Word processor

A word processor is a computer application used for the production (including composition, editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material. Word processor may also refer to a type of stand-alone office machine, popular in the 1970s and 1980s, combining the keyboard text-entry and printing functions of an electric typewriter with a dedicated processor (like a computer processor) for the editing of tex. Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processing software. Microsoft estimates that over 500,000,000 people use the Microsoft Office suite,[3] which includes Word. Many other word processing applications exist, including WordPerfect (which dominated the market from the mid1980s to early-1990s on computers running Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system) and open source applications OpenOffice.org Writer, AbiWord, KWord, and LyX. Web-based word processors, such as Office Web Apps or Google Docs, are a relatively new category.

Characteristics
Word processing typically implies the presence of text manipulation functions that extend beyond a basic ability to enter and change text, such as automatic generation of:

batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); indices of keywords and their page numbers; tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers; tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers; cross-referencing with section or page numbers; footnote numbering; new versions of a document using variables (e.g. model numbers, product names, etc.)

Almost all word processors enable users to employ styles, which are used to automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on. Styles greatly simplify managing the formatting of large documents, since changing a style automatically changes all text that the style has been applied to. Even in shorter documents styles can save a lot of time while formatting. However, most help files refer to styles as an 'advanced feature' of the word processor, which often discourages users from using styles regularly.

Document statistics
Most current word processors can calculate various statistics pertaining to a document. These usually include:

Character count, word count, sentence count, line count, paragraph count, page count. Word, sentence and paragraph length. Editing time.

Errors are common; for instance, a dash surrounded by spaces like either of these may be counted as a word.

Typical usage
Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world, home, and education.
Business

Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools. Typical uses include:

legal copies letters and letterhead memos reference documents

Businesses tend to have their own format and style for any of these. Thus, versatile word processors with layout editing and similar capabilities find widespread use in most businesses.
Education

Many schools have begun to teach typing and word processing to their students, starting as early as elementary school. Typically these skills are developed throughout secondary school in preparation for the business world. Undergraduate students typically spend many hours writing essays. Graduate and doctoral students continue this trend, as well as creating works for research and publication.
Home

While many homes have word processors on their computers, word processing in the home tends to be educational, planning or business related, dealing with assignments or work being completed at home, or occasionally recreational, e.g. writing short stories. Some use word processors for letter writing, rsum creation, and card creation. However, many of these home publishing processes have been taken over by desktop publishing programs specifically oriented toward home use which are better suited to these types of documents.

History

Toshiba JW-10, the first word processor for the Japanese language (1971-1978 IEEE milestones)

Examples of standalone word processor typefaces c. 1980-1981

Brother WP-1400D editing electronic typewriter (1994)

The New York Times, reporting on a 1971 business equipment trade show, said
The "buzz word" for this year's show was "word processing," or the use of electronic equipment, such as typewriters; procedures and trained personnel to maximize office efficiency. At the IBM exhibition a girl typed on an electronic typewriter. The copy was received on a magnetic tape cassette which accepted corrections, deletions, and additions and then produced a perfect letter for the boss's signature....[4]

The mid-to-late 1980s saw the spread of laser printers, a "typographic" approach to word processing, and of true WYSIWYG bitmap displays with multiple fonts (pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing program), PostScript, and graphical user interfaces (another Xerox PARC innovation, with the Gypsy word processor which was commercialised in the Xerox Star product range). Standalone word processors adapted by getting smaller and replacing their CRTs with small character-oriented LCD displays. Some models also had computer-like features such as floppy disk drives and the ability to output to an external printer. They also got a name change, now being called "electronic typewriters" and typically occupying a lower end of the market, selling for under $200 USD. MacWrite, Microsoft Word and other word processing programs for the bit-mapped Apple Macintosh screen, introduced in 1984, were probably the first true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people until the introduction of Microsoft Windows. Dedicated word processors eventually became museum pieces.

Characteristics
Word processing typically implies the presence of text manipulation functions that extend beyond a basic ability to enter and change text, such as automatic generation of:

batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); indices of keywords and their page numbers; tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers; tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers; cross-referencing with section or page numbers; footnote numbering; new versions of a document using variables (e.g. model numbers, product names, etc.)

Other word processing functions include spell checking (actually checks against wordlists), "grammar checking" (checks for what seem to be simple grammar errors), and a "thesaurus" function (finds words with similar or opposite meanings). Other common features include collaborative editing, comments and annotations, support for images and diagrams and internal cross-referencing. Word processors can be distinguished from several other, related forms of software:

^ Shrayer, Michael (1984-11). "Confessions of a naked programmer". Creative Computing. pp. 130. RetrievedWord Processor Format menu
Character

The Character Format dialog applies character formatting, including typeface(4- 11) and symbol set(D- - 7).

Font Group : Switches the entire dialog between one of three groups or categories of text object(4- 1). English controls English text objects. Notes controls annotations: notes, and hiragana, katakana, pinyin, and bopomofo when used as pronunciations. Chinese Characters controls not only hanzi and kanji, but also the alphabetic objects when not used as pronunciations.
1. Units of Measure sets the units of measure used for character measurements. Paragraph units are set in the Paragraph Format(3- 19) dialog. 2. Typeface selects one of up to ten typefaces registered in the document. Smart Characters documents are created with the type faces registered in the template on which the document was originally based. Times New Roman for English and Combined Ming for Chinese characters are the two default typefaces registered if no template was used. To register a typeface, select the font group, then select Add Typeface. 3. Add Type Face invokes the Windows Font(3- 17) dialog in English and Notes mode, and the Chinese Character Typeface(3- 17) dialog in Chinese character mode. The Chinese character typefaces interact with the Asian Character Symbol Set: a typeface is typically available only in a particular symbol set(D- - 7), although similar typefaces may exist in other symbol sets.

4. Substiteut invokes the same dialog as in Add Typeface, but the selected typeface replaces the currently selected typeface in the Typeface list. All characters formatted with the original typeface will immediately change to the new typeface. Use this control to display characters formatted using a typeface that is not installed on your system, or is installed under a different name. See Changing Typeface Names(13- 4). 5. Point Size sets the size (measured by height) of the characters. See Point Size(D- - 6). 6. Sub/Super sets the relative displacement of the character above or below the baseline. 7. Spacing sets the inter character spacing or kerning, the fixed horizontal spacing between characters. Variable character spacing (to make extra room for annotations) is applied by the Format Annotations(3- 23) command. Spacing between lines is applied by the Format Paragraph(319) command. 8. Bold toggles the bold character attribute. 9. Italic toggles the italic character attribute. 10. Hidden toggles the hidden character attribute. 11. Strike Out toggles the strike-out character attribute. 12. Underline sets the underline character attribute. 13. Asian Character Symbol Set selects one of five symbol sets that can be used in a document. Most documents use just one symbol set(D- - 7). Documents which use simplified(4- 10) characters, user created characters, or lists such as the concordance files(12- 6) used by the document conversion utility ScConv(D- - 7) use more than one symbol set. 14. These symbol sets are referred to in the document by a symbol set index(4- 10) number from 0 to 4. By convention, some of these index numbers have pre-defined meanings: index 0 is used for the default symbol set. Index 3 is used for user created characters. Index 4 is used for an embedded proxy font(D- - 6). 15. The user characters(4- 10) symbol set is automatically registered the first time a user character is inserted in a document. Other symbol sets must be registered as required. 16. Register Symbol Set invokes the Register Symbol Set(3- 18) dialog to specify a symbol set for each symbol set index. This dialog provides greater control (e.g., troubleshooting and automatic installation of fonts) than the simpler and quicker Pick Symbol Set(3- 24) dialog. 17. Apply Format sets how the formatting will be applied: 1. Default sets the default formatting in effect at the beginning of the document until the first occurrence in the text of a format code(D- - 3) of the same type. Nothing is inserted into the text. 2. From Cursor inserts a format code(D- - 3) to format text beginning from the insertion point until the end of the document or the next occurrence in the text of another format code of the same type. 3. Selection formats only the selected text by inserting pairs of format codes around a selection and deleting any conflicting format codes.

Font

The Windows Font dialog specifies and registers installed Windows typefaces in a document. It is accessed from the Character Format(3- 16) dialog Add Typeface button when the Font Group is set to English or Notes. Use this to register up to 10 Windows typefaces in a document.

Font is the typeface name and symbol set(D- - 7). Typical typeface names include:
1. Times New Roman is the default English typeface. 2. Arial is the Windowsreg. version of a Helveticareg. look-alike typeface. Typeface designs cannot be copyrighted, but their names can. 1. Font Style, Size, Effects select other parameters. You can also select these parameters in the Character Format(3- 16) dialog. Chinese Character Typeface

The Chinese Character Typeface dialog specifies Asian language typefaces. It is accessed from the Character Format(3- 16) dialog Add Typeface button when the Font Group is set to Chinese Characters. Use this to register up to 10 typefaces in a document.

Smart Characters comes with the CombinedMing typeface, which is a Ming or Mincho (semidecorated) style, which is rendered by a 16, 24 and optional 48 point bitmap font(8- 5), in the standard Combined(4- 9) Japanese and traditional Chinese symbol set(D- - 7), or in the optional simplified(4- 10) symbol set. Although you can add additional optional bitmap(8- 5) typefaces, for the most flexible and highest-quality printing, it is preferable to install and use Asian TrueType(D- 8) fonts. The optional DoubleByte TrueType Font Interface(13- 1) allows use of any Japanese, traditional or simplified(4- 10) Chinese font designed for Japanese or Chinese Windows, without running those versions of Windows (e.g., while running English Windows). Select from the Asian TrueType fonts installed into the interface. To install TrueType fonts, see Setting up the DoubleByte TrueType Font Interface(13- 1).
Register Symbol Set

The Register Symbol Set dialog specifies and registers a symbol set(D- - 7) in a document. It is accessed from the Character Format(3- 16) dialog Register Symbol Set button, and provides greater control than the simpler and quicker Pick Symbol Set(3- 24) dialog.

Select Document Symbol Set Index selects a symbol set index(4- 10) from 0 to 4.
1. Unique Symbol Set ID is the unique symbol set ID(8- 4) and symbol set name. Typical symbol set names include: 1. 0:Combined is the standard Combined(4- 9) traditional Chinese and Japanese symbol set. 2. 7:SimpleComb is the optional accessory simplified(4- 10) Chinese symbol set, which uses simplified characters in place of the traditional Chinese characters. Do not use this to display Japanese text: incorrect Japanese characters will display. 3. 11:JIS and an early variant 1:JIS(obs) are standard Japanese-only symbol sets. Smart Characters can open files in their native formats (e.g., 15:BigFive, 16:GuoBiao) if native fonts are installed. See the File Format(3- 2) dialog and Installing a Font(8- 5). 4. 1013:Trad.Radicals is a symbol set of traditional Chinese radicals(D- - 6) used by an optional radical and stroke(4- 8) dictionary.

5. 1012:DefaultUser is the factory default symbol set corresponding to the user characters(4- 10) you create on this system. 6. 18255:Indiv. User is an example unique workstation user symbol set. To avoid conflicts with other users, create and install your own unique workstation user symbol set. See the Create User Font(3- 45) command. 7. 999:FileName.fn1 is a proxy font(D- - 6). 1. Text Encoding specifies the binary code(D- - 1) used to convert extended characters(D- - 3) into binary character numbers (bChars). If you have installed native Japanese or Chinese fonts, you can view documents using native encodings: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. SC is the default Smart Characters internal code. SJS is Shift JIS(D- - 7) Japanese coding. EUC is JIS(D- - 4) coding with the high bit set, used on Unix systems. JIS coding which does not use extended characters, so is not recognized by Smart Characters. Use ScConv(D- - 7) to convert JIS files to EUC (or SJS). EJS encapsulates JIS coded characters with escape codes, for bulletin board(D- - 1) use. Use ScConv to convert these files to EUC (or SJS). BIG5 ( Big Five(D- - 1)) coding is typically used for traditional characters. GB ( GuoBiao(D- - 4)) coding is typically used for simplified(4- 10) characters, and is similar to EUC coding. HZ coding is typically used for simplified characters, and is similar to JIS coding, not using extended characters. Use ScConv to convert HZ to GB coding. UNI is unicode coding, in which half of the characters do not begin with extended characters. Convert these files to GB or SJS.

1. Usage indicates the current usage and status: 1. 2. 3. 4. Unused: Smart Characters checks this if the font is not specified. Ok: select this if you want to use this font. Missing: Smart Characters checks this if the font is missing. Use Proxy: select this to request Smart Characters to make or use a proxy font(D- - 6) from a user font(4- 12).

1. Embed User embeds a proxy font in a document. 2. Default Font specifies how to search for or select a font if no font file with the correct symbol set and typeface is installed on the system. Typeface Name, File Name, and File Type specify a font file to automatically install and use with this symbol set. When a document is opened, Smart Characters tries to install fonts corresponding to the symbol sets used in the document. If no font file can be found, the characters in that symbol set will display as missing characters. You can retry the installation by specifying a new name or wildcards in the File Name edit control. Smart Characters automatically determines file types, so it is generally not necessary to specify a new font file type(8- 4).

Paragraph

The Paragraph Format dialog applies paragraph formatting. 1. Alignment selects the position of the text to be controlled by margins or indents.

Left aligns a paragraph to the left indent or margin. Centered centers a paragraph between set indents or margins. Right aligns a paragraph to the right indent or margin.

Full expands and adds spaces in each line to align the paragraph to both the left and right indents. 1. Indentation selects the starting position of the text in relation to the margins. Margins are set in the Page Setup(3- 21) dialog. 1. From Left indents a paragraph from the left margin. A negative measurement setting aligns starting text to the left of the margin. 2. From Right indents a paragraph from the right margin. A negative measurement setting aligns text to the right of the margin. 3. First Line indents the first line of the paragraph starting from the left indent. A positive setting produces an indented first line. A negative measurement setting produces a hanging indent in which the first line begins to the left of an indented paragraph. 1. Pagination specifies how Smart Characters handles paragraphs in relation to each other. 1. Page Break Before inserts a page break before a paragraph. 2. Keep With Next prevents a page break between a paragraph and the following paragraph. 3. Keep Lines Together prevents a page break within a paragraph.

1. Page Number sets the page number of the current page. 2. Units Of Measure selects the units to apply to page formatting measurements, (e.g., paper size, margins, and indents) in six different units: points, inches, centimeters, picas and points, rows & columns, and screen pixels(D- - 6). Character formatting (e.g., font size, paragraph spacing, and line spacing) units are selected by the Character Format(3- 16) dialog, but are almost always specified in points. 3. Paragraph Spacing specifies the amount of space between paragraphs. 1. Before adds space above the first line of a paragraph, but not at the top of a page. 2. After adds space below the last line of a paragraph, but not at the bottom of a page. 1. Line Spacing indicates the amount of vertical space allowed for each line of text. 1. Auto sets no minimum height. Each line is as tall as the tallest character in that line, but no taller. 2. Single sets spacing width to one single line. 3. 1.5 Lines sets spacing width to one-and-one-half lines. 4. Double sets spacing width to two lines. 5. At Least sets a minimum line spacing that Smart Characters can increase. 6. Exactly sets a fixed line spacing that Smart Characters does not adjust. 1. At: type or select the amount of space you want between lines. Characters taller the line space will overlap with the previous line when printed. 2. Punct Margin Breaks instructs Smart Characters to not relax the margin for punctuation characters (e.g., periods and commas) that generally look better when printed outside the margin just after the last text character in a line. 3. Words Margin Breaks instructs Smart Characters to break lines at word boundaries if possible, which provides a more ragged display that is helpful to beginning language students. 4. Indent White Space instructs Smart Characters to treat initial white space (spaces and tabs) on a line as an indentation when creating a paragraph using the Format into Paragraph(3- 25) command. 5. Apply Format sets how the formatting will be applied: 1. Default sets the default formatting in effect at the beginning of the document until the first occurrence in the text of a format code of the same type. Nothing is inserted into the text. 2. From Cursor inserts a format code(D- - 3) to format text beginning from the insertion point until the end of the document or the next occurrence in the text of another format code of the same type. 3. Selection formats only the selected text by inserting pairs of format codes around a selection and deleting any conflicting format codes. Borders The Borders command creates borders around paragraphs, but is not implemented in this release of Smart Characters.

Tab

The Tabs dialog sets tab stops, and specifies the tab leader character.

For most purposes, adjust Repeat Every (and possibly Start Location) to set up uniform default tabs. These tab stops work globally over the entire document, and are active for positions after the last (highest) individual tab stop location. To set individual tab stops:

Select the paragraphs for which you want to specify or edit tab stops, or position the insertion point where you want to begin using new tab stops, then select Format | Tabs and make a selection under Apply Formatting. In the Tab Stop Location box, type the position at which you want to set a tab. Check the Alignment and Leader Char options, then select Set. The new tab will appear in the list box. Individually entered tab stops override the default tabs up to the highest individual tab stop. To delete a tab, select it from the list box, then select Clear.

March 6, 2011.

Justification (typesetting)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In typesetting, justification (can also be referred to as 'full justification') is the typographic alignment setting of text or images within a column or "measure" to align along both the left and right margin. Text set this way is said to be "justified".

In justified text, the spaces between words, and, to a lesser extent, between glyphs or letters (kerning), are stretched or sometimes compressed in order to make the text align with both the left and right margins. When using justification, it is customary to treat the last line of a paragraph separately by left or right aligning it, depending on the language direction. Lines in which the spaces have been stretched beyond their normal width are called loose lines, while those whose spaces have been compressed are called tight lines. Changing the Envelope Font Styles

Youre not locked into the default fonts for your envelope. In fact, you can choose any font, font style, and font color you desire. To change the fonts on your envelope, click the Font button on the Envelope Options tab in the Envelope Options dialog box. Keep in mind that you will need to specify the font for the return and delivery address individually. When you click the Font button, a dialog box will open showing you your font options. It is much like the font options within a normal Word document. Simply choose your options and click OK. Once you have specified your options, you can click OK on the Envelope Options dialog box to return to the Envelopes and Labels dialog box. There, you can click Print to print your envelope.

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^ Pea, Roy D. and D. Midian Kurland (1987). "Cognitive Technologies for Writing". Review of Research in Education 14: 277326. JSTOR 1167314. ^ a b Bergin, Thomas J. (Oct-Dec 2006). "The Origins of Word Processing Software for Personal Computers: 1976-1985". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28 (4): 3247. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.76. ^ Freiberger, Paul (1982-05-10). "Electric Pencil, first micro word processor". InfoWorld. pp. 12. Retrieved March 5, 2011. ^ Freiberger, Paul and Michael Swaine (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, second edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.