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Integrated circuits can be classified into analog,digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flipflops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing costcompared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers, work using binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals. Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering,demodulation, and mixing. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch. ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference..
Digital integrated circuits, primarily used to build computer systems, also occur in cellular phones, stereos and televisions. Digital integrated circuits include microprocessors, microcontrollers and logic circuits. They perform mathematical calculations, direct the flow of data and make decisions based on Boolean logic principles. The Boolean system used centers on on two numbers: 0 and 1. On the other hand, the base 10 system, the number system we learn in elementary school, is based on 10 numbers: 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Analog Integrated Circuits
Analog integrated circuits most commonly make up a part of power supplies, instruments and communications. In these applications, analog integrated circuits amplify, filter and modify electrical signals. In cellular phones, they amplify and filter the incoming signal from the phone's antenna. The sound encoded into that signal has a low amplitude level; after the circuit filters the sound signal from the incoming signal, the circuit amplifies the sound signal and sends it to the speaker in your cell phone, allowing you to hear the voice on the other end. Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits
Mixed-signal circuits occur in cellular phones, instrumentation, motor and industrial control applications. These circuits convert digital signals to analog signals, which in turn set the speed of motors, the brightness of lights and the temperature of heaters, for example. They also convert digital signals to sound waveforms, allowing for the design of digital musical instruments such as electronic organs and computer keyboards capable of playing music. Mixed-signal integrated circuits also convert analog signals to digital signals. They will convert analog voltage levels to digital number representations of the voltage level of the signals. Digital integrated circuits then perform mathematical calculations on these numbers.
IC Logic Circuits
IC 7400 NAND IC 7402 NOR IC 7404 Hex Inverter IC 7420 4-input NAND Gates IC 7432 OR Gates IC 7486 XOR IC 7408 Quad AND gate ... ...
Classification of IC Chips
Classification of integrated circuit components may be by:
Number of gates Logic family
Classification of IC Chips
Numbering of components
Pinout diagrams
IC Series Designations
Prefixes for integrated circuits..
TTL Series Prefix CMOS Series Prefix 40 or 140 40 or 140 74C
Standard TTL
74
Metal-gate CMOS
High-Speed TTL
Low-Power TTL
74L
Metal-gate, pin-compatible with TTL Silicon-gate , pin-compatibel with TTL, high-speed Si gate, high-speed, elect compatible with TTL
Schottky TTL
74S
74HC
74LS
74HCT
74AS ...
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74ALS ...
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