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For SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) digital communications networks, each node of the network must be synchronous to a national clock. Strict design rules must be followed to assure that all nodes remain synchronous in the face of possible failures of communications paths, see reference 1 [1]. A brief summary follows.
Timing signal from M is designed to travel only on designated paths and on no others, as indicated by the solid paths shown below.
"Synchronization and Multiplexing in a Digital Communications Network" by John W. Pan, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol 60, May 1972.
Transport Sync Page 1 of 4 J Pan 8/26/08
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Note that for each node, the timing path traces back to the master clock M in one and only one path. Otherwise, conflicts and ambiguities arise.
M X J K L
In another example, if the designated timing path from J to C should fail, node C could switch to another system from J to C that parallels the original, rather than switch to node K. This is because, in the initial ranking, node J is ranked higher than K.
Transport Sync
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J X A B C
2.
Now suppose that some of the digital transmission systems between nodes uses an optical fiber system that combines several E1 signals into a single optical path, such as the Loop O9330.
E1 O9330 E1
The system design can take on two choices. For the first choice, the optical transport system can be designed to be transparent to each individual signal entering and leaving the system. Thus the multiplex terminals of the O9330 will not be part of the timing path design. For the second choice, the system can be made part of the synchronous system design, with the two terminals treated as two more nodes in the network. The nodes of the O9330 will be synchronized to the master clock and all outgoing signals will be retimed by the terminals. The timing path design, especially for design of secondary backup paths, will then take these terminals into consideration. This paper will show that the first choice has many advantages over the second.
Transport Sync
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LoopTelecom.com
J
X Y
3. Conclusion When the engineering of the primary timing path and the secondary backup timing path are considered, a simpler solution results when intermediate multiplex terminals of digital transport systems not be considered as part of the timing node system. This simplicity results not only in easier engineering and testing, but also greater reliability of the entire synchronous network.
Transport Sync
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J Pan 8/26/08