom Lypeface of Androld ls called norad (cf nC8Au) lL ls
only used ln Lhe LexL logo
Market share
8esearch company Canalys esLlmaLed ln C2 2009 LhaL Androld had a 28 share of worldwlde
smarLphone shlpmenLs
112
8y C4 2010 Lhls had grown Lo 33 of Lhe markeL becomlng Lhe
Lopselllng smarLphone plaLform 1hls esLlmaLe lncludes Lhe 1apas and CMS varlanLs of
Androld
ln lebruary 2010 ComScore sald Lhe Androld plaLform had 90 of Lhe uS smarLphone markeL
as measured by currenL moblle subscrlbers 1hls flgure was up from an earller esLlmaLe of 32
ln november 2009 8y Lhe end of C3 2010 Androlds uS markeL share had grown Lo 214
ln May 2010 Androlds flrsL quarLer uS sales surpassed LhaL of Lhe rlval lhone plaLform
Accordlng Lo a reporL by Lhe nu group Androld achleved 23 smarLphone sales ln Lhe uS
markeL up 8 from Lhe uecember quarLer ln Lhe second quarLer Apples lCS was up by 11
lndlcaLlng LhaL Androld ls Laklng markeL share malnly from 8lM and sLlll has Lo compeLe wlLh
heavy consumer demand for new compeLlLor offerlngs
113
lurLhermore analysLs polnLed Lo
advanLages LhaL Androld has as a mulLlchannel mulLlcarrler CS whlch allowed lL Lo dupllcaLe
Lhe qulck success of MlcrosofLs Wlndows Moblle
116
ln C4 2010 Androld had 39 of Lhe LoLal
lnsLalled user base of Apples lCS ln Lhe uS and 46 of Lhe LoLal lnsLalled user base of lCS ln
Lurope As of !une 2011 Coogle sald LhaL 330000 new Androld devlces were belng acLlvaLed
every dayup from 400000 per day a monLh earller ln May 2011 and more Lhan 100 mllllon
devlces have been acLlvaLed Androld hlL 300000 acLlvaLlons per day back ln uecember 2010
Cn !uly 14 2011 330000 Androld devlces are now acLlvaLed by Coogle each day wlLh growLh
44 per week Cn Lhe 1sL of AugusL 2011 Canalys esLlmaLes Androld has abouL 48 of Lhe
smarLphone markeL share Cn CcLober 13 2011 Coogle announced LhaL Lhere are 190 mllllon
Androld devlces ln Lhe markeL
Usage sbare


Usage share oI the diIIerent versions, by October 3, 2011.
verslon
|str|but|on AI |eve|
40 lce cteom 5ooJwlcb 14 0
3xx nooeycomb 1113 18
23x CloqetbteoJ 910 387
22 ltoyo 8 433
21 clolt 7 117
16 uooot 4 14
13 copcoke 3 11

lnLellecLual properLy lnfrlngemenL clalms

8oLh Androld and Androld phone manufacLurers have been Lhe LargeL of numerous paLenL
lawsulLs Cn 12 AugusL 2010 Cracle sued Coogle over clalmed lnfrlngemenL of copyrlghLs and
paLenLs relaLed Lo Lhe !ava programmlng language
124
Speclflcally Lhe paLenL lnfrlngemenL
clalm references seven unlLed SLaLes paLenLs lncludlng uS 3966702 MeLhod and apparaLus for
preprocesslng and packaglng class flles and uS 6910203 lnLerpreLlng funcLlons uLlllzlng a
hybrld of vlrLual and naLlve machlne lnsLrucLlons ln response Coogle submlLLed mulLlple llnes
of defense counLerclalmlng LhaL Androld dld noL lnfrlnge on Cracles paLenLs or copyrlghL LhaL
Cracles paLenLs were lnvalld and several oLher defenses 1hey sald LhaL Androld ls based on
Apache Parmony a clean room lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe !ava class llbrarles and an
lndependenLly developed vlrLual machlne called ualvlk
MlcrosofL has also sued several manufacLurers of Androld devlces for paLenL lnfrlngemenL and
collecLs paLenL llcenslng fees from oLhers ln CcLober 2011 MlcrosofL sald Lhey had slgned
llcense agreemenLs wlLh Len Androld devlce manufacLurers accounLlng for 33 of worldwlde
revenue for Androld devlces 1hese lnclude Samsung and P1C
Coogle has publlcly expressed lLs dlsllke for Lhe currenL paLenL landscape ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes
accuslng Apple Cracle and MlcrosofL of Lrylng Lo Lake down Androld Lhrough paLenL llLlgaLlon
raLher Lhan lnnovaLlng and compeLlng wlLh beLLer producLs and servlces ln AugusL 2011
Coogle purchased MoLorola MoblllLy for uS$123 bllllon whlch was vlewed ln parL as a
defenslve measure Lo proLecL Androld slnce MoLorola MoblllLy had a 17000sLrong paLenL
pool