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INTRODUCTION :-
for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as
logic, sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic to control through digital or analog
automation of the industries. The PCs offer a number of advantages over the
programmability, compact design etc. Small controllers play an important role in the
processes and plants. In such situations the communication among the PCs is of vital
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Programmable Logic Controller
2. 16 digital Inputs and digital outputs with proper isolation and signal conditioning.
HARDWARE DESIGN :-
The general block diagram of the system is shown in fig1. The system
is divided in following different cards: 1. 8031 CPU card 2. Display and Keyboard
card 3.Digital input card 4.Digital output Card 5.Closed Loop PI Controller which
includes ADC and DAC. These cards are fitted on the back plane through 96-pin
EURO connector. Thus it is completely modular and open ender for future expansion.
The EPROM requirement for monitor program is less than 4K bytes but
additional 4K bytes of ROM memory space are given for future expansion of the
system. No. of digital inputs and outputs is 16. This has caused to select Intel 8031
bytes), a SRAM 6116 (2K bytes), keyboard and display controller 8279 two
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Programmable Logic Controller
programmable peripheral interface chips 8255 alongwith necessary Reset, Clock, and
Its block diagram is shown in fig.2. Digital inputs are sensed through
limit switches and carried on the card through PUT 2.5 to opto isolators MCT2E. Its
output is connected to port pins of 8255 via 96-pin EURO connector. Total no. of
Its block diagram is shown in fig.2.The digital outputs are taken from
8255 ports. These are used to make on and off the relevant 10 VA solenoid valve
through proper signal conditioning circuit. These outputs are also used to change the
armature voltage of 24 VDC motor (Lens rotation motor) in the step of 24 V and 15 V
through proper signal conditioning. Total no. of digital outputs are 16.
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Programmable Logic Controller
Its block diagram is shown in fig.2. Characteristics of the DC motor are shown in
fig.3.
PI = 3.14
From this it is clear that the motor rotates at constant torque till rated speed and it
Eb = V – la*Ra (2)
Tacho meter Stroboscopic method, Back EMF sensing method etc. Back EMF sensing
Overload current is also sensed through proper signal conditioning and given as input
to ADC. Control signals of ADC. Control signals of ADC are connected to port 1 of
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Programmable Logic Controller
8031 and controlled through software. The DAC input is connected to the port of
8255 and its output is connected to ADC input through PI controller circuit.
SELECTION OF CONTROLLER :-
and I elements. 2) It can be used to compensate one time constant of the system. 3) It
has the sluggish response. Due to motor inertia the sluggish operation is desired to
OPERATING MODES :-
The system works in six different modes of the operation. These modes
i) Configure mode,
Configure mode, the set points for the analog inputs, the look-up tables are loaded
into the memory. Also the initialization of the High Speed I/O section is done in this
mode. In the Report mode, the recorded data is sent to the computer or the MODEM
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Programmable Logic Controller
over the serial communication link. Programming mode enables the user to load the
program (set of the instructions) into the program memory of the PC. This mode is
further explained in the following section. In the Execution mode , programs loaded
in the above mode are executed. For the execution program number and the starting
The Self-test mode carries out the I/O checking for any malfunctioning
of the channels or discontinuity of the channel and indicates the fault on the display.
After the power on of the system (or after the power-on reset) the
1 CPU test,
2. Memory test,
3. Register initialization,
If all the tests and initializations are successful, then the system enters
into the 'mode selection' phase in which it accepts only the mode selection keys,
otherwise, it displays the error message and halts. During the mode selection, it waits
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Programmable Logic Controller
for a mode selection key to be pressed. These keys are CONFIG, REPORT, PROG.
EXEC, DEVP and TEST keys. After selecting the mode, the mode name is displayed
on the display of the program terminal and then further functions within that mode
can be selected through the 'NXT' (Next) and 'CR' (Carriage Return) keys. This will
CR : GET MODE
CONFIG : CONFIGURE
NXT : LD SETPT
( LD SETPT : Loads the set points for the analog input channels
Thus the modes and the subfunctions within the modes are displayed on
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Programmable Logic Controller
HOW TO PROGRAM ?
instructions for the PC cover the arithmetic, Logic, transfer and I/O type of the
operations. In all there are fifty instructions. The direct logical ANDing/Oring
operations of the digital inputs is also provided which simplifies the programming for
the ladders. Delay instructions gives the time delays in micro- or milli-seconds which
are useful in the ladder solutions. These instructions are placed into the program
memory at certain step numbers. While loading the instructions, the display shows the
step number (first two digits). Then the instruction and its operand ( if necessary). The
program mode shows the previously loaded instructions and also enables to change
(e.g.RD, WR, LD, ST etc.) and then the actual instruction is obtained by pressing the
‘NXT’ key till the display shows the desired instruction, the instruction field, e.g. The
actual instructions for 'RD' are RDAI (read analog input) and RDDI (read the digital
input. The desired instruction is confirmed by pressing the 'CR' key. To cancel the
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Programmable Logic Controller
-: APPLICATION OF PLC :-
LSM Controller
Fig. Shows how the control action is achieved I/P devices (e.g.
mechanical switches, proximity sensors) and O/P devices (e.g. motors, solenoids) to
be controlled are connected to the LSM I10 interface card. A user has to write a
program to operate the I/P and O/P devices. The LMS Controller continuously
monitors the status of the I/P and control the O/P’s according to user program.
to control position, velocity, acceleration and Jerk of high speed servomotors. The
transition from analog electric to digital is an swing in modern industry and the digital
2) Adaptive control techniques can be used to compensate problems like noise, temp,
drift.
electronics such as
Electronic gearing
Indexing
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Programmable Logic Controller
It is build up of digital signal processor (DSP). These processor are very fast which
can perform tens of millions of operation per second. LSM Servo motion controller is
processor is the host computer. The actual complications (PID control, velocity
profile) is done by a digital signal processor (DSP) and application specific integrated
circuity (ASIC).
multiple areas.
The LSM Servo Cards is the heart of the system, that can control four
DC Servo motors simultaneously. It provides closed loop digital servo control bar
the defined velocity. These voltage can range between +/- 10v. It also generates drive
The reference voltage and drive enable voltage of LSM Servo Card are
fed to the DC Servo drive through the LSM servo interface card. Dc Servo drive
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Programmable Logic Controller
amplifies the reference voltage +/-10v to +/- 24v DC Servo drive gets the velocity
feedback from the tachogenerator and compares the defined velocity to maintain the
desirable velocity.
DC Servo Motor:-
through the LSM motor. Tacho generator interface card motor can be coupled to any
mechanical device.
Encoder :-
Optical incremental encoder gives the position f/B to the LSM Servo
Card. The signal from the encoder tell the controller whether the motion has properly
occurred.
Tachogenerator :-
These gives out the voltage proportional to the speed of the dc servo motors shaft.
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Programmable Logic Controller
CONCLUSION :-
The desired PLC is useful in areas like special purpose machines lab
instruction set enables the user to program the PC in many different configurations
and control methods to suit various applications. The ability to communicate with
other controllers or the main computer facilitates its roll in the large automation
systems using discrete, small size controllers. The effort has been made to keep the
expandable structure, with the facility of modifying the system's programs to enhance
its capability and the number of the I/Os to three to four times its current capacity.
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Programmable Logic Controller
REFERENCE :-
1984.
GrawHill.
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