ARUP Sustainability

norDhavnEn iDEaS compEtition articlE
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EnvironmEntal SuStainability
EnvironmEntal SuStainability ved arup urban Design london
introduction
The intention is that Nordhavnen will be developed as a vibrant and attractive city, based on a strong sustainability agenda addressing environmental sustainability issues as well as social and economic. Consequently competition entrants, the judging panel, CPH City and Port De-velopment and the Copenhagen Municipality Planning Department face a great challenge. Sustainability at a large scale is a relatively new phenomenon, and environmental sustainabil-ity in particular is not yet an established practice in Denmark. CPH City and Port Development has commissioned Ove Arup and Partners LTD, London, to produce a set of exemplar guidelines for environmental sustainability issues to provide inspira-tion for the competition entrants and to support the parties who, through their participation in the judging of the competition, planning process, and/or realisation of Nordhavnen, share the responsibility for turning the vision into concrete plans. The exemplar environmental sustainability guidelines are based on an approach developed by Arup to manage and ensure integrated sustainable decisions in connection with new urban de-velopments. A more prescriptive set of requirements based on a similar approach has been used by Arup on the Dongtan project, which is described in the article nr 13 The city and the environment - citizen workshop. Arup has been given freedom to formulate the environmental sustainability guidelines. As a consequence, this format of this article is different from the other background articles. The exemplar environmental sustainability guidelines are included with the background docu-mentation of the competition brief to highlight the importance of environmental sustainability in the competition, to give ideas about how environmental sustainability may be dealt with on the site and to acknowledge that the sustainability perspective is making an already complex task even more demanding. The guidelines cover a series of topics which could be included in a sustainability strategy for Nordhavnen. Each topic is divided into Objective, Issues to Consider and Possible Design Strategies. The key point of the article is that any environmental sustainability measure will affect the masterplan, necessitating a holistic and integrated approach to optimise the synergies between different measures, such that environmental sustainability is also seen in context of social and economic sustainability.
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norDhavnEn iDEaS compEtition articlE
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EnvironmEntal SuStainability
contEntS
Environmental sustainability approach
s. 3
Energy
- Energy demand - Local low carbon energy generation - Lifestyle behavior urban form and microclimate - Wind - Sun - Temperature and humidity - Air quality - Noise and vibration movement and transport - Public transport accessibility - Street network - Walking and cycling - Spatial permeability - Cycle parking - Car parking - Water based transport resource management: materials, waste and water - Sustainable building materials - Waste storace and collection - Reducing waste generation - Waste transport - Water demand - Waste and water product recycling - Landscape and rainwater - Disposal of waste water landscape & diversity - Public green open space - Existing natural resources - Habitat creation and ecological enhancement - Habitat network - Sea edge - Linking green space to the water
s. 5
s. 7 s. 9 s. 10 s. 11 s. 14 s. 16 s. 17 s. 17 s. 18 s. 19 s. 21 s. 22 s. 22 s. 23 s. 23 s. 24 s. 24 s. 25 s. 26 s. 26 s. 27 s. 27 s. 28 s. 30 s. 30 s. 30 s. 31 s. 33 s. 34 s. 34 s. 34 s. 35 s. 36
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NORDHAVNEN
mAy 2008
ENViRONmENtAl SuStAiNAbility
This report has been prepared by Arup Urban Design London. Arup employees are therefore not permitted to enter the
competition. This report takes into account the particular instructions and requirements of our client. It is not intended
for, and should not be relied upon by any third party and no responsibility is undertaken to any thrid party.
OVE ARUP & PARTNERS LTD.
13 FITZROY STREET
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TEL + 44 (0) 20 7636 1531 FAX + 44 (0) 20 7580 3924
WWW.ARUP.COM
NORDHAVNEN iDkONkuRRENcE ARtikEl
12
ENViRONmENtAl SuStAiNAbility
Nordhavnen is one of the largest urban development sites in copenhagen to be developed in the coming years. it will be a flagship for the city in terms of turning copenhagen into an international role model for sustainable development.
ENViRONmENtAl SuStAiNAbility AppROAcH

An environmentally sustainable masterplan should be: Performance based rather than prescriptive - demonstrating how objectives are achieved in the masterplan; Resource efficient - in terms of energy, water, waste and materials; Incorporate systems thinking demonstrating an understanding of how different sustainability measures impact and integrate with one another as illustrated in Figure 1. This way of thinking will affect the form of masterplan designs: masterplans should be design lead and capable of delivering
M
In line with global and national policies the masterplan for
iro Env
tal Sustainabilit y Ap nmen pro ach
Nordhavnen must make a contribution to the mitigation of climate

B d io er iv
change through reductions in the absolute emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Moreover, it must be
Movement and Transport
adaptable to the possible changes ahead, whether this is through
inherent resilience to more extreme weather patterns and rising
sea levels, reductions in the availability of resources or changes to
energy sources.
n form e and urba icroclimat
Environmentally Sustainable Masterplan
W at er
sit y
Energy
i ter Ma
Nordhavnen will be an exemplar sustainable district in Copenhagen measurable sustainability objectives.
nd s
ca
te as dW an ls
and masterplans should demonstrate an integrated approach to
propose to work with the client. Multidisciplinary teams are
encouraged to respond to the requirements of an environmentally
sustainable masterplan.
Figure 1. Environmental Sustainability Approach diagram
La
sustainability both in the scheme proposal and in how teams
pe
SiDE 3 / 36
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The key objectives for environmentally sustainable development the objectives and requirements that should be met by submissions. Possible design strategies are provided in most cases to illustrate how the requirements might be met. These lists are not exhaustive.
The following sections of this brief considers these themes and set
in Nordhavnen is to create a place where:
renewable and new forms of energy provide a significant share of
heat and power replacing the use of fossil fuels
the urban form and associated microclimate create attractive and
comfortable external environments and reduce the carbon
emissions associated with the energy demand of buildings and
infrastructure
walking and cycling are promoted together with green public
transport initiatives to reduce the modal share of trip by private
vehicles
optimisation and reuse of resources is considered in the design,
construction and operational stages of the project in terms of
materials, waste and water
the relationship between landscape, biodiversity and urban
form maximises opportunities for creating a diverse range of
habitats and open spaces to meet leisure, health and ecological
needs.
A number of environmentally sustainable objectives have been
considered for the Nordhavnen site. Environmentally sustainable
places address the synergies between different environmental
objectives to create a holistic environment where people can live
and work in an environmentally conscious way.
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NordhavNeN idkoNkurreNce artikel
12
eNergy
a low energy area by Copenhagen Municipality. A key instrument in the realisation of these national targets is the building energy code, Building Regulations 2008 (Bygningsreglement 2008) , Figure 2, This is set to reduce levels of energy consumption over coming years, with the current Class 2 standard (25% reduction of the ordinary standard) becoming the new ordinary standard in 2010 and the current Class 1 standard (50% reduction of the ordinary standard) becoming the ordinary baseline in 2015. There may be even tougher targets set beyond 2015.
Figure 2 - Extract from Danish Buildings Regulations (2008)
The energy objectives set out below encourage the development
of an energy strategy and the reduction of carbon emissions, based
on a simple hierarchy of:
Reducing energy demand as the critical first step;
Generating energy locally to improve efficiency of supply and
introducing renewable energy sources into the generation mix;
Developing mechanisms to influence lifestyle behaviour.
Figure 4, overleaf, sets out Copenhagens current energy supply In addition, elemental minimum standards (U-values) and airtightness requirements apply. The long development programme for Nordhavnen means that it will inevitably need to meet these new energy targets. It follows that decisions made in the early phases of master planning must not preclude later phases from achieving these targets. This will require an adaptable and flexible energy strategy from the outset that allows continuing improvements in energy efficiency and reductions in carbon emissions, whilst maintaining security of supply.
network, in simplified schematic form and identifies areas where
changes might be made to improve carbon efficiency at
Nordhavnen
Summary of fuel types for heating and electricity supply
context
Copenhagen has a number of existing policies and initiatives which
set high standards for energy supply and consumption in the city.
For example, 97% of all households are connected to district heating
systems. However, there are still many opportunities to improve
Fuel types for electricty supply (1) 48% Coal/ Brown coal 5% Oil 19% Natural gas 11% Biofuels/Waste 3% Nuclear power (mg uran) 14% Renewables
Fuel Types for heating supply (2) 26% Coal Oil 7% 13% Natural gas Biofuels 11% 43% Waste
and innovate.
(1) Environmental report for electicity supplied to East Denmark 2007 (www.energinet.dk) (2) Data for 2007 for water based heating system, Kbenhavn Energi
At the national level the Danish Government has responded to EU
targets and has set objectives for reducing total energy demand,
Figure 3 - Fuel types for energy and heating supply
moving away from fossil fuels, increasing the use of renewables,
and ensuring security of supply. Norhavnen has been identified as
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Possible local energy generation reduced carbon intensity
Passive & Active Solar Design

Gas Public Transport Wind Geothermal Solar Biomass
Electric cars
Buffer spaces & planting for wind, noise & pollution protection to allow for passive ventilation
Bikes (cycle-paths)
On site / near site Energy Centre
District Heating
Power
Sealed facades where necessary only
Renewable Energy for Transport
Current Copenhagen Energy Generation
Natural ventilation
Coal Oil Gas Power District Heating Heat & Electricity Wind Waste Biomass Geothermal
Copenhagen electricity & heating grid Gas (for cooking)
Energy Consumption Consider: - Alternative utility provision models possible - Multi-utility provision by single company possible - Design for adaptability and flexibility
Energy Distribution
Energy Generation Consider: - On-site or near site energy centre, producing energy with reduced carbon content - Net annual 100% renewable energy for all users - On-site production of excess energy for export Off-site via heating and electricity grids - Influencing carbon efficiency of local existing power station - Security of supply
Consider: - Passive design technologies for Masterplan and buildings to minimise energy use - Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and other techniques to influence and reduce energy use by residents and visitors - Design for adaptability and flexibility for future uses
Figure 4 - Energy supply network diagram
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ENERgy DEmAND Objective: To minimise building related energy use and resulting
Daylight
winter daylight availability summer daylight availability
carbon emissions through all phases of the development and to

commercial retail
allow continuing improvement (i.e. carbon reductions) over time
to achieve zero emissions from the site and beyond.

Building types
residential residential
issues for consideration:

parks
The entries should aim to provide a concept energy strategy that
includes:
restaurants/bars
Use of passive and microclimate techniques that will lead to
buildings meeting and exceeding the improving national energy

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 potential demand hours Heating
standards;
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Strategies that can evolve to achieve no net annual carbon

commercial
emissions from the site;
Maximisation of the positive benefits of the sun (passive heating

retail
and daylighting) and avoidance of the negatives (overheating or
Summer
cooling demand), see Figure 5. Design for self-shading (building

Building types
form and orientation), eliminating need for active cooling and
minimising risk of overheating. Introduce local external solar
residential
shading systems;
Wind patterns need to be considered for both winter and summer
restaurants/bars
scenarios to avoid trapping hot and polluted air in urban canyons

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 hours
and reducing the exposure of buildings to prevailing cold winds,

potential demand
Figure 6;
Winter
Figure 5 - Daylight and heating demand for differnt building types
Figure 6 - Seasonal wind strategies
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Awareness of the need to achieve daylight levels in all habitable

W<2H W<2H H H H W W W W<2H
rooms and spaces to minimise the use of electric lighting and to
address the risk of unwanted reflective glare from large water
bodies;
Naturally ventilated buildings as the design default, with a clear
rationale when this is not achievable, see Figure 7. Consideration
of the impact of earlier phases on later phases of development,
particularly in terms of over-shadowing;

Single sided ventilation, single opening
Flexibility and adaptability of buildings and infrastructure to
accommodate change in the future and minimise disruption
and waste.
W < 2.5 H
approx 1.5 m
possible design strategies:

W < 2.5 H W < 2.5 H
approx 1.5 m approx 1.5 m
Narrow building footprints orientated along the east-west axis;
H H H
Incorporate unheated semi-outdoor spaces in buildings;
Adaptable building structures and higher than minimum floor to

W W
ceiling heights to allow, for example, for change from commercial
to residential uses;
Avoid shading of roof areas, which can serve as roof gardens, green
roofs, or incorporate solar thermal or photovoltaics systems.
Single sided ventilation, double opening W
W<5H W<5H W<5H H H W H
Cross ventilation Figure 7 - Natural ventilation strategies
W W
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biomass heating, gas and biomass combined cooling heating and power (CHP), large scale geothermal, heat pumps (including seawater based), energy from waste (e.g. anaerobic digestion of organic waste) and other developing technologies. For example, this could developed as one or several on-site CHP energy centres or large scale landscape strategy incorporating geothermal heat pumps. Maximise opportunities for local, urban food growing to reduce energy use in food production and transport.
lOcAl lOW cARbON ENERgy gENERAtiON Objective: To reduce the carbon intensity of electrical and thermal
energy supplied to the buildings and infrastructure at Nordhavnen
below the current carbon intensity of the energy supplied from the
Copenhagen electricity and district heating grids (currently 617 g/
kWh CO2 1 and 131g/kWh CO2 2 respectively) and ideally to zero, i.e.
100% renewables.
Maximise opportunities for low and zero carbon energy generation
on site for buildings, infrastructure and transport;
Maximise opportunities for low and zero carbon energy generation
at site-wide scale on or near the site;
Ensure security of energy supply;
Ensure buildings and infrastructure in all phases do not shade
useful solar energy generating areas of roofs and walls;
Avoid provision of gas to buildings and possibly entire site;
Integrate facilities for alternative, non-fossil fuel energy provision
to public and private transport;
possible design strategies: Local micro energy generation with solar photovoltaics, solar
thermal, wind, wave, heat pumps, geothermal and biomass on
buildings and public spaces.
Site-wide energy generation such as on-shore and off-shore wind,
www.energinet.dk
Data for 2007 from Kbenhavns Energis environmental report for district heating, 1 April 2008
SiDE 9 / 36
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liFEStylE bEHAViOuR Objective: To influence energy use that is not controlled through
legislation and building codes, such as the use of home and office
electrical appliances and the use of fossil fuelled transport, by
incoporating measures that increase public awareness and change
behaviour and lifestyles.
Consider and include new ideas and strategies to provide
information to people about their energy consumption.
Use information and communications technology (ICT) to provide
real time energy use information so people can make choices in
their homes, at work, when travelling and when relaxing;
Use public art in an informative and educational manner to raise
awareness and reduce energy consumption.
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3 uRbAN FORm AND micROclimAtE

Prevailing Winds
W in d F re q u e n c y (H rs )
L o c a t io n : C O P E N H A G E N , D N K (5 5 . 6 , 1 2 . 7 ) D a t e : 1 s t J a n u a ry - 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r T im e : 0 0 : 0 0 - 2 4 : 0 0
Microclimate impacts on the perceived quality of the urban spaces
as well as the environmental performance of the buildings. A

W e a th e r M a n a g e r
comfortable microclimate will encourage people to walk and/or
cycle (including walking to public transport) instead of using private
cars. A comfortable microclimate will bring life to the external
environments. The urban form is central to this end and proposals
should address microclimate as an integral part of the schemes.
The two key microclimate objectives are to:

M a rc h A p ril
Create comfortable external environments;

J a n u a ry F e b ru a ry
Maximise contribution that urban form makes to high quality,
low energy building design.
The key microclimate factors are: Wind, Sun, Noise and Air quality.
The orientation, massing and layout of buildings should make

J u ly Ju n e A u g u st
50 km/ h 40 km/ h 30 km/ h 20 km/ h 10 km/ h
maximum use of the opportunities offered by the site.

M ay
h rs
Site context
Figure 8 shows that the prevailing wind comes off the land from the
West, with seasonal winds coming from the East/South-east.
32+ 28 25 22 19 16 12 9 6 <3 O c to b e r N ov ember D ecember
S e p te m b e r
Figure 8 - Frequency of wind speed and direction by month
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Av e ra g e W ind T e mp e ra ture s Location: COPENHAGEN, DNK (55.6, 12.7) Date: 1st January - 31st December Time: 00:00 - 24:00 Weather Manager
345
Prevailing Winds
N 1 5 30 1 0
345
50 km/ h
C
330
45+ 40 35 45 25 20 15 10 5 30
NOR T H
1 5
330
30
40 km/ h
31 5
31 5
1 st Ju l 1 st Au g
300
20
20 30 60 40
4
45
30 km/ h
60
1 st Ju n
300
1 st M a y
5
20 km/ h
50 285
18 19
<0
60 75
6
285
10 km/ h
70 80
7 17
75
1 st S e p 1 st Ap r
90
8 16 15 9 14 13 12 11 10
W EST
E AS T
270
1 st O c t 1 st M a r
1 05
255
1 05
255
1 st N o v 1 st Fe b
1 20
1 20
240
240
1 st D e c
1 35
1 st Ja n
225 1 35
225
21 0
1 50
21 0
1 50 1 95
1 80
1 95
SOU T H
1 65
1 65
Figure 9 - Annual average wind speed and temperature
Figure 10 - Sunpath diagram
Figure 11 - Annual rainfall and temperature
The winds off the land are warmer than those coming from the sea
Copenhagen is located at latitude 55 43N and longitude 12 34E. The sun path shows, among other information, that Copenhagen has low sun angles in winter, long daylight hours and solar gain from the north in the summer.
Copenhagen has the highest rainfall in the period July to October.
from the East/South-east and that during winter storms strong,
cold winds occur from the north.
SiDE 12 / 36
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Outdoor air temperatures
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
temperature (C)
5.0
0.0
-5.0
-10.0 9
hour
2-Aug (Hottest day) 01-Apr 01-Oct
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
13-Feb (Coldest day)
Figure 12 - Annual temperature variation
The typical temperature variations for a hot and cold day shown inform building heating and cooling strategies.
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WiND Objective: Create comfortable sheltered external environments
Propose approach to shielding of buildings and minimising
windiness of urban spaces in response to prevailing wind
conditions.
Shield the edges of the site by use of trees and other means.
Define a smooth building height profile in order to scoop high
winds over the entire site, Figure 13.
Mitigate downdraught around the base of tall buildings by
appropriate use of podiums and local shielding, taking into
account the prevailing wind directions, Figure 14.
Provide locally shielded areas for outdoor activities and functions
for prevailing wind directions.
Facilitate natural ventilation of tall buildings through use of

Figure 13 - Massing strategies
winter gardens, box windows, double skin facades, and other
means local shielding.
Podium deflects downdraft away from ground level
Skirt of planting around base of tower
Provide shelter to mitigate downdraft Figure 14. - Microclimate issues around high - rise
Downdraft creates windy environment at street level
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Mitigate funnelling of wind by offsetting buildings around the
edge of the site, Figure 15.
Avoid funnelling typical prevailing wind condition
Avoid funnelling typical prevailing wind condition (February - May and October - November)
Avoid funnelling seasonal prevailing wind condition (February - May and October - Novemeber)
Figure 15 - Prevailing wind strategies
Avoid funnelling seasonal prevailing wind condition (February - May and October - Novemeber)
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SuN Objective: Create comfortable external environments.

Maximise daylight to buildings Provide local shading to building facades Maximise daylight to public spaces Maximise daylight to streets
Propose an approach to providing urban spaces with solar
access.

Provide local shading in public spaces
Orientate beaches towards west (or southwest) for exposure to
afternoon sun and avoid shading by surrounding buildings;

Figure 16 - Providing solar access and local shading to public realm
Allow low angle winter sun into the public realm and semi-outdoor
spaces, Figure 16;
Locate tall buildings on north side of site to minimise shading,
Figure 17;
Consider the shading effect of buildings around public spaces.
Locate taller buildings to maximise solar gain in public spaces
Avoid shading public spaces with taller buildings
Figure 17. - Shading strategy for location of tall buildings
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tEmpERAtuRE AND HumiDity Objective: Create comfortable external environments in hotter

development.
AiR QuAlity Objective: Minimise the impact of air pollution on the
months that benefit naturally ventilated buildings.

Avoid locating buildings in the tail wind of sources of pollution such as on and off-site power stations and energy centres, roads accces to the port and proposed tunnel access.
Consider ways of benefiting from evaporative cooling near the
water.
possible design strategies: possible design strategies:

Consider appropriate set back distances of residential development from roads and other pollutant sources; Design appropriate ventilation strategies.
Promote outdoor activities and functions on the east and north
side of water bodies;
Locate ventilation inlets facing water bodies in the direction of
the prevailing summer wind direction (west, southwest).
Use of green faades or similar.
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NOiSE AND VibRAtiON Objective: Minimise the impact of noise and vibration on the deNoise and vibration attenuation provided by sealed buildings (i.e. not naturally ventilated)
velopment.
Locate residential buildings to avoid sources of noise and vibration
such as the container port, cruise ship quays, energy centre and
road access to the port and proposed tunnel approach.
Locate barrier to block noise at source, for example landscape,
earthworks, taller building structures, Figure 18;
Locate residential/commercial development away from sources
of noise and vibration;
Only buildings that could not be naturally ventilated due to their
use profile (for example, with high internal heat loads) should be
located adjacent to sources of noise and vibration.

Noise and vibration attenuation provided by distance and landform / landscape
Masterplans should be appropriately designed to meet interior
noise levels requirements of the national Danish guidelines issued
by the Environmental Protection Agency 2007 for residential and
office uses in later stages of design.
Figure 18. - Strategies for creating barriers to noise
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mOVEmENt AND tRANSpORt

maintain continuity of landscape and biodiversity network and address noise, vibration and air pollution issues. The balance in the design of transport facilities should seek to create a hierarchy where walking and cycling are the preferred modes, followed by public transport (bus, rail, metro and ferry) and with private car the least preferred mode of travel. The current modal split for Copenhagen is already very successful at achieving a high proportion of trips by walking and cycling and masterplans should consider innovative ways of increasing this share and also increasing public transport use. A number of factors influence modal choice including: The visibility of both public transport and cycle/pedestrian connections, Strategies that develop an attitude/culture where it is less acceptable to travel by private car. Pricing strategies both in relation to private cars (e.g. congestion charge) and public transport fares. The ease of access to alterives to fossil fuel based modes of transport and associated infrastrcuture, for example, provision of electric cars and charging points. The site incorporates a container terminal which is due to be relocated within the site in the next ten years. This constraint needs to be considered in the movement strategy and in land use scenarios.
The Masterplan can significantly influence the need for people to
travel on-site and off-site. The desire to travel is a function of the
proposed land uses and their spatial location. The choice of mode
of travel is affected by the land uses, their location, transport
facilities, travel distances and accessibility.
In seeking to develop an environmentally sustainable masterplan,
two overall movement and transport objectives are proposed for
the development:
To reduce the need to travel and thereby encourage walking and
[Source: KK, Trafikken i Koebenhavn 2005]
cycling
To reduce the modal share by car a far as possible by creating
attractive and viable public transport alternatives and a public realm
that encourages walking and cycling. This strategy is illustrated in
Figure 19 overleaf.
Site context
The Nordhavnen site is connected to the mainland at one
location and surrounded by sea on three sides. This restricts the
opportunities for connections to the adjoining area and innovative
proposals to address access issues will be key to successful
schemes. The masterplan proposals should seek to improve
walking, cycling and public transport accessibility and connectivity
with the adjoining areas and reduce the sense of severance between
the site and Copenhagen.
There is also a proposal to connect Nordhavnen with the mainland
to the west by a road tunnel, which would later be extended to
connect to the islands to the east. The tunnel will have an access
point on Nordhavnen and connect into the street network on the
site. Schemes will need to consider how to address the tunnel and
SiDE 19 / 36
its approach to minimise severance of pedestrians and cyclists,
12
Objective: Increase Use
Retail
Residential
%
Offices
+ Land Use
Industry
+
Establishes Travel Demand
Effect Modal Choice by Urban Design
Choice of Density + Urban Form
Choice of Land Use Mix
Community / Health / Education
Leisure / Open Space
Produces Daytime and Residential Population Density Objective: To reduce travel demand
Objective: Decrease Use
Higher densities support public transport
Greater Mix of Uses reduces need to travel
Critical mass provide services locally
Travel demand decreases
Dense compact form, attractive streetscape + good public transport accesibility
Walkable neighbourhoods + efficient use of personal time
Figure 19.- Movement and Transoprt Strategy
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public tRANSpORt AccESSibility Objective: Increase modal share of trips by public transport.
Nordhavnen
Provide a plan of proposed public transport network with indicative
stop and interchange locations
a) in the short term and

h rd No av ne n
b) in the long term when the proposed metro extension is
delivered; or other rail solutions
Locate higher density development by public transport nodes;

st er po rt
Ensure every dwelling is within 350m of a public transport stop.

O
Minimise interchange times between modes of transport, for
example, provide direct connection from bus stops to metro;
Consider connections to wider rail network, for example, link to
Copenhagen
City Centre
Osterport station where regional trains arrive;
Consider ferry connections to airport, considering environmental
and economic sustainability;
Consider bridge links and connections between areas and to
transport nodes.
CPH
Figure 20. Public Transport Accessibility
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StREEt NEtWORk Objective: Create a street hierarchy which promotes walking and issues for consideration:
Co-locate compatible land uses to reduce travel distances; Provide safe and attractive pedestrian and cycle access to the site; Provide attractive streetscape environments which encourage walking and cycling; Separate cyclists and pedestrians from Heavy Goods Vehicles and container port traffic; Provide a green cycle/pedestrian network between key destinations on the site.
WAlkiNg AND cycliNg Objective: Increase modal share of trips by walking and cycling
cycling above other modes of transport.
Provide a transport network with a hierarchy which distinguishes
between main roads, local roads and access roads and those used
by public transport, cyclists and pedestrains;
Dedicated routes should be provided for pedestrian and cyclists
as part of wider city network;
Incorporate routes for the Heavy Goods Vechile (HGV) traffic
associated with container terminal and landfill operations in short
and long term scenarios;
Consider logistics and servicing in road hierarchy as well as
alternative forms of transport for these activities such as by

Mix retail, office and residential uses to encourage linked trips and public transport use; avoid large single use zones such as shopping centres that attracts visitors by car from across the district; Create narrow streets to provide continuity of routes for pedestrians.
water;
Create adaptable masterplan that address short term requirement
for container port and associated traffic movement and a long
term scenario when it is relocated off site.
Provide shared surfaces streets between vehicles, pedestrians
and cyclists in residential areas;
Narrow street widths to reduce severance and maintain continuity
of pedestrain routes;
Used consolidation centres to transport freight by water;
Consider bus priority or bus only roads and junctions;
Consider road pricing/congestion charging.
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SpAtiAl pERmEAbility Objective: Create permeable street network to encourage walking

Retail/shopping Offices 60-80 20-40 10-35 2.5 3 4-8
cyclE pARkiNg Objective: Provide convenient, safe and secure cycle parking. issues for consideration:
Provide safe and secure cycle parking in areas with good passive surveillance and shelter; Meet indicative cycle parking standards in Figure 22.
Spaces per Spaces per Spaces per Spaces per Spaces per Spaces per
100m 100m 100 100 100 100m
and cycling.
Shop and storage area Office and storage area Students Users / guests Users / guests
Maximum continuous block length 110m between public access
routes/Maximum perimeter length 480m, Figure 21.

Locate cycle parking at key destinations, for example, stations, schools and shops with good overlooking and shelter; Provide secure, sheltered and convenient cycle parking for every home.
Schools and education Sports facilites, cinemas, theatres, etc. Parks, beaches, amusement parks Dwellings
Figure 22 - Indicative cycle parking standards
max 110m
a+b+c+d= max. 480m
Figure 21. - Spatial Permeability
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cAR pARkiNg Objective: Limit and locate car parking provision to discourage car
to reduce use of private cars
WAtER bASED tRANSpORt Objective: Maximise opportunities for use of water based transport
use.

Illustrate how water based transport is incorporated into the masterplan.
The amount of parking provided for cars directly affects car
modal share. Schemes should seek to reduce the level of parking
provision below the current Copenhagen standard of 1/100m;
Consider how car park location will affect modal choice and
illustrate an approach to this. Provide cross harbour ferry quay and route to airport (approx 15 mins at 65 knots/hour); considering environmental and economic sustainability. Locate ferry port to serve catchment beyond the site including connection to metro and S train as well as adjacent development; Create local water bodies that connect to the harbour; Provide marinas for private boats.
Locate parking at site access points to reduce car movement
within site;
Locate car parking adjacent to container port to provide acoustic/
vibration barrier;
SiDE 24 / 36
12
RESOuRcE mANAgEmENt: mAtERiAlS, WAStE AND WAtER materials and waste
The key objective in the Nordhavnen site is to achieve efficient use
of material resources and reduce the amount of waste produced
from the proposed development during its construction and
operation. Materials and waste must be dealt with in such a way
that it encourages a circular product life-cycle, see Figure 23, whilst
being guided by the waste hierarchy, see Figure 24, aiming to send
zero waste to landfill.
context
Copenhagen currently generates about one million tonnes of total

Figure 23 - The product life-cycle
waste (ie household, commercial, industrial and construction/
demolition waste) per annum, which equates to about two tonnes
per capita.
More than 90% of construction and demolition waste is being
recycled (eg as sub-base in road construction and for building
construction). In addition, about 20% of the household waste is
being recycled and over 70% is recovered using mass burn
incineration. The resulting electricity is put into the existing
electricity and district heating networks.

Figure 25 - Resource management interfaces
Economic taxes have been introduced by the Danish government
to drive waste up the waste hierarchy (ie 0 DKK for recycling,
320DKK/tonne of waste incineration and 360DKK/tonne for waste

Figure 24 - The waste hierarchy
disposal) and a ban on the landfill disposal of waste that can be
incinerated.
SiDE 25 / 36
12
SuStAiNAblE builDiNg mAtERiAlS Objective: Select sustainable building materials that are durable
lection system.
WAStE StORAgE AND cOllEctiON Objective: Provide an efficient and clean waste storage and col-
and have low embodied energy.

Consider the use of source separation of waste and associated storage arrangements in buildings and public realm; Make suggestions for efficient waste collection and transport with the aim to reduce transport impacts and to create home zone areas.
Maximise use of construction materials from local sources;
Re-use excavation, demolition and construction waste from on-
site and off-site sources;
Include recycled content material in the new build.
possible design strategies: Built -in recycling storage systems; Automated waste collection systems; Communal storage facilities.
Schller kitchens
Recycled concrete gabion, Sainsburys Retail Store, Greenwich, UK
Automated waste collection system, Nyhavn, Copenhagen
SiDE 26 / 36
12
REDuciNg WAStE gENERAtiON Objective: Reduce waste generation during construction and opesystem.
WAStE tRANSpORt Objective: Provide an efficient and sustainable waste transport
ration of the development.
issues for consideration: Maximise re-use of existing infrastructure, buildings (eg concrete silos), foundations, landscape etc where appropriate; Design infrastructure and buildings to be adaptable to future change and for deconstruction at end of life .
possible design strategies: Provide consolidation centres during construction and operation of the development. This could take waste by water to district heating and power stations and also be used for delivery of materials and goods to site.
issues for consideration: Explore synergies of combining goods deliveries and waste collection from residential and commercial buildings; Consider using rail and waterways for the transport of materials and waste; Identify opportunities for using alternative vehicle fuels other than diesel (eg Compressed Natural Gas, electric and hydrogen); Consider waste separation and recycling during construction and the provision of suitable space (min 0.5m per person for recycled waste in dwellings); Incorporate sites and mini re-use and recycling facilities on site; Identify opportunities for providing reprocessing capacity for recyclables and industrial symbiosis; Provide areas for garden waste composting. possible design strategies: Consider the use of on-site waste treatment facilities for the treatment of organic waste such as in-vessel aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion with the resulting compost product to be re-used on site (eg for topsoil production); Explore opportunities for small scale waste to energy plants such as advanced thermal treatment processes (eg gasification and pyrolysis).
SiDE 27 / 36
12
Water
Water is a valuable resource. Energy and chemicals are used in the
WAtER DEmAND Objective: Reduce water demand in buildings. issues for consideration:
Demonstrate an approach to water demand reduction in buildings.
treatment, transport and disposal of water. Water quality is also
important to maintain high aesthetics and to allow safe recreatio-
nal use of water and protect local ecology.
In order for the development to be successful, water should be
carefully managed and integrated with the design. Masterplans Use low flow installations in buildings (toilets, showers, baths, washing machines, dishwashers etc.); Install water meters to all buildings to give financial incentive to save water; Communicate water usage so that people can understand their personal impact. Consider in-home displays, public display/ public art.
should consider how to reduce water demand and to minimise the
infrastructures needed to transport water. This will impact on the
spatial arrangement of buildings, hard and soft landscaped areas,
site levels, water features and the interaction with the docks and
sea. Some of these linkages are described in Figure 26 opposite.
The Nordhavnen area is a landfill zone, and it is anticipated that
large areas of the ground is contaminated. This means that it is
not possible to create infiltration zones without addressing the
contamination issues. In principle Copenhagen Municipality will
not permit infiltration through contaminated soil. Proposals must,
therefore, take the risk of contamination into account.
SiDE 28 / 36
12
Reduce demand by using water savings devices / Water control by pressure control
Green roof
Excess rainwater collected from roofs Swales used for drainage from highways Drainage of pedestrian areas to dock
Irrigation of green spaces
Water features on site supplied with rainwater
Drinking
Shower
Toilet
Potable water supply

Storm water sewer network
Rainwater tank
Overflow
Sea (salt water)
Habitat creation
Aeration to maintain water quality Municipal waste water treatment works
Foul water sewer network
Sludge
Topsoil generated
Figure 26 - Water cycle.
SiDE 29 / 36
12
WAStE AND WAtER pRODuct REcycliNg Objective: Maximise recycling of rain water products issues for consideration:
Provide a landscape and townscape strategy that demonstrates an approach to rainwater disposal; Create a landscape that can be naturally irrigated by utilising onsite rainwater recycling.
lANDScApE AND RAiNWAtER Objective: Use the landscape to dispose of rainwater. issues for consideration:
DiSpOSAl OF WAStE WAtER Objective: Efficient disposal of waste waters.
To demonstrate an approach to recycling of waste and water
Demonstrate an approach to waste water disposal.
products

Direct surplus storm water directly to the docks / sea to minimise cost of drainage infrastructure; Dispose of foul waters from buildings to municipal sewer network for efficient treatment. Assume that water treatment works has sufficient capacity to treat additional foul flows.
possible design strategies: possible design strategies:

Minimise extent and cost of drainage infrastructure by using the landscape to absorb rainwater runoff; Allow rainwater falling on landscaped and pedestrianised areas to infiltrate into the ground. Use permeable pavements where appropriate; infiltration is not permitted under parking areas and roads; Direct highway drainage to swales for treatment and infiltration into the soils; Place soft landscaping beside hard surfaced areas and consider levels strategy. Retain stormwater under paved areas; Direct rainwater to avoid contaminated areas. Soils from swales to be replaced approximately every 10 years and contaminants from road runoff disposed of correctly.
Collect rainwater for reuse in the:
- Supply to water features on the site (lakes, channels, fountains
etc.);
- Irrigation of gardens, allotments and landscaped areas
Consider reuse of rainwater for toilet flushing.
SiDE 30 / 36
12
lANDScApE & biODiVERSity

In order to demonstrate that biodiversity issues have been appropriately taken into account within the design, proposals will need to include measures that will form components of an overall strategy for ecological resources for Nordhavnen. This strategy will be applied during construction, operation, and into the long-term future of the new development.
The vision for Nordhavnen is to create a healthy and pleasant living
environment that enriches social interaction and inspires a sense
of well-being amongst those who live and work there.
The masterplan landscape strategy should link many of the other
sustainability objectives on the site including biodiversity as
illustrated in Figure 27 overleaf.
Biodiversity is an issue that poses both constraints and
opportunities to the development. There are important biological
resources present within the area of the site and design proposals
will need to take these into account and respect the interests of
other habitats that may be affected indirectly, such as marine
resources and the Natura 2000 site at Vestamager Nature
Reserve.
More significantly, substantial opportunity exists for design pro-
posals to exploit the opportunities afforded by enhancements to
biodiversity, through habitat creation and ecological design mea-
sures that strengthen the connection between people and their
environment, that encourage education and awareness of environ-
mental issues, and which enhance the value, quality of life, health
and community of people living and working in Nordhavnen.
SiDE 31 / 36
12
Link to Biodiversity and Energy Reduction Link to Energy

* Carbon Smart
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration For every 2.67 trees planted and grown for 100 years, it is estimated that 1 ton of carbon dioxide is captured*
Sensitive placement of energy infrastructure to consider indirect e ects on biodiversity
Increase land values of property in proximity to high quality open space
Green and Agricultural roofs and walls
The evapo-transpiration process of the tree planted areas can increase relative humidity by 3 to 10% compared to adjacent areas Park in close proximity and provision of activities and recreational space
Wind
Public Art that educates on environmental issues
Landscape treatment to sea edge Minimise road width to create pedestrian / cycle friendly environment and reduce severance
Social and health Creating a variety of spaces and habitats to integrate ecological resources with the urban fabric with natural environment
Link to Energy Trees sheltering buildings from winds and shading from sun
Link to Water Planting into swales; Link to Biodiversity - Habitat creation
Link to Waste - Compostable waste
Figure 27 - Landscape and biodiversity connectivity
SiDE 32 / 36
12
public gREEN OpEN SpAcE Objective: Provide appropriate areas of public green open space
Link to Waste Strategy - increase volume of compostable waste useful for existing and future planting areas
for the health and wellbeing needs of inhabitants.

Link to Biodiversity - Increased habitat creation opportunity
Create a network and hierarchy of open green spaces which people
are in contact with as part of their day to day life;
Provide green spaces for all inhabitants. The current standard in
Copenhagen is an average of 30 m of public open green/blue
space per inhabitant, Figure 28;
Provide convenient and safe access to the park for all within
400m of all homes.

World Health Organisation recomended minimum: 8sqm per person Copenhagen current average: 30 sqm per person
Create opportunities for domestic food production: allotments,
green houses and balconies;
Consider provision of winter gardens, ground level gardens and
roof gardens to residential properties, Figure 29;
Provide space and activities within the landscape that meet the
Figure 28 - Public open space requirements
specific recreational needs of both men and women, of all ages;

covered roof terraces
Provide parks with character to form a recognisable identity that
promotes a sense of ownership and community;

hanging gardens
Create a landscape and public realm design concept that
recognises the cultural heritage of the area;
Provide outdoor space to all residential units.

winter gardens between buildings winter gardens attached to buildings
Provide around 10% of open spaces provision as semi-outdoor
environments. Around 10- 20% of the semi-outdoor areas should
be connected to adjacent open green spaces;

semi outdoor spaces in ground floor of buildings
Plant characteristic trees which add structure, character and

Figure 29. -Semi-outdoor areas
identity to this part of the city.
opening out onto green space
SiDE 33 / 36
12
EXiStiNg NAtuRAl RESOuRcES Objective: Provide for the protection of existing valuable ecological
opportunities for wildlife within and around Nordhavnen. Nordhavnen.
HAbitAt cREAtiON AND EcOlOgicAl ENHANcEmENt Objective: Create a range of different habitats to increase the
HAbitAt NEtWORk Objective: Create network of spaces with ecological value in
resources during construction and operation.

Provision of a diverse range of appropriate habitat types and initiatives; Measures that integrate ecological resources within the urban fabric; Ecologically sensitive design and placement of landscape and open space; High quality, ecologically sensitive planting schemes with appropriate species in suitable settings.

Proposed habitat network it should be continuous but not necessarily contiguous.
issues for consideration: Protect the grnbrogede tudse (European green toad) Bufo viridis from direct and indirect effects of development. This species is strictly protected under European law, and is currently present within ponds on the Nordhavnen site; Seek to minimise the risks of indirect effects on other biodiversity in the wider area, in particular marine and offshore resources, and sites that have been designated for nature conservation such as Vestamager nature reserve. possible design strategies:
Include inaccessible areas for colonisation; Provide a variety of marine habitats; Consider urban habitats such as small back gardens.
possible design strategies: Relocate the Euopean green toad to a suitable receptor area within Nordhavnen or retain this species within existing wetland habitat; Propose retention or recreation of areas of existing habitats such as sand and spoil heaps where bird species such as the digesval/sand martin (riparia riparia), which is a summer visitor to the site, have previously nested.
Natural colonisation Vej til Kastellet, Copenhagen
digesval(sand martin)
SiDE 34 / 36
12
SEA EDgE Objective: Provide appropriate landscape treatment at the sea

1:100 Year Surge Level & 100 Year Climate Change Level 1.82 m 1:100 Year Surge Level 1.47 m 3.5 m min 2.2m Mean Sea Level 0.0 m
edge.
Vertical Quay Section 1:100 Year Surge Level & 100 Year Climate Change Level 1.82 m 1:100 Year Surge Level 1.47 m 3.5 m min 2.2m Mean Sea Level 0.0 m
issues for consideration: Achieve minimum ground levels for development of +2.3m above sea level for flood protection; Use appropriate engineering solutions to address issues of erosion and access for shipping; Maximise the opportunities for landscape and biodiversity at the sea edge; Maximise the use of the sea edge for leisure uses.
5-10 m Approx.

Engineered Rock Armour Section 1:100 Year Surge Level & 100 Year Climate Change Level 1.82 m 1:100 Year Surge Level 1.47 m 3.5 m
Create a range of appropriete edge conditions, Figure 30
Mean Sea Level 0.0 m
min 2.2m
15-25 m Approx.
Landscape Bund Section
Figure 30 - Illustrative edge conditions
SiDE 35 / 36
12
liNkiNg gREEN SpAcE tO tHE WAtER
Objective: To create opportunities to experience amenity of green
space and water and to provide specific biodiversity habitats
Areas of waterfront attached to areas of open green space.
Parts of the waterfront to have a soft edge condition.
Illustrative layout options, Figure 31.
Figure 31 - Illustrative options for relationship of green space to water
SiDE 36 / 36

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norDhavnEn iDEaS compEtition articlE

EnvironmEntal SuStainability ved arup urban Design london

norDhavnEn iDEaS compEtition articlE

Environmental sustainability approach

OVE ARUP & PARTNERS LTD.

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NORDHAVNEN iDkONkuRRENcE ARtikEl

ENViRONmENtAl SuStAiNAbility AppROAcH

In line with global and national policies the masterplan for

tal Sustainabilit y Ap nmen pro ach

Nordhavnen must make a contribution to the mitigation of climate

change through reductions in the absolute emissions of carbon

dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. Moreover, it must be

Movement and Transport

adaptable to the possible changes ahead, whether this is through

inherent resilience to more extreme weather patterns and rising

sea levels, reductions in the availability of resources or changes to

n form e and urba icroclimat

Environmentally Sustainable Masterplan

Nordhavnen will be an exemplar sustainable district in Copenhagen measurable sustainability objectives.

and masterplans should demonstrate an integrated approach to

propose to work with the client. Multidisciplinary teams are

encouraged to respond to the requirements of an environmentally

sustainability both in the scheme proposal and in how teams

NORDHAVNEN iDkONkuRRENcE ARtikEl

in Nordhavnen is to create a place where:

renewable and new forms of energy provide a significant share of

heat and power replacing the use of fossil fuels

the urban form and associated microclimate create attractive and

comfortable external environments and reduce the carbon

emissions associated with the energy demand of buildings and

walking and cycling are promoted together with green public

transport initiatives to reduce the modal share of trip by private

optimisation and reuse of resources is considered in the design,

construction and operational stages of the project in terms of

materials, waste and water

the relationship between landscape, biodiversity and urban

form maximises opportunities for creating a diverse range of

habitats and open spaces to meet leisure, health and ecological

A number of environmentally sustainable objectives have been

considered for the Nordhavnen site. Environmentally sustainable

places address the synergies between different environmental

objectives to create a holistic environment where people can live

and work in an environmentally conscious way.

NordhavNeN idkoNkurreNce artikel

The energy objectives set out below encourage the development

of an energy strategy and the reduction of carbon emissions, based

on a simple hierarchy of:

Reducing energy demand as the critical first step;

Generating energy locally to improve efficiency of supply and

introducing renewable energy sources into the generation mix;

Developing mechanisms to influence lifestyle behaviour.

network, in simplified schematic form and identifies areas where

changes might be made to improve carbon efficiency at

Copenhagen has a number of existing policies and initiatives which

For example, 97% of all households are connected to district heating

systems. However, there are still many opportunities to improve

At the national level the Danish Government has responded to EU

Figure 3 - Fuel types for energy and heating supply

moving away from fossil fuels, increasing the use of renewables,

and ensuring security of supply. Norhavnen has been identified as

NORDHAVNEN iDkONkuRRENcE ARtikEl