1. Q: Explain something about OSI reference model.

A: OSI reference model based on a proposal developed by ISO as a first step toward the international standardization of the protocols used in various layers.Its developed by Day and Zimmermann in 1983.Revised in 1995 and called ISO OSI (Open system Interconnection)reference model.

2. Q: Why its so called Open system interconnection reference model? A: Since OSI deals with connecting systems that are open for communication with other systems,its called so.

3. Q: What are the protocols used in Application layer? A: TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS.

4. Q: What is DNS? A: DNS(Domain Name System) is a protocol used for mapping host names onto their network address.

5. Q: What are the protocols used in Transport layer? A: TCP, UDP.

6. Q: What is the protocol used in Network layer? A: IP .

7. Q: What is ARP? A: ARP(Address resolution protocol) is a protocol that make the IP address get mapped onto datalink layer address such as Ethernet address.

8. Q: What are the services provided by Session layer? A: 1. Dialog control ( Keeping track of whose turn it is to transmit). 2. Token management (Preventing two parties from attempting the same critical operation at the same time). 3. Synchronization(Checkpointing long transmission to allow them to continue from where they were after a crah).

9. Q: What is Attenuation? A: Attenuation is the loss of energy as the signal propogates outwards.

10. Q: What is Multiplexing? What are its categories? A: Multiplexing is used to get a single output from several inputs. Its categories are: FDM (Frequency Divison Multiplexing): Frequency spectrum is divided into frequency bands. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing): Users in a round robin fashion, getting the entire bandwidth for a little burst of time.

11. Q: Whats frequency of waves? A: Number of oscillations per second of a wave is called frequency of that wave. Its measured by Hertz(Hz).

12. Q: What is codec ? What is the use of that? A: codec is coder-decoder and its used to digitize the analog signals.

13. Q: What is the use of predictive encoding? A: Predictive encoding reduces the size of numbers to be encoded andso the number of bits to be sent are reduced.

14. Q: What is the advantage of packet switching? A: Packet switching is used to reduce delay and improve throughput of network since first packet can be forwarded before the second packet has fully arrived.

15. Q: What is CDMA? Whats the use of that? A: CDMA is Code Division Multiple Access. Instead of dividing the allowed frequency range into a few hundred narrow channels, CDMA allow each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum all the time. Multiple simultaneous transmissions are separated using code theory.