Title: PROJECT PROPOSAL OF FOOTBRIDGE AND NEW ROADWAY AT POBLACION, IBA Abstract This paper focuses on the methodologies

used to create a design for the treatment proposal in minimizing and preventing the traffic congestion implemented by the increasing of vehicles, human growth and employment. Constructing a footbridge and establishing new roads are the idea that we made for the treatment of traffic congestion and accident at the POBLACION, IBA ROAD. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In most areas, road accidents affect the lives of many people each year due to poor traffic management and lack of proper knowledge in design and sub-standard materials used in construction that cost millions of pesos each year which is consequently a lost of our economic output. Although we have those traffic signs and other ads to reduce this problem, this is not enough to eliminate these inevitable problems. Our authorities and officials on roadways at certain location are indeed having a hard time to think those possible alternative solutions to attend on traffic problems such as congestions on roads, pedestrian, and road accidents on certain areas. On the other hand, in many cases just making small changes to the design and construction of roadways that will not sacrifice the quality of materials and works and to the implementation of traffic rules can significantly reduce the risk of road accidents and the cause of traffic congestion at a particular location could be made continuously. As a member of this society, the researchers wanted to help to reduce the problems in our society. The researchers have decided to come up with the idea of constructing a footbridge at a particular location which is along IBA PUBLIC MARKET, where the problems are located and proposing a new roads for rerouting. This research will serve as an idea to the officials or authorities what locations of the roadways needed for a construction of a footbridge and a new proposed road for rerouting. A footbridge or pedestrian bridge is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some cases cyclists and horse riders, rather than vehicular traffic. An enclosed footbridge between two buildings is sometimes known as a skyway. Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclists are often referred to as green bridges and form an important part of sustainable transport movement towards more sustainable cities. Footbridges are often situated to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areas where there are no nearby roads to necessitate a road bridge, they are also located across roads to let pedestrians cross safely without slowing down the traffic. The latter is a type of pedestrian separation structure, examples of which are particularly found near schools, to help prevent children running in front of moving cars. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.

1.1 Background of the Study Increase in road traffic congestion and accidents are two of the major effects observable due to rapid motorization and urbanization growth in most areas and also largely, due to vast motor vehicle volumes, and increase in urban poor population and its related problems. Although urbanization improved the regions economic growth as generated by Asian cities, its negative impacts on the countries cannot be ignored. Road traffic accidents are one of the worlds largest contributors to injury problems and loss of lives. Establishment of footbridges and constructing a new road are one of the alternative solutions to minimize the road traffic and roads accident. These structures are design for the passages of pedestrians to let them cross the way safely without injuring them and disturbing the traffic flow. 1.2 Conceptual Framework This section gives a guide on the main issues covered in the succeeding chapters of this report. 1.3 Statement of the Problem In this research, the only problem we are going to encounter is the location in establishing footbridges. Maybe, footbridges may also become an additional hazardous structure that may affect the establishment near or at the place of heavy traffic. As a result, the footbridge may not be utilized. Designation of proper loading and unloading of passengers may directly affect the flow of traffic. In short, poor traffic management will create the major problems in our roadways. On the other hand, this footbridge can give essentials for the sustainable transportation movement towards to a developing society. 1.4 Statement of the Hypothesis / Assumptions In putting these footbridges, pedestrians can only used this bridges not the vehicles. It is used by pedestrians to transport to the other side without disturbing the flow of traffic. Although the footbridge is usable it is not recommended for the place that have many structures are established, it may become hazardous and making place narrower creating traffic congestion. 1.5 Significance of the study At present, increasing of population and mobilization makes the roads become crowded. This project study will provide solutions to the problems regarding the traffic congestions and road accidents. By using or establishing footbridges, the flow of traffic and the transportations to another place may become easier and the traffic flows smoothly without disturbing anybody. On the other hand, more investor will encourage investing their money here that will create more jobs for the people and for the development of our country.

Chapter 2: Research design, Methods and Procedures I. Research Design a. Identify the hazardous locations - The aim of this step is to identify all locations with a high traffic congestion and urbanization growth and to draw all sources to identify all locations with poor traffic management and prepare a list of locations that will considered for treatment. b. Investigate the hazardous locations

As a general guide, priority should generally be given to investigating sites where there is traffic congestion and people become crowded.

c. Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road. - Before the constructions, we need to coordinate to the people who are involved to know their opinions for us to know what the things are going to be change in the design and constructions. d. Formulate the possible design and construction of footbridge and roads -After collecting and analyzing the gathered data, this is time to formulate the possible design and constructions to those areas where investigated and to determine low cost and the most effective design. e. Appraise the project economics -In general, the aim of evaluating project is to find the projects that provide the most cost- effective way of allocating money that deliver the best return from every peso you spent. f. Deliver the projects - After the funds of the project are approved, the next thing to do is to deliver it to start the project. II. Preparation for the Research 1. Identify the hazardous locations a. Analyze traffic data b. Review locations nominated from other resources c. Compile data of worst accident and traffic locations 2. Investigate hazardous locations. a. Collect the traffic data. b. Presentation of traffic data c. Analyze the data. d. Site inspection e. Review the information & formulate conclusions 3. Formulate the possible design & construction of footbridge and roads. a. Prepare concept design plan b. Prepare cost estimate e. Conclusion

CONDUCT OF THE SURVEY ON QUESTIONING TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SURVEY Name: _______________________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________________________ QUESTIONS YES NO 1. Do you think undisciplined motorist mostly causes traffic and accidents? 2. Would you like to relocate new terminal for tricycles and jeepneys? 3. Do you think putting a footbridge is necessary for this town? 4. On your own observation, do you think traffic flow on this town is unmanageable? 5. Thus traffic lights applicable for this town? 6. Do you think traffic enforcers help to manage traffic flow? 7. Do accidents occur here mostly? 8. Would you like to create new lane for Magsaysay Avenue and Rizal Avenue? 9. Is the traffic law enough to discipline the motorists 10. Do traffic enforcers correct traffic violators? To validate the data obtained we, the researcher personally conducted a survey by asking the people belonging to Poblacion Iba, Zambales. The gathered data from this study were organized, presented in statistical tables and analyze accordance with the problem that this study attempted to answer.

FINDINGS: In the study it was found out that, statistically

R E S U L T S O F T R A F F IC M A NA G E M E N T S U R V E Y
Q u e s tio n 10 Q u e s tio n 9 Q u e s tio n 8 Q u e s tio n 7 Q u e s tio n 6 Q u e s tio n 5 Q u e s tio n 4 Q u e s tio n 3 Q u e s tio n 2 Q u e s tio n 1
44 % 30% 34% 48 % 52 % 30% 52 % 48 % 2 8% 46% 40% 4% 5 4% 60 % 96% 7 2% 70 % 5 6% 70 % 66 %

% NO % YES

Q u e s tio n u e s tio n es tio nQ u e stio nQu es tio nQ u e stio n es tio nQ u e s tio nQu es tio n u e stio n Q Qu Qu Q 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 % NO % YE S 4% 96% 40% 60% 46 % 54 % 2 8% 7 2% 5 2% 4 8% 3 0% 7 0% 48 % 52 % 34 % 66 % 30 % 70 % 4 4% 5 6%

CHAPTER 2. THE PROJECT CYCLE This part of research puts the task of project preparation into context within the overall project preparation, evaluation and delivery cycle. Because all of the phases in the cycle are linked, it is important to understand where the project preparation phase fits within this overall process. The key steps in the process are shown in the following diagram. Step 1: Identify the Location of footbridge and new roadway The first step in the project cycle is to identify locations of footbridge and new roadway with high road traffic congestion at Poblacion, Iba road. Possible location can be identified from a variety of sources they can be: Suggested by the community or local government officials; The aim of this step is to identify the location at Poblacion, Iba roads with high traffic congestion and urbanization growth. Step 2: Investigate the hazardous locations

As a general guide, priority should generally be given to investigating sites where there is traffic congestion and people become crowded. Information required from the site investigation: Confirmation of accident frequency and severity Location environment) of environment (roadside structures, adjacent land,

Traffic volume and composition Physical geometry of the site (layout of road sections O) Driver behavior Other relevant information about traffic and road use; Step 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road. Before the preliminary of constructions, we need to coordinate to the people who are mainly involved to know their opinions for us to know what the things are this study needs in the design of the new roadway and constructions of footbridge. Why is it important for their opinions? For the reason is that, they were mostly affected by poor traffic management that mainly leads to many acquired accidents and the incidence of heavy traffic. Information required in putting footbridge and new roadway. Step 4: Formulate candidate projects Having identified and investigated the locations, the next step is to formulate a proposal for reducing the level of accident and the volume of traffics. Proposing of new roadway and a footbridge is the best way or solution to prevent or reduce the traffic volume and accident in the area specified. And also, to see how those candidate projects will fit to location spotted. Consideration for the making of new roadway and establishing footbridge: 1. Site and traffic conditions 2. Effectiveness of the design in reducing the accident and the traffic congestions. 3. Preliminary estimated cost of the design project. Step 5: appraise the project economics In general, the aim of evaluating project is to find the projects that provide the most costeffective way of allocating money that deliver the best return from every peso you spent. In the context of proposing a new road and footbridge projects, this means delivering the greatest reduction in road traffic congestion and human growth, causing accident and slowing traffic flow. Step 6: Deliver the project This step is to obtain budget allocation and release of funds, and implement the highest ranked projects. This research does not cover the budget process for funding of road accident reduction projects, or the contracting and delivery of engineering works at hazardous locations.

CHAPTER 3. PREPARATIONS OF ROAD DESIGN AND FOOTBRIDGE This part of project study provides the step in preparing the design of new roadway and a footbridge, where as to reduce the incidents and the volume of traffic load in that area. Step 1. Identify the locations Step 2. Investigate the locations Step 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about constructing a footbridge and a new road. Step 4. Develop a project road and footbridge to reduce the accident and Traffic congestion. Step 5. Report and Conclusion At the end of this project cycle, develop designs for infrastructure improvements to reduce the traffic load and road accident at hazardous locations will be showed. Step 1. Identify the locations The first stage of the project cycle for the designing of new roadway and footbridge is the identification of hazardous locations. The main objective of this stage of the process is to establish which location in Poblacion, IBA road we can put a new road and a footbridge. Creating of a new road can lessen the volume of traffic and make the flow of traffic become easy. And also, establishing a footbridge for the pedestrians transferring to the other side of the road without affecting the flow of traffic and reduces the accident causing by the low traffic management. At this step in the project cycle, the aim is to draw on all sources of information and data to produce a list of locations that will be considered for the design of road and footbridge. The primary sources of information to establish the most traffic volume data given by DPWH. Other possible locations may be identified from other sources and these should be given due consideration. The process of identifying locations can be broken down in the following steps: Step 1.1 Analyze Traffic Data. Step 1.2 Review locations for the project proposal. Step 1.3 Select locations for the project proposal. Step 1.1 Analyze traffic Data Traffic Data on the national road network is obtained in Axle load survey. The data of road vehicles passing are collected and recorded in Axle load survey in a way that allows them to be analyzed within the system and produce a range of standard and users defined outputs in the form of reports and charts that are suited to specific needs. Minimal knowledge of the Axle load surveys program is required to produce many of standard outputs. AXLE LOAD DETERMINATION Axle load data collection is no-apprehension survey which involves the weighing of large buses and trucks. The vehicles are weight by wheel at the same time to avoid discrepancy in vehicle weights. For example for a three-axle truck wheels are weighed at the same time using six portable weigh scales.

LOAD REGULATION Gross Vehicle Weight (kilograms) Trends in the Phillipines Vehicle Type 1) 2-Axle Rigid Truck 2) 3-Axle Rigid Truck 3) 4-Axle Rigid Truck 4) 3-Axle Semi Trailer 5) 4-Axle Semi Trailer 6) 5-Axle Semi Trailer 7) 5-Axle Semi Trailer 8) 6-Axle Semi Trailer 9) 2-Axle Truck + 2-Axle Trailer 10) 2-Axle Truck + 3-Axle Trailer 11) 2-Axle Truck + 2-Axle Trailer 12) 2-Axle Truck + 3-Axle Trailer Axle Configuration 11 12 13 11-1 11-2 12-1 12-2 12-3 11-11 11-12 12-11 12-12 R.A. 4136 (1965) 13,600 13,600 24,500 24,500 24,500 24,500 LOI 874 (1973) 15,000 15,000 27,000 27,000 27,000 27,000 MOA (1985) 16,000 25,000 20,000 27,000 27,000 33,000 26,000 34,000 35,000 41,000 R.A. 8794 (2002) 16,800 27,250 29,700 30,380 30,380 30,380 37,800 41,000 30,378 36,900 37,800 41,000

Permissible weights and dimensions of vehicles in highways traffic. (a) The maximum gross weight and measurement of motor vehicles, unladen or with load, permissible on public highways shall be as specified hereunder, subject to such regulations as the Commissioner with the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, may promulgate, from time to time, as the conditions of the public highways may warrant and the needs of the service may require.

Permissible maximum weights: 1. Per most heavily loaded wheel 2. Per most heavily loaded axle 3. Per most heavily loaded axle group (the two axles of the group being at least one meter and less than two meters apart) three thousand six hundred kilograms; eight thousand kilograms; fourteen thousand five hundred kilograms.

Step 1.2 Review the location nominated from the other sources. From the other data, we can also be identified from a number of other sources, such as vicinity map of IBA, community members and local government officials. From the local knowledge of risky locations from such sources often provides valuable additional information, particularly about the cause of accidents and the accumulation of vehicles. Sites nominated from such sources should be checked against the report of worst accident and heavy traffic locations from those given data present from the community members, District DPWH engineers, Police station of IBA, and local government officials. If the site is included, precede to the next step, otherwise the accident and heavy traffic history of the nominated location should be extracted from those given data. If the recorded accident and heavy traffic history does meet the minimum criteria for identifying those possible locations of the project proposals, the location should not be included on the final list of worst accidents and heavy traffic locations unless there is an alternative source of reliable data on the major accident and heavy traffic at the site (for example traffic enforcer records that have not been recorded by police or local officials).Sites that do not meet the project proposals criteria could be reviewed under the ROAD SAFETY AUDIT PROGRAM, DPWH, and eventually included for treatment in the Accident Prevention Program and Traffic Management Program. STEP 1.3 Select locations for constructing the design road and . Footbridge At this stage, after investigating and analyzing all the information gathered from the reliable resources, and through the aid of maps, we may select the best locations of the project proposals is to be next thing to do. But at this point, problems will rise that might affect the project proposals. To avoid these problems, we must consider all the possible things that might be encountered when selecting the location for this project proposal, such as if there are establishment needed to demolish, and private property needed to purchase just to establish the project. Those were the things that make the construction phase delayed. Therefore, it is now easily for us to establish the best locations for the construction of the new road way and footbridge. In addition, the possibility of making the project finish on time is not unattainable to do. STEP 2 : Investigate the locations for the project. Naturally, before going to the preliminary of constructing any structure, it is important to investigate the locations first. The objective of the location investigation is to identify the predominant types and patterns and by the analysis of reported traffic accidents and survey analysis on the site. The investigations of the sited locations must require a systematic and logical step-by-step approach and an understanding of the nature the particular location. in the course of investigations, problems possibly will take place. However, through investigations we will be able to anticipate and make the solutions for the problems that were encountered. .Step 3: Survey; Opinions of the people about putting a footbridge and a new road. Figure shows the typical mix of human, vehicles and road environment factors involved in road accidents. The diagram shows for example that around 95% of accidents involve an error by the road user, whilst 24% involve a combination of human and road environment factors. DESIGN

Human Factor (95%)

Road Environment Factors (28%)

% 24

67%

Vehicle Factor (8%)

Figure Contributing Factors in Accidents Step 4. Develop a project road and footbridge to reduce the Traffic congestions. Engineers, highway officials, traffic enforcers and even the local government officials in our country were having a hard time to formulate a new solution in solving the inevitable problems encountered in the implementation on road safety and traffic management. To minimize the source of accidents and traffic congestions in our roads, lot of things is going to do. Have a comprehensive study on how to minimize roads accidents and traffic congestions and have enough knowledge to develop projects that would solve these problems even permanently. Through the study have been conducted, we could predict those possible solutions to gradually decrease the incidents of road accidents and the occurrence of heavy traffic in our area. In order to develop new ideas, we must provide those data and information that will be needed for the development of the project. Once the base map was established, the roadway system was developed using high quality aerial mapping. The aerials were used to determine approach and departure geometry, and as well as measured storage lengths and crosswalk lengths. In the absence of aerial photography, personnel would have to conduct field studies to obtain this information. A method that worked well was to display the aerial image on one computer (an LCD projector works even better) and have another set up to code the geometry in Synchronic. Step 4.1 Prepare concept design plan It is very important to produce an idea or preliminary layout plans to a sufficient level to show that the treatment proposal and able to be implemented, to display its most important features and impacts, and to provide with a basis for the preparation of a preliminary cost estimate. On the other hand, minor projects may not require concept plans if clear description of the scope of the proposed works will be sufficient. As the design proceeds, it may be necessary to modify the treatment proposal to account for any issues that arise. Traffic Congestion is a persistent problem in Poblacion, Iba road is projected to continue growing in terms of total population and employment. Proposing of footbridge across the Iba public

market road is one of best solution to minimize the traffic congestion and to prevent accident. To minimize the traffic congestions we are also proposing a new roadway crossing at the back of Happy Valley connecting through Magsaysay road. For the purpose of this is to make the roads in front of Iba public market become one way roads. Just to minimize the congestion due to the human growth and increased vehicles. SOME TYPES OF BRIDGES

more elaborate types of arch bridges

beam bridge this type of design was considered but rejected because of aesthetics

suspension bridge This type of bridge is used to span a large distances and hold great loads and was not used because the design was overkill for the projected usage.

cable stayed bridge This type of bridge is used to span large distances and hold great loads and was not considered for the same reasons as the suspension bridge REINFORCED CONCRETE (RCC) BRIDGES Characteristics and Applications These bridges comprise a concrete slab reinforced with steel bar that spans the crossing. The slab may either be of a plain solid rectangular section or a thinner slab strengthened on its underside by integral beams that run along and across the bridge .The latter type of slab will use less material than a plain slab but will involve considerably greater difficulty and effort in preparation for pouring the concrete. For footbridges the top surface of the concrete slab can be the walkway surface saving the need for a separate deck. The upper limit of span for a RCC bridge is about 12m. Piers are needed for longer spans. When large cranes are available slabs can be pre-cast and lifted into position. However, in situations covered by this manual, slabs will be cast in situ. This therefore requires the construction and support of wooden box-work (shuttering) in which the reinforcing steel is supported and the concrete poured. This will involve considerable time inputs from skilled carpenters and will prevent the use of RCC bridges where the river-bed does not allow the construction of timber scaffolding to support the shuttering. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: - The main advantages of RCC bridges are their long life, at least 50 years, and their low maintenance costs. Therefore although their initial cost may be higher than other types, their

total life cost may be lower as their maintenance costs will be lower and other types may need to be replaced one or more times during the life of the RCC bridge. Disadvantages: - The main disadvantages in regard to local construction are the effort and skills needed, particularly in erecting the shuttering for the concrete slab. The mixing and pouring of concrete will also require good organization and experience. For example, the amount of water used to mix the cement affects the strength of the concrete. Some skilled and experienced labor will therefore be needed with possibly support from the local community in carrying out less skilled tasks. Step 4.2 Prepare a cost estimate base on the design of footbridge and new road proposal. A prepared cost of estimate, based on the concept plan prepared. The estimate would be generally be itemized as follows: For footbridge: o excavation o concreting o forms o electrical o finishing For roads: o survey and design o land acquisition o roadwork o street lighting o Traffic signal installation / alterations o Contingencies o Project management The following labor percentage ranges shown in Tables 1 and 2 are typical and include equipment operators, truck drivers and laborers. DESIGN PROCEDURE: ANALYSIS OF LOADS: 1. Dead Loads 2. Live Loads 3. Moment Distribution Method 4. Factored Loadings 5. Shear & Moment Diagram DESIGN of FOOTBRIDGE: 1. Design of beams 2. Design of reinforcement 3. Design of column 4. Design of footing 5. Design of stairs Propose design of roads : DESIGN of NEW ROAD: 1. Plans & length of road 2. Clearing & grubbing

3. Excavation 4. Base & sub base preparation 5. Asphalting

TABLE 1 Work Item 151-Mobilization Percent Low Percent Factors Labor 33-62 Short travel distance with few pieces of equipment to dismantle and reassemble. High Percent Factors Long travel distance, many pieces of equipment to move, dismantling and assembly of equipment, semi-permanent structures, platforms, etc., to erect for project support Large timber, heavy ground area, difficult terrain, poor soils and rock, pile and burn, inaccessible to equipment.

201-Clearing and Grubbing Small timber, light ground cover, gentle terrain, good soils, scattering, accessible to equipment. 204-Excavation and Embankment This item may be broken down as follows: Movement Dirt Slope, Rounding, and Benching Compaction Scarification Drill and Blast Traffic Control Station-Yard Overhaul Yd3-mile Overhaul 209-Structure Excavation and Backfill 25-45 Gentle terrain, good soils, wide poor soils and tolerances, no blasting Difficult terrain, rock, close tolerance, blasting, and haul.

24 25 30 45 86 90 23 37 35-45

Gentle terrain, good soils, easy equipment access, no dewatering

Difficult terrain, poor soils and rock, equipment access difficult, dewatering required.

TABLE 2. Work Item 251-Riprap Hand-Placed Machine-Placed Sacked Wire-Enclosed 253-Gabions 303-Road Reconditioning 322-Minor Aggregate Course 400-Asphalt Pavement 50 25-45 20-30 Crushed pit rock, wide gradation tolerance Large project, road mix, wide tolerance Crushed quarry rock, close gradation tolerance Small project, plant mix, close tolerance, labor intensive. Percent Low Percent Factors Labor 45 20 60 75 25-35 High Percent Factors

550-Bridge Construction 602-Culverts and drains

20-30 45-60

No reduction if purchaser is not equipped to perform. Requires analysis of equipment, labor, and materials Gentle terrain, easily available bedding and backfill material. Steep pipe grade, poor gradation for bedding and backfill material.

605-Underdrains (Installation Only) Backfill Filter Cloth Special Granular Backfill 606-Corrugated Spillways Installation Only 619-Fences, Gates and Cattleguards Metal gates and cattlequards Fence and wire gates 10-15 60 625-Turf Establishment

90 10 10 25 20 80

10-15 60

35-70

Hydromulch, flat slopes, large project.

Hand-placed mulch, steep slopes, small project.

REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTBRIDGES This type of bridge comprises basically a concrete slab reinforced with steel bars. Since concrete has a very low tensile strength, the primary steel bars are located near the bottom of the slab to carry all the tensile bending stresses. The concrete isassumedto carry all the compressive bendinstresses. The main advantages of reinforced concrete footbridges (RCC) are: - All the materials needed cement, sand, stone aggregate and steel bar will be locally available in most locations - For footbridges, the concrete can serve as the deck surface so that timber or other forms of decking are not needed - The bridges have a long life and require little maintenance. Therefore, although their initial cost may be higher than other types, their total life cost will probably be lower The main problems of local level construction of RCC footbridges are: - The concrete slab has to be cast in-situ which requires considerable preparation work in setting up the formwork into which the concrete is poured. The dead weight of the concrete slab is high so that strong supports are needed for the formwork. Therefore, apart from quite short spans, props will be needed from the riverbed to support the formwork at intervals of 1 to 2 m so that RCC footbridges are only possible where the riverbed is suitable for this - Setting up the steel reinforcement in the shutter boxes (boxes into which the concrete is poured) and the mixing and pouring of the concrete requires workers with appropriate skills and experience. These will probably have to be brought in from outside, increasing construction costs. It is possible that the formwork can be constructed by local carpenters under the supervision of an experienced technician. The maximum unsupported span of RCC footbridges is about 12m. For longer spans intermediate pier supports will be needed. Therefore RCC footbridges can only be used for crossings of greater than about 10-12m width when the riverbed allows the construction of support piers. This will be mainly in areas of flat to moderate rolling terrain. Within the limitations outlined above, RCC footbridges should be considered alongside other possible types. The main selection considerations are likely to be initial cost and whether the skilled and experienced labour needed is available. If neither of these factors rule out the use of RCC footbridges then they should be strongly considered because of their long life and low maintenance. ROAD CONSTRUCTION Steps to Building a Road

1. Determine the Project

Decisions are made by Councillors, in consultation with Works Engineers, residents and in some cases, the Department of Main Roads, about road priorities for the coming year. At a formal Council meeting, the go-ahead is given for the project.

2. Survey and Soil Test the Site

Councils Surveyors carry out a detailed survey of the road site to record all relevant features such as trees, fences, driveways, other utilities and ground levels to determine slopes, profiles and drainage paths. Design the Road Engineers and draftsmen in Councils Design and Development Department draft plans of the proposed road to determine the alignments and the pavement thickness required to satisfy the project needs such as traffic, design life and design speed. Estimate the Cost and Materials Needed Councils designers prepare detailed estimates for the project. Review the Project and Allocate Funds Works Engineers review the project estimates, design standards and available funds, and adjust some of these as necessary to allow the project to proceed. Plan Resources and Order Materials Works supervisors carry out detailed project planning of resources and material requirements. Materials such as gravel, bitumen, culverts, concrete and signs are ordered. Prepare the Site Usually the first activities on site are erecting roadwork signs, vegetation clearing and preliminary earthworks. Install Drainage Construction gangs install roadside and cross drainage pipes. Road Formation Fill or cut away the existing soil to provide a uniform surface to a designed profile.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. Lay the Pavement

Construction gangs cart, spread, compact and trim the gravel in a number of layers. The pavement thickness depends on traffic volumes and the existing material beneath the proposed road. 11. Seal the Pavement Hot bitumen is sprayed on the road surface and covered with aggregate (uniform crushed stones). It is rolled into a tight interlocking mat. 12. Erect Signage Signs, guideposts and guard rails are erected, and linemarking is carried out. Our project is now complete!

GENERAL CONCLUSION Based on the studies done of the researchers & findings from observed data, we found out that most of the people of Iba want to eliminate traffic congestion by providing necessary footbridge & new roadway connecting Rizal Avenue. The design of footbridge was carefully analyzed and it is suited to the area & location of project so that it will surely accessible for pedestrians crossing the lanes without worrying their safety. In the design of new roadway, calculations & consideration was based from the data provided by the DPWH on the recent Axle-Load survey that the value to be used for the design of road pavement is the maximum total axle load observed on a 3 & 4-axle semitrailer truck during 11-12 hour of September 12, 2008 was 37,700 kg. The proposed start of new roadway was situated between Caltex Gas Station & Happy Valley Supermart and ends near of Bons Restaurant. These formulated location was the best alternative due to the limited area of the vicinity, budget management & the only route that suit to connect Rizal Ave. but effectively change the state of traffic flow on their road into a more manageable & accessible one. From the suggestions of the people, we now found out that the ideas weve made were also the ideas of the people who wants to keep traffic on their town to a more manageable manner so that the town of Iba will no longer suffer from accidents, traffic build-up and slow economic growth.