Intro To Crystalline Defects

Defects, Dislocations, and Other Imperfections
Learning Unit 2 ME 2340

lecture 11
Tuesday, October 19, 2010
Lesson Objectives
Point defects: vacancy, interstitial atoms, substitutional atoms Calculating the number of vacancies in a substance Calculate the number of solute atoms in an alloy Calculate weight % and atomic %, and to convert from one to the other Name the different types of dislocations and dene Burgers vectors Dene Schottky and Frankel defects Describe stacking faults, twin boundaries, and grain boundaries Describe in your own words what a slip system is
lecture 11
Overview
Crystals can be imperfect in the following ways: 1. Point Defects (no dimension) 2. Line Defects (1-D) 3. Planar Defects (2-D) 4. Bulk Defects (3-D) How we study and quantify defects Why we care
lecture 11
1. Point Defects: Six Types

a. b. c. d. e. f. Vacancies Interstitial atoms Substitutional atoms Interstitialcy (not shown) Frenkel Defects Schottky Defects
lecture 11
(c)
1 a) Vacancies: Missing Atoms

Vacant sites in lattice that normally contain atoms Number of vacant sites (nv) increases exponentially with temperature (T) where n is given by: n is the total number of lattice positions; Qv is the activation energy
lecture 11
Measuring Activation Energy

We can get Qv from an experiment. Measure this... Replot it...
lecture 11
Estimating Vacancy Concentration

Find the equil. # of vacancies in 1m3 of Cu at 1000 C. Given:
Answer:
lecture 11
Practice Problem
Calculate the energy for vacancy formation in aluminum, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 500C (773 K) is 7.57 x 1023 m-3. The atomic weight and density for aluminum are, respectively, 26.98 g/ mol and 2.62 g/cm3.
lecture 11
Observing Vacancy Concentration

Low energy electron microscope view of a (110) surface of NiAl. Increasing T causes surface island of atoms to grow. Why? The equil. vacancy conc. increases via atom motion from the crystal to the surface, where they join the island.
Reprinted with permission from Nature (K.F. McCarty, J.A. Nobel, and N.C. Bartelt, "Vacancies in Solids and the Stability of Surface Morphology", Nature, Vol. 412, pp. 622-625 (2001). Image is 5.75 m by 5.75 m.) Copyright (2001) Macmillan Publishers, Ltd.
lecture 11
Point Defects in Alloys

Two possible outcomes if impurity (B) added to host (A):
Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random dist. of point defects)
OR
Substitutional alloy (e.g., Cu in Ni) Interstitial alloy (e.g., C in Fe) Second phase particle -- different composition -- often different structure.
Solid solution of B in A plus particles of a new phase (usually for a larger amount of B) lecture 11
Interstitial Defects
Solute atoms in regular voids Possible size determined by geometry Distorts lattice somewhat
lecture 11
Substitutional Defects
Solute atom substitutes for a solvent atom Size and valence matters Easiest when size and valence similar Hume Rothery Rules
Size Difference < +/- 15% Same crystal structure in pure form Similar electronegativity Solute has same or higher valence than solvent
Satisfy all four complete substitutional solid solution Satisfy some of four incomplete substitutional solid solution
lecture 11
Other Point Defects

1d) Interstitialcy
a.k.a self interstitial Occurs when low packing factor
1e) Frenkel defect

Vacancy-interstitial pair Much like self-interstitial with ions
1f) Schottky defect

Unique to ionic materials Both cation and anion missing
lecture 11
Specifying Composition
Denition: Amount of impurity (B) and host (A) in the system.
Two descriptions:
Weight % Atom %
Conversion between wt %
and
at% in an A-B alloy:
Basis for conversion:
lecture 11
Line Defects - Dislocations

Whole lines of atoms that are not where they should be In metals, deformation depends on dislocations
Edge dislocations Screw dislocations Mixed dislocations
Animations
lecture 11
What is Slip?
Process of dislocation movement Occurs in direction of Burgers Vector, b Occurs on the slip plane Slip plane + Slip direction = Slip System
BCC up to 48 systems FCC 12 systems HCP 3 systems
More slip systems = more chance for cross slip Peierls-Nabarro stress required to move a dislocation given by:
lecture 11
Bond Breaking and Remaking

Dislocation motion requires the successive bumping of a half plane of atoms (from left to right here). Bonds across the slipping planes are broken and remade in succession.
Atomic view of edge dislocation motion from left to right as a crystal is sheared.
(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)
lecture 11
Where will slip occur?

Slip happens on close packed directions in the close packed plane As dhkl decreases, lower required stress Covalent materials show little or no slip Ionic materials also crack before slipping Dislocations explain metal strength
Based on the bonds, metals should be 1000 times stronger!
lecture 11
Dislocations & Crystal Structure

Structure: close packed planes & directions are preferred. view onto two close-packed planes.
Comparison among crystal structures: FCC: many close-packed planes/directions; HCP: only one plane, 3 directions; BCC: no close packed planes Results of tensile testing
Mg (HCP)
tensile direction
Al (FCC)
lecture 11
Schmids Law Single Crystals
Resolved shear force: Schmids Law: Yield strength depends on stress required to get the rst plane moving:
lecture 11
Planar Defects
a) Surfaces b) Grain Boundaries c) Stacking Faults d) Twin boundaries e) Domain boundaries
All of these defects separate a larger crystal lattice into smaller regions
lecture 11
Grain boundaries
Where one crystallite meets another Dislocations cant move across easily Nanomaterials can have up to 50 vol% Hall-Petch equation relates yield strength to grain size (d): At normal temps, as grain size , strength
lecture 11
More on Grain Boundaries

Grain boundaries:
are boundaries between crystals. are produced by the solidification process, for example. have a change in crystal orientation across them. impede dislocation motion.
~ 8cm
Schematic
Metal Ingot
lecture 11
Stacking Faults
Normal FCC sequence: ABC ABC ABC FCC sequence with stacking fault: ABC ABAB ABC Normal HCP sequence: ABABABABAB HCP sequence with stacking fault: ABABCABABA
lecture 11
Other Planar Defects

Twin boundaries
Produced during deformation or phase change Not as effective at stopping dislocations
Domain boundaries
In ferroelectric materials Magnetization or polarization changes across boundary
lecture 11
Strengthening of Materials
Dislocation motion = deformation occurs Stop dislocations = stop deformation Means for preventing movement:
Other dislocations (strain hardening) Impurity atoms (solid-solution strengthening) Grain boundaries (grain size strengthening) Other phases (precipitation strengthening)
Well be discussing these later.

lecture 11
4) Bulk Defects

Porosity
Amount of void space in material Units of measure
between 01 (fraction less than one) between 0100% (percentage)
Inclusions
material (usually a particle of a compound) that is trapped inside a metal or ceramic during its solidication
lecture 11
More General Defects
Cracks - more on that later Voids Shear bands - amorphous materials Macroscopic structural aws
lecture 11
Summary
Defects are often present in structures

Sometimes use to advantage to strengthen Sometime critical to remove to improve properties
An understanding of various types of defects

will lead to insight on best practices for processing and materials selection
lecture 11

Intro To Crystalline Defects

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Intro To Crystalline Defects

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Defects, Dislocations, and Other Imperfections

Learning Unit 2 ME 2340

Tuesday, October 19, 2010

1. Point Defects: Six Types

1 a) Vacancies: Missing Atoms

Measuring Activation Energy

Estimating Vacancy Concentration

Observing Vacancy Concentration

Point Defects in Alloys

Other Point Defects

1e) Frenkel defect

1f) Schottky defect

at% in an A-B alloy:

Basis for conversion:

Line Defects - Dislocations

Bond Breaking and Remaking

Where will slip occur?

Dislocations & Crystal Structure

Tuesday, October 19, 2010

Schmids Law Single Crystals

More on Grain Boundaries

Other Planar Defects

Well be discussing these later.

between 01 (fraction less than one) between 0100% (percentage)

More General Defects

Defects are often present in structures

Sometimes use to advantage to strengthen Sometime critical to remove to improve properties

An understanding of various types of defects

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen