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types of tanks range from 30 to 250 psig. The maximum allowable is limited by tank size and code requirements. For a 1,000 bbl sphere, the maximum pressure is 215 psig, for a 30,000 bbl it is 50 psig. These pressure limits can be increased if the tank is stress relieved. Although it is possible to store material in tanks with pressure in excess of 250 psig normally when such storage is required refrigerated storage is usually a better alternate.

Heated storage tanks Heated storage tanks are more common in the petroleum industry than most others. They are used to store material whose owing properties are such as to restrict ow at normal ambient temperatures. In the petroleum industry products heavier than diesel oil, such as heavy gas oils, lube oil, and fuel oil are stored in heated tanks. Generally speaking tanks are heated by immersed heating coils or bayonet type immersed heaters. Steam is normally used as the heating medium because of its availability in petroleum complexes. Very often where immersed heating is used the tank is agitated usually by side located propeller agitators for large tanks. Where external circulating heating is used for tanks, the contents are mixed by means of jet mixing. Here the hot return stream is introduced into the tank via a specially designed jet nozzle as shown in Figure 13.7. External tank heating is used when there is a possibility of a hazardous situation occurring if an immersed heater leaks.

Figure 13.7. A jet mixing nozzle.

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Calculating heat loss and heater size for a tank Heat loss and the heater surface area to compensate for the heat loss may be calculated using the following procedure: Step 1. Establish the bulk temperature for the tank contents. Fix the ambient air temperature and the wind velocity normal for the area in which the tank is to be sited. Step 2. Calculate the inside lm resistance to heat transfer between the tank contents and the tank wall. The following simplied equation may be used for this: h c = 8.5( t/)0.25 where h c = Inside lm resistance to wall in Btu/hr sqft F. t = Temperature difference between the tank contents and the wall in F. = The viscosity of the tank contents at the bulk temperature in cps. The heat loss calculation is iterative with assumed temperatures being made for the tank wall. Step 3. Using the assumed wall temperature made in step 2 calculate the heat loss to atmosphere by radiation using Figure 13.8. Then calculate the heat loss from the tank wall to the atmosphere using Figure 13.9. Note the temperature difference in this case is that between the assumed wall temperature and the ambient air temperature. Correct these gures by multiplying the radiation loss by the emissivity factor given in Figure 13.8. Then correct the heat loss by convection gure by the factors as described in item 4 below. Step 4. The value of h co read from Figure 13.9 is corrected for wind velocity and for shape (vertical or horizontal) by multiplying by the following shape factors: Vertical plates Horizontal plates 1.3 2.0 (facing up) 1.2 (facing down)

Correction for wind velocity use Fw = F1 + F2 where Fw = wind correction factor F1 = wind factor @ 200 F calculated from: F1 = (MPH/1.47)0.61 F2 = Read from Figure 13.10 Then the corrected h co is: h co shape correction Fw.

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Figure 13.8. Heat loss by radiation.

Step 5. The resistance of heat transferred from the bulk of the contents to the wall must equal the heat transferred from the wall to the atmosphere. Thus: Heat transferred from the bulk to the wall = a = h c from step 2 where t in Btu/hr sqft.

t in this case is (bulk temp assumed wall temp)

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Figure 13.9. Heat loss to atmosphere by natural convection.

Figure 13.10. Plot of F2 v ersus surface temperature.

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Heat transferred from the wall to the atmosphere = b = (h co + hr ) t in Btu/hr sqft where t in this case is (assumed wall temp temp). air Step 6. Plot the difference between the two transfer rates against the assumed wall temperature. This difference ( will be negative or positive but the wall a b) temperature that is correct will be the one in which the difference plotted = 0. Make a last check calculation using this value for the wall temperature. Step 7. The total heat loss from the wall of the tank is the value of or calculated a b in step 6 times the surface area of the tank wall. Thus: Q wall = h c t ( Dtank tank height) in Btu/hr.

Step 8. Calculate the heat loss from the roof in the same manner as that for the wall described in steps 27. Note the correction for shape factor in this case will be for horizontal plates facing upward, and the surface area will be that for the roof. Step 9. Calculate the heat loss through the oor of the tank by assuming the ground temperature as 50 F and using; h f = 1.5 Btu/hr sqft F Step 10. Total heat loss then is: Total heat loss from tank = Q wall + Q roof + Q oor . Step 11. Establish the heating medium to be used. Usually this is medium pressure steam. Calculate the resistance to heat transfer of the heating medium to the outside of the heating coil or tubes. If steam is used then take the condensing steam value for h as 0.001 Btu/hr sqft F. Take value of steam fouling as .0005 and tube metal resistance as 0.0005 also. The outside fouling factor is selected from the following: Light hydrocarbon = 0.0013 Medium hydrocarbon = 0.002 Heavy Hc such as fuel oils = 0.005 1 h+R where R = rsteam fouling + rtube metal + routside fouling . Step 12. Assume a coil outside temperature. Then using the same type of iterative calculation as for heat loss, calculate for aas the heat from the steam to the coil outside surface in Btu/hr sqft. That is The resistance of the steam to the tube outside = a = h
ti

Calculate for bas the heat from the coil outside surface to the bulk of the tank contents. Use Figure 13.11 to obtain ho and again bis h o to where the to is the temperature between the tube outside and that of the bulk tank contents. Make further assumptions for coil outside temperature until a = b. Step 13. Use aor bfrom step 12 which is the rate of heat transferred from the heating medium in btu/hr sqft and divide this into the total heat loss calculated

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Figure 13.11. Convection heat transfer coefcient.

in step 10. The answer is the surface area of the immersed heater required for maintaining tank content bulk temperature. s An example calculation using this technique is given as Appendix 13.1 at the end of this chapter. Product blending facilities Blending is the combining of two or more components to produce a desired end product. The term in renery practice usually refers to process streams being combined to make a saleable product leaving the renery. Generally these include gasolines, middle distillates such as: jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, and heating oil. Other blended

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Appendix 13.1: Example calculation for sizing a tank heater Problem It is required to calculate the surface area for a heating coil which will maintain the bulk temperature of fuel oil in a cone roofed tank at a temperature of 150 F. The ambient air temperature is an average 65 F and the wind velocity averaged over the year is 30 MPH. The fuel oil data is as follows: Viscosity () = 36 cps @ 150 F Sg @ 150 F = 0.900 The tank is to be heated with 125 psig saturated steam. The tank dimensions are 60 ft diameter 180 ft high it is not insulated but is painted with non metallic color paint. Solution 1.0 Calculating the heat loss from the wall. 1st trial. Assume wall temperature is 120 F h i = 8.5( ti /)0.25 where ti = 150 120 = 30 F h i = 8.5 0.955 = 8.12 Btu/hr. sqft. F a = 8.12 30 = 243.6 Btu/hr. sqft. to is temperature difference between assumed wall temp and the ambient air = 120 65 = 55 F. h co = 0.495 1.3 (from Figure 13.9) Wind correction factor Fw is as follows: Fl = (MPH/1.47)0.61 = 6.29 F2 = 1.04 (From Figure 13.10) Fw = 6.29 + 1.04 = 7.33. (corrected) = 0.495 1.3 7.33 = 4.20 Btu/hr. sqft. F

h co

Heat loss from wall due to radiation h ro is found from Figure 13.8 = 1.18 Btu/hr.sqft. F.

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Corrected for emissivity h ro = 1.18 .95 = 1.123 Btu/hr.sqft. F b = (h co + h ro ) to = (4.21 + 1.12) 55 = 293 Btu/hr.sqft a b = 244 293 = 49 Btu/hr.sqft 2nd trial. Assume wall temperature is 110 F Carrying out the same calculation procedure as for trial 1: a b = +172 Btu/hr.sqft 3rd trial. Assume wall temperature is 115 F Again carrying out the calculation procedure as for trial 1: b = +35 a The results of the above trials are plotted linearly below:

Final trial. At wall temperature of 117 F. h io = 8.31 Btu/hr.sqrt. F a = 8.31 (150 117) = 274 Btu/hr.sqrt h co (corrected) = 4.18 Btu/hr.sqft. F h ro (corrected) = 1.12 Btu/hr.sqft F b = (4.18 + 1.12) (117 65) F = 275.7 Btu/hr.sqft aand bare close enough call total heat loss 275.7 Btu/hr.sqft.

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Surface area of wall = circumference height. = D 180 ft = 33929 sqft Total heat loss through wall = 275.7 33929 = 9.35 mm Btu/hr 2.0 Calculating heat loss through roof. Trial 1. Assume roof temperature is 116 F. h i = 8.38 Btu/hr.sqft. F a = 8.38 (150 116) F = 284.9 Btu/hr.sqft. (corrected) = (.470 2.0) 1.04 6.29

h co

(Note: the number read from Figure 13.9 is multiplied by 2.0 in this case as the roof is an upward facing plate.) = 6.35 Btu/hr.sqft. F h ro (corrected) = 1.165 0.95 = 1.11 Btu/hr.sqft. F b = (6.35 + 1.11) (116 65) F = 380 Btu/hr.sqft. a b = 95 Btu/hr.sqft Trial 2. Assume a wail temperature of 110 F a bin this case = +23 which is within acceptable limits. The heat loss is taken as an average of aand b = 338 Btu/hr.sqft. Total heat loss from the roof = area of roof 338 = 2827 sqft 338 = 0.956 mm Btu/hr 3.0 Calculating the heat loss through the oor. Assume the ground temperature is 50 F and the heat transfer coefcient is 1.5 Btu/ hr.sqft. F. Then heat loss = 1.5 (150 50) 2827 sqft = 0.424 mm Btu/hr

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4.0 Total heat loss from the tank. Heat loss from the Walls = 9.350 mm Btu/hr Heat loss from the Roof = 0.956 mm Btu/hr Heat loss from the Floor = 0.424 mm Btu/hr Total Heat Loss = 10.730 mm Btu/hr 5.0 Calculating the tank heater coil surface area required. The heating medium is saturated 125 psig steam. Temperature of the steam = 354 F Steam side calculations. Approx resistance of steam, h s = 0.001 hr.sqft. F/Btu Fouling factor on steam side, r1 = 0.0005 hr.sqft. F/Btu Tube metal resistance r2 = 0.0005 hr.sqft. F/Btu Outside fouling factor r3 = 0.005 hr.sqft. F/Btu Heat transfer coefcient for the steam side = 1 0.001 + 0.0005 + 0.0005 + 0.005

= 143 Btu/hr.sqft. F Oil side heat transfer coefcient is obtained from Figure 13.11. 1st trial. Assume a tube wall temperature of 310 F. For steam side a = 143 (354 310) = 6292 Btu/hr.sqft. For oil side h o = 31 Btu/hr.sqft. F (Figure 13.11) b = 31 (310 150) = 4960 Btu/hr.sqft a b = +1332 2nd trial. Assume a tube wall temperature of 320 F. ain this case calculated to be 4862 bw as calculated to be 5355 a b = 493 Plotted on a linear curve the tube wall temperature to give a = bwas 317 F.

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Final trial. At a tube wall temperature of 317 F Steam side = 143 (354 317) a = 5291 Btu/hr.sqft. Oil side h o = 31.2 (From Figure 13.11) b = 31.2 (317 150) = 5210 Btu/hr.sqft a b = +81 which is acceptable. Make rate of heat transfer = 5291 + 5210 2 = 5251 Btu/hr.sqft 10.730 mm Btu/hr 5251 Btu/hr.sqft

Then surface area of coil required =

= 2043 sq ft Appendix 13.2: Example calculation for sizing a relief value A vessel containing naphtha C5 C8 range is uninsulated and is not reproofed. The vessel is vertical and has a skirt 15 in length. Dimensions of the vessel are I/D 6 0 T-T 20 0 liquid height to HLL = 16 0. Calculate the valve size for re condition relief. Set pressure is 120 psig. Latent heat of naphtha at 200 F is 136 Btu/lb = H L Q = 21000 FA0.82 A = Wetted area and is calculated as follows: Liquid height above grade = 15 + 16 ft = 31 ft Therefore wetted surface of vessel need only be taken to 25 ft above grade which is 2515 = 10 ft of vessel height. Wetted surface = D10 for walls = 188.5 sq.ft plus 28.3 sq.ft for bottom = 216.8 sq.ft Q = 21000 1.0 (216.8)0.82 = 1.729 Btu/hr 106 6 Q/HL = 1.72910 = 12713 lbs/hr = W 136 W T Z A= C K P1 K b M