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The first two sources (the core and fans) are more interesting from the practical aspect because they produce noise during the night, while the vibration of windings cause significant noise only under full load of a transformer, which is generally during the day. For this reason the winding vibrations are, as a rule, disregarded when considering the total noise level of a transformer. Measuring the acoustic sound level
The effect of a constant market pressure is that modern transformers are substantially more silent than the standard solutions provided twenty-odd years ago. Today, the acoustic sound level of transformers with a rated power of 100 to 200 MVA is equal to the sound level of the earlier transformers with a rated power of 10 MVA and below. Although the noise level of a transformer increases with its rating and size, today even a relatively large transformer (e.g. of 100 MVA) can have the sound pressure level lower than 60 dB, measured at 0.3 m. Low values of transformer noise are achieved by combining several design and construction measures: reduction of induction in the core adequate design and construction of the core insertion of vibration insulating components in the transformer tank selection of low-noise fans adequate design of the transformer tank.
dB
LpA,
80 60 40 20
NEMA TR-1,1980
20
40
60
Thus this measure also increases the size and the price of a transformer. An additional measure used only at extremely low noise requirements is mounting of sound insulating panels on the outer tank sides, which can additionally reduce the noise level even up to 10 dB. Sometimes, especially for large transformers additional external measures for reducing the noise level, such as insulating barriers and enclosures, are used. To ensure correct acoustic dimensioning of such elements, it is necessary to know the spectrum of the transformer noise. For this purpose, the octave-band sound spectrum is measured on the
With reduction of induction, the magnetostrictive and magnetic vibrations of the core are reduced, and thus selection of low induction represents a highly efficient means of reducing the acoustic sound level. To achieve a significant reduction of the noise, sometimes very low induction has to be applied, for instance of 1.3 T instead of the usual value of about 1.7 T. This, of course, increases the dimensions, the weight and the price of a transformer but parallelly reduces transformer no-load losses to a high extent. Since the core represents the major source of noise in the medium-size transformers, the selection of an adequate core type may influence the acoustic sound level as well. The application of the step-lap joint design in the core reduce the acoustic sound level by up to 6 dB. The number of revolutions is the most influential factor of the aerodynamic noise of the fans. Thus, to obtain low noise operation of the fans, one should choose fans with a low number of revolutions. To achieve a very low sound level fans driven by motors with 10 to 12 poles are required, which, naturally, reduces the cooling air supply of the coolers.
transformer, in a frequency range from 63 to 8000 Hz. It is common to measure the noise spectrum by linear frequency response, i.e. without the A-filter. The noise of the core has a few pronounced tones in the frequency range from 100 to 300 Hz, whereas the noise spectrum of fans is broadband in character within the frequency range of 100 to 1000 Hz. Although modern transformers have a substantially lower noise level from the earlier ones as a standard, any requirement for extremely low noise level increases the transformer dimensions, weight and price. In extreme cases, the price may be up to 20% higher.
dB
80 70 60 50 40 30
LpA,
ONAF
ONAN
63
125
250
500