DuPont at a glance

With almost 200 years of scientific breakthroughs, DuPont is one of the oldest continuously
operating companies in the world. Some figures from 1999:

• Sales revenue of $ 26.9 billion

• Employer of 97 000 people
• Operates in 65 countries
• 135 manufacturing facilities

DuPont’s invention of Neoprene® synthetic rubber in 1933 and the Nylon fibre in 1938 marked the
beginning of the modern materials revolution.

Numerous synthetic materials subsequently cascaded from the DuPont research laboratories
including household names such as Teflon®, Silverstone®, Stainmaster®, Nomex®, Kevlar®,
Cordura®, Corian®, Lycra®, Tyvek®, Mylar®, Sontara®, Typar®…….

The secret’s in the DuPont fibre production technique ...

Typar® is composed of thermally bonded continuous polypropylene filaments. The fibre
extrusion process produces thousands of superfine continuous filaments, which pass through a
DuPont patented “pre-stretch” stage. The superfine tough filaments are directionally oriented
producing a fibre web sheet that is then thermally and mechanically bonded.

By varying polymer and process conditions a range of high strength Typar® sheet structures with
differing denier and physical properties can be produced. DuPont’s patented production technique
is one of the main reasons for the unique properties of Typar® compared to other Geotextiles

DuPont Typar® high strength spunbond nonwoven

DuPont Typar® high strength spunbond is a tough versatile nonwoven used in numerous
applications ranging from carpet backing, packaging solutions, roof linings to Geotextiles.

Invented 25 years ago and manufactured at the DuPont Luxembourg site, the high quality and
performance of Typar® has proven the test of time. In the Geotextile market alone, Typar® has
covered road sub-soils, railway tracks and construction surfaces equivalent to a three lane
motorway of 15 meter width once around the world. With over 25 years experience, DuPont is a
major Geotextile supplier to the construction industry.
Quality
Typar® is manufactured to ISO 9001 standards. DuPont’s stringent quality requirements ensure
that only high quality products are released to the market place.
The integrated production and laboratory system ensures the manufacturing process conditions
and laboratory results for every roll are traceable.

Applications :-

1. Temporary roads, access roads, forest roads

2. Permanent roads, airport runways and taxiways,.highways
3. Parking lots, storage yards
4. Railways, new tracks and tracks renewal
5. Embankments on compressible soil
6. Steep slopes
7. Retaining walls
8. Drains with Typar® and French drains
9. Vertical drains
10. Agricultural and pipe drains
11. Blanket drains in roads, in sports fields
12. Road and civil engineering drainage, side drains
13. Wall drainage
14. Waterworks, erosion control of earth dam slopes, river and lake embankments
15. Erosion control of sea embankments, ocean and bay shores
16. Breakwater and jetties on soft soil sea bed
17. Land reclamation with hydraulic fill

1. Temporary roads, access roads, forest roads

• allows aggregrate saving

• easy to install under any weather conditions

• allows better compaction

• avoids contamination by subsoil

 • allows more traffic at equal aggregate thickness

• limits rutting formation

2. Permanent roads, airport runways and taxiways, highways

• increases road durability (less rut)

• avoids contamination of frost-resistant support layer by freezing

subsoil

• allows better compaction and aggregate saving

• ensures longer service life

• reduces costs and maintenance disturbance

3. Parking lots, storage yards

• avoids contamination

• allows better compaction and aggregate saving

• ensures longer service life by reducing rutting

4. Railways, new tracks and track renewal

• avoids ballast contamination by pumping effect due to dynamic loading

• allows better compacting and aggregate saving

• retains soil particles without clogging

• ensures longer service life

5. Embankments on compressible soil

• avoids contamination of filter layer by subsoil and/or fill

• allows uniform settlement

6. Steep slopes

• allows construction of steeper slopes

• savings in required land surface and fill material

7. Retaining walls

• most economical retaining wall system

• accommodates settlements better than traditional methods

8. Drains with Typar® and French drains

• well-graded aggregate substituted by cheaper, coarse aggregate

• easy to install, very uniform

• French drains without pipe

9. Vertical drains
 • allows up to 10 times faster settlement of soil under static load

• faster removal of water in saturated compressible soils

• more economical than conventional vertical sand drains

10. Agricultural and pipe drains

• corrugated pipe wrapped with Typar® can be put into subsoil with or without digging a
trench

• drainage surface of corrugated pipe is increased up to 90 times

• influence zone of wrapped drain is higher

• drain spacing can be increased

• stiffness of Typar® prevents fabric from entering the pipe corrugations

11. Blanket drains in roads, in sports fields

• optimal drainage system

 • in sport fields, the thickness of cover soil can be reduced and the filtration and anti-
contamination effects avoid clogging of drainage blanket by soil particles carried by rain
water

• in roads, prevents contamination and failure of the drainage layer

12. Road and civil engineering drainage, side drains

• optimal drainage system

• automated installation equipment

13. Wall drainage

• prevents clogging of drainage slabs and toe drains

• avoids hydraulic pressure build-up

14. Waterworks, erosion control of earth dam slopes, river and lake
embankments

• replaces a conventional well-graded filter between soil to be protected and gabion, rip-rap
or concrete slabs revetments

• special care to anchor Typar® at top and toe of the slope

 • for rip-rap revetment, install a layer of finer aggregate (5 to 10 cm) to protect Typar®
against puncturing and to ensure good fabric-to-soil contact for filtration

15. Erosion control of sea embankments, ocean and bay shores

• big rip-rap must be installed on a bed of small sized aggregate to protect Typar® against
puncturing and to dissipate water forces. A single layer of fabric held in place by big rip-rap
cannot resist the tons of pressure of breaking waves without this support.

• The bed of aggregate ( 5 to 10 cms) ensures a good fabric-to-soil contact for efficient
filtration

16. Breakwater and jetties on soft soil sea bed

• separation layer of Typar® prevents rip-rap from sinking into soft soil

• Typar® must be protected by a layer of smaller-sized stones

17.Land reclamation with hydraulic fill

• separation and filtration layer of Typar® avoids piping of hydraulic fill

• avoids use of expensive and difficult-to-install filter lay

Functions :-

1. Separation

2. Filteration

3. Reinforcement

4. Drainage

Separation:-
It is widely recognised that wet soils are weaker than dry soils and fine soils are weaker than
coarser soils.

A suitable Geotextile can:

o prevent the reduction of load bearing capacity caused by the mixing of fine-grained
subgrade with the aggregate base.
o increase the bearing capacity by preventing the migration of aggregate or armour blocks
into soft subgrade. The use of a Geotextile can increase the degree of compaction
possible.
o reduce the deterioration of roads through frost heave effects.

This results in:

1. Lower installation costs due to lower aggregate requirements for the same bearing
capacity
2. Faster construction time
3. Lower maintenance costs
4. Increased road service life

Filteration:-

The Geotextile maintains the filtration strata and prevents finer particles being washed out
thus ensuring consistent and continuous drainage performance over a wide range of civil
engineering applications.

This results in:

1. Lower material costs since cheaper, coarser filtration aggregates can be used
2. Faster and cheaper installation
3. More consistent long term drainage performance
4. Preventing clogging of drainage systems
 5. Preventing soil erosion

Reinforcement:-

Soils and similar materials are generally good in compression but poor in tension. This lack of
tensile strength can be counteracted by using a Geosynthetic reinforcement to strengthen and
stabilise the soil.
As a result, the strength of the total system has considerably been improved.

Typical applications are:

1.Retaining walls
2.Steep slopes
3.Landslide repairs
4.Soft-soil embankments
5.Embankments on very soft soils, combined with vertical drains
6.Roadway reinforcement
7.Reinforcement under tramways or railway ballast
8.Erosion control in sea embankments and waterworks slopes or beds
9.Reinforcement of foundation layers
10.Reinforcement or bridging over potential weak zones, voids or cavities
11.Piled embankments with basal reinforcement.
Drainage:-
There are two types of drainage systems namely vertical and composite drainage.

Composite Drainage:-

Water needs to be effectively controlled and evacuated in ground engineering structures if their
function is not to be impaired or eliminated.

Traditionally, water has been controlled and evacuated using graded natural materials. However,
more and more over the past 30 years or so geotextile filters have been used to augment the
natural drainage capacity of impervious soils.

Typically known as composite drains or 'fin drains', low compressibility synthetic drainage mats
sandwiched between geotextile filter membranes have proven very economic, efficient and reliable
in use for applications of this type.

The function of the outer geotexile is to keep soil particulates out of the drainage core and ensure
sufficient water evacuation under different hydraulic gradients. It is therefore very important that
such drainage systems are capable of maintaining adequate drainage capacity for long term
performance even when subjected to high earth pressures.
With their proven economic performance synthetic drains incorporating Typar® have proved to be
an economic alternative to traditional sand drains, soakaways and other drainage systems.

Vertical Drainage :-

The consolidation settlement of low permeability cohesive soils and clays through applied loadings
can be a very slow process. It can take many years to squeeze out the excess water and to close
the tiny voids in clays and other fine grained soils before equilibrium is reached. The consolidation
of a road embankment, for example, usually takes from 30 to 50 years to reach 90% of the total.

It is usually necessary to speed the consolidation process up for road bases and other
constructions which overlie clay soils, since surface disturbances and slip plane failures due to soil
settlement and gradual shrinkage can be a serious problem.

Traditionally, vertical drainage has been carried out using vertical holes filled with carefully graded
sand. However, these ‘sand-drains’ often suffer from problems of drainage continuity and reliability
over time, require the transport of large quantities of sand and are equipment-intensive to install.

An engineered solution to the problem of accelerating the slow consolidation process of low
permeability soils can be achieved by the insertion of vertical ‘wick’ drains to facilitate the
dewatering process.

Vertical drains are ‘flat pipes’ comprising a highly permeable core surrounded by a microporous
outer membrane. The core is configured to permit maximum water flow even when distorted under
significant movements while the outer jacket allows water, but not clay particles, to diffuse into the
core where it can quickly drain away.

In this way the jacket prevents clogging of the core and ensures reliable long-term operation. The
long-term hydraulic function of a vertical drain is largely governed by the ability of this outer jacket
to prevent minute clay colloids from gradually blocking the drainage flow.

To expedite the consolidation process, it is necessary to shorten the flow path of the porewater
from the soil. This can be achieved by installing the vertical drains to the depth of the compressible
layer at evenly spaced intervals. The pressurised porewater flows in a horizontal direction towards
the nearest drains and escapes freely.

With the aid of vertical drains the consolidation period can be significantly reduced, and can usually
be achieved within the construction period. If a surcharge load is difficult to locate or place, a
vacuum system may be used by drawing a vacuum beneath a geomembrane to simulate the
pressure normally created by a pre-load.

***herefrom we are just copying*******

Typar® SF is a thermally bonded nonwoven, made of 100% polypropylene. It is designed to have a

combination of a high initial modulus (stiffness), high elongation (typically 60%) and outstanding
uniformity, to give superior performance ,in all directions.

Resists damage during installation

95% of all damage to Geotextiles occurs during installation. One reason is impact from falling
aggregates during offloading. Another common cause of damage is compaction.Typar® SF
combines a high initial modulus (first resistance against deformation) with a high elongation to
break.

This combination enables Typar® SF to absorb a higher level of energy compared with other
Geotextiles. This gives it a high resistance to damage during installation.

Resists rutting in the final construction

Rutting occurs as a result of the regular passage of wheeled transport over the structure. The
resultant deformation develops inplane tensile stresses and related membrane and restraint
mechanisms. The high initial modulus of Typar® SF reduces deformation and thus reduces rutting.

Uniform performance
Typar® SF is an isotropic material, meaning that its physical properties are present in all directions.
This mirrors the stresses and strains of a typical separation application. Typar® SF is manufactured
to a very high level of uniformity using a continuous on-line, ß -ray monitoring process. All product
that fails to meet the required standards is rejected and recycled.

**just a concept –energy concept >> for cross q’s***

A Geotextile will not perform any function if it is destroyed during or immediately after installation.

Analyses indicate that the critical period in the life-cycle of a Geotextile is during the construction
process rather than during the service life. Thus 95% of the damage usually occurs during
installation, very often simply the result of impact damage during the off-loading of aggregates. In
the vast majority of cases, if the Geotextile survives these installation-related stresses, it will also
withstand the in-service stresses.

There has been considerable work undertaken to understand the relationship between the physical
properties of a separation Geotextile and its actual performance in the field. For example,
experiments have confirmed that there is a close correlation between the ability of a Geotextile to
absorb impact energy and its susceptibility to damage during installation.

This energy absorption potential of a Geotextile can be described as the combination of its
elongation and its applied strength. The following graph illustrates this concept:

****explaining rutting*******
****explaining rutting*******

Rutting can become a serious problem, especially for temporary roads. The regular passage of
wheeled transport results into tension stresses that deform the sub-soil. Different from most other
Geotextiles,
Typar® SF needs much lower elongation and deformation to take up stresses (high initial modulus)
and will therefore considerably reduce the rutting.

This advantage has been proven in an independent laboratory test where different Geotextiles
were submitted to 1000 dynamic loading cycles.
The results indicate that there is a clear relationship between initial modulus and deformation
(rutting).

The high initial modulus enables Typar ® SF to absorb more external stress before transferring this
energy absorption to strain.

GTX 3 = Typar®
GTX 2 = needle-punched, continuous filaments
GTX 1 = needle-punched, staple fibers

**separation completed****

***now installation****

INSTALLATION GUIDELINES:-

• Temporary roads
• Permanent roads
• Drainage systems
• Embankments on compressible soil
• Vertical drains
• Required overlap
• Erosion control applications
• Hydraulic applications
• Handling of rolls

Temporary Roads:-

Ground separation and support are the two main functions of Typar® in temporary road
construction. Since the soil/Geotextile/aggregate system tends to be deformed by imposed traffic
loads, special attention must be paid to laps and anchorage:

• Remove all large debris which might puncture Typar®.

• Unroll Typar®. The width of Typar® should be at least as great as that of the aggregate
layer.
• If two or more widths are required, ensure sufficient overlap.
• If it is windy, use shovelfuls of coarse aggregate at regular intervals to hold Typar® in
place.
• Backdump aggregate without driving on Typar®.
• Level and compact aggregate before any heavy traffic occurs.
• Avoid aggregate size in excess of 1/3 of aggregate layer thickness.
• Fill up ruts, if any, as soon as they exceed 1/3 of aggregate thickness. Rutting will then be
stopped.
• First aggregate layer must be at least 25cm thick.
 Permanent Roads:-

The prime role of Typar® in permanent road construction is that of ground separation.
However, during the construction phase the base courses are often used as a temporary road
surface and in these cases Typar® also acts as a support membrane. The installation of
Typar® in permanent road construction is identical to that for temporary roads.

Drainage system with Typar:-

a) Trenches

• The base and side walls of the trench should be as free of irregularities as possible (holes,
roots, etc.).
• Lay Typar® parallel to the trench and anchor the edges of the fabric.
• Do not drag the fabric in the mud. This will result in the deposit of a large amount of fine
particles on the surface of Typar® thus creating an impervious film.
• Off-load the drainage aggregates carefully to avoid the fabric being dragged towards the
bottom of the trench.
 • Do not use over-large stones to fill up the trench. Gravel of max. size 2 cm is required to
ensure good fabric-to-soil contact
• Compact the aggregate and enclose it withTypar® before backfilling to the top of the
trench.
• Overlap lengths of Typar® by at least 30 cm

b) Blanket drains

• Overlap min. 30 cm.

• Do not unroll Typar® too far in advance, especially in windy conditions.
• Use relatively small sized aggregate to ensure good fabric-to-soil contact.

Embankments on Compressible Soils :-

A Geotextile will stretch considerably during consolidation and settlement and, by providing lateral
support, will tend to increase embankment stability horizontal.

• Level surface.
• Unroll Typar® perpendicular to the embankment axis to ensure full efficiency in the
principal direction of force. Side-laps must be at least 1m.
• If necessary, lengths of Typar® can be sewn together in order to obtain a continuous sheet
parallel to the embankment axis.
• To increase rate of settlement it may be beneficial to install a layer of sand or gravel to act
as a drainage blanket. In this case Typar® will act as a filter membrane.
 Vertical Drains with Typar:-

• In some cases vertical drains are required to accelerate embankment settlement on soft,
saturated soils. To permit installation of vertical drains using heavy plant, it will be
necessary to install a layer of coarse aggregate on Typar®. The aggregate layer will then
also act as a drainage blanket.
• SinceTypar® is sandwiched between the subsoil and the gravel layer, friction forces are
usually sufficient to hold it in place during perforation by the vertical drain mandrel.

Required Overlaps :-

• The side and end laps needed depend on soil properties (CBR), the project nature and on
the deformations which might be expected to occur.

Overlaps normally used:

• Drainage systems: 30 cm
• Parking lots, permanent roads: 30 to 50 cm
• Erosion control systems: 50 to 100 cm
• Temporary roads: see graph

Additional area required allowing for over laps:

The following graph shows the amount of extra Typar® needed, depending on the calculated
surface area and the overlap width.

Estimates of the savings possible by sewing or welding instead of overlapping are clearly
demonstrated.

For applications where Typar® is used for reinforcement purposes,overlapping requires special
attention. Calculations by experienced design engineers may be needed to check the correct
transmission of stresses.

Erosion Control System with Typar :-

• If possible, grade and compact slopes.

• If slope width is less than 8m, unroll Typar® along the length of the lower half of the slope
first, then place Typar® on upper half of the slope with 0.5 to 1m overlap.

• If slope is over 8m, place Typar® in full-width lengths from slope top to bottom. Overlap in
direction of waterflow.
• Excavate ditches for anchoring Typar® at top and toe of slope. The toe is the foundation of
the structure and should get special attention to prevent undermining.
• When placing rip-rap or gabions, start at toe and work up the slope to prevent sliding.
Install rip-rap smoothly, without dropping it heavily on to the Typar®.
• To ensure good fabric-to-soil contact, first of all place a layer of bedding material (gravel)
on the Typar®. This layer will also help prevent puncturing by heavy rip-rap.
• Anchor the fabric in the ditch at the top edge of the slope with soil and vegetation. This
deep anchoring method will prevent large volumes of surface water from getting under the
fabric and lifting the entire structure.
Hydraulic Applications :-

• With a density of just 0.91, polypropylene sheets of Typar® float naturally on water.
• For rapid and consistent installation, attach steel rods (e.g. typical 6 mm diameter rebar)
every 5 metres. These rods will keep the fabric flat, thus allowing a regular overlap. (No
need for divers. Smaller overlap = cost savings.)

Handling of Rolls:-

• No Soak

Thick Geotextiles soak up water.When it rains they are difficult to install because of their increased
weight. At sub-zero temperatures they become impossible to use since they freeze solid. Typar®
can be stored outside. It does not absorb water and therefore will not freeze.

• Storage

Typar® rolls take up less space than many other Geotextiles, thus storage and transportation are
efficient.

• Cutting

Typar® is thin and light making the compact rolls easy to transport and install. Rolls can be easily
cut to the desired width with a chain saw. This is almost impossible with most other Geotextiles
Typar® HR

Product description

Nonwoven component: Typar® , 100% polypropylene heat bonded continuous filaments.

Reinforcement component: weft inserted high tenacity polyester yarns.

Property Standard Unit HR HR HR HR 105/55 HR 155/55

35/35 55/55 80/80
Tensile strength MD ISO/EN kN/m 35 55 80 105 155
10319
Tensile strength XD ISO/EN kN/m 35 55 80 55 55
10319
Tensile strength MD at ISO/EN kN/m 7 10 15 20 30
2% 10319
Tensile strength MD at ISO/EN kN/m 15 25 35 50 75
5% 10319
Tensile strength MD at ISO/EN kN/m 35 55 80 105 155
10% 10319
Tensille strength XD at ISO/EN kN/m 7 10 15 10 10
2% 10319
Tensile strength XD at ISO/EN kN/m 15 25 35 25 25
5% 10319
Tensile strength XD à ISO/EN kN/m 35 55 80 55 55
10% 10319
Creep (after 1 year) % <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Creep (design life) % <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
-4
Permeability PrEN 12040 10 m/s 1 1 1 1 1
Pore size O90 PrEN 12956 mm 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
-6
Transmissivity : NF-G38018 10 1 1 2 3 3
under 50 kN/m2 m2/s
1 1 1 1 1
under 200 kN/m2 10-7
m2/s
Unit weight EN 965 gr/m2 270 340 425 420 500

Typar® HR is delivered in: 4.4m x 100m.The tensile values are minimal guaranteed values at 95%.
The other
above mentioned values are nominal values. DuPont reserves the right to modify these values at
all moment.

Typar-SF recommended style:-

conclusion :-

Nonwoven geotextiles are a proven benefit to your project. Our lightweight,

mediumweight and heavyweight Nonwoven geotextiles prove to be excellent filters,
allowing subsurface water to pass into the drainage core while preventing adjacent soil
from clogging the system. When properly selected, Nonwoven geotextiles are effective in
most all soils, particularly in environments where silt and clay are prominent.

Nonwoven geotextile are used in applications including separation, filtration and

protection applications. Lightweight nonwovens are used predominantly in subsurface
drainage applications along highways, within embankments, under airfields and athletic
fields. Heavyweight nonwovens are used in critical subsurface drainage systems, soil
separation, permanent erosion control, and geomembrane liner protection within landfills.
These geotextiles provide the required strength and abrasion resistance to withstand
installation and application stresses to create an effective, long term solution.