17

Chapter 9
Complex Analysis (Appendix A)
A.1 Express each of the following complex numbers in Cartesian form: (a) 2e
j2/3
; (b)

2e
j/4
; (c) 2e
j7/6
; and
(d) 3e
j/2
.
Solution.
(a)
2e
j2/3
= 2
_
cos
2
3
+ j sin
2
3
_
= 2
_

1
2
+ j

3
2
_
=1+ j

3.
(b)

2e
j/4
=

2
_
cos

4
+ j sin

4
_
=

2
_
1

2
+ j
1

2
_
= 1+ j.
(c)
2e
j7/6
= 2
_
cos
7
6
+ j sin
7
6
_
= 2
_

3
2
j
1
2
_
=

3 j.
A.2 Express each of the following complex numbers in polar form: (a)

3 + j; (b)
1
2
j

3
2
; (c)

2 j

2;
(d) 1+ j

3; (e) 1 j

3; and (f) 3+4j. In each case, plot the value in the complex plane, clearly indicating
its magnitude and argument. State the principal value for the argument (i.e., the value of the argument that
lies in the range < ).
Solution.
Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams
18 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)
(a)
|z| =
_
_

3
_
2
+1
2
= 2
argz = arctan
_

3
_
+ =

6
+ =
5
6
z = 2e
j5/6
Re
1
5
6

3
2
Im
(b)
|z| =
_
_

1
2
_
2
+
_

3
2
_
2
= 1
argz = arctan
__

3
2
_
/
_

1
2

_
= arctan
_

3
_
=

3
=
2
3
z = e
j(2/3)
.
Re
1
Im
2
3

3
2

1
2
(c)
|z| =
_
(

2)
2
+(

2)
2
= 2
argz = arctan(

2
) = arctan(1) =

4
z = 2e
j(/4)
.

2
2
Im
Re

4
A.3 Evaluate each of the expressions below, stating the nal result in the specied form. When giving a nal result
in polar form, state the principal value of the argument (i.e., choose the argument such that < ).
(a) 2
_
3
2
j
1
2
_
+ j
_
1

2
e
j(3/4)
_
(in Cartesian form);
(b)
_
3
2
j
1
2
__
1

2
e
j(3/4)
_
(in polar form);
Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
19
(c)
_
3
2
j
1
2
_
/(1+ j) (in polar form);
(d) e
1+j/4
(in Cartesian form);
(e)
__

1
2
+ j

3
2
_

_
8
(in polar form);
(f) (1+ j)
10
(in Cartesian form); and
(g)
1+ j
1 j
(in polar form).
Solution.
(a)
2
_
3
2
j
1
2
_
+ j
_
1

2
e
j(3/4)
_
=

3 j +
_
j
1
2
+
1
2
_
=

3+
1
2
j
_
1+
1
2
_
=
2

3+1
2
j
3
2
.
(b)
_
3
2
j
1
2
__
1

2
e
j(3/4)
_
= e
j(/6) 1

2
e
j(3/4)
=
1

2
e
j(11/12)
.
(c)
_
3
2
j
1
2
_
/(1+ j) =
_
e
j(/6)
_
/
_

2e
j/4
_
=
1

2
e
j(5/12)
.
(d)
e
1+j/4
= ee
j/4
= e
_
cos

4
+ j sin

4
_
=
1

2
e + j
1

2
e.
(e)
__

1
2
+ j

3
2
_

_
8
=
_
e
j(2/3)
_
8
= e
j(16/3)
= e
j2/3
.
A.4 Show that the following identities hold, where z, z
1
, and z
2
are arbitrary complex numbers:
(a) |z
1
/z
2
| =|z
1
| /|z
2
| for z
2
= 0;
(b) arg(z
1
/z
2
) = argz
1
argz
2
for z
2
= 0;
(c) z +z

= 2Re{z};
Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams
20 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)
(d) zz

=|z|
2
; and
(e) (z
1
z
2
)

= z

1
z

2
.
Solution.
(a) We rewrite z
1
and z
2
in polar form as
z
1
= r
1
e
j
1
and z
2
= r
2
e
j
2
where r
1
, r
2
,
1
,
2
are real constants such that r
1
, r
2
0. Consider the left-hand side of the given equation,
which we can manipulate as follows (assuming that z
2
= 0):

z
1
z
2

r
1
e
j
1
r
2
e
j
2

=
|r
1
|

e
j
1

|r
2
| |e
j
2
|
=
r
1
r
2
=
|z
1
|
|z
2
|
.
Thus, we have that |z
1
/z
2
| =|z
1
| /|z
2
|.
(d) We express z in Cartesian form as
z = x + jy.
Now, we have
zz

= (x + jy)(x jy)
= x
2
jxy + jxy +y
2
= x
2
+y
2
and
|z|
2
=
_
_
x
2
+y
2
_
2
= x
2
+y
2
.
Therefore, zz

=|z|
2
.
A.5 Use Eulers relation to prove the following identities:
(a) cos =
1
2
_
e
j
+e
j

;
(b) sin =
1
2 j
_
e
j
e
j

; and
(c) cos
2
=
1
2
[1+cos2].
Solution.
(a) From Eulers relation, we know
e
j
= cos + j sin.
Thus, we can write
1
2
_
e
j
+e
j
_
=
1
2
[cos + j sin +cos() + j sin()].
Since cos and sin are even and odd functions, respectively, we can simplify the above equation to obtain
1
2
_
e
j
+e
j
_
=
1
2
[cos + j sin +cos j sin]
=
1
2
[2cos]
= cos.
Therefore, cos =
1
2
_
e
j
+e
j

.
Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
21
A.6 Consider the rational functions given below, where z is a complex variable. For each function, nd the value
and order of its poles and zeros. Also, plot the poles and zeros in the complex plane.
(a) F(z) = z
2
+ jz +3;
(b) F(z) = z +3+2z
1
;
(c) F(z) =
(z
2
+2z +5)(z
2
+1)
(z
2
+2z +2)(z +3z +2)
;
(d) F(z) =
z
3
z
z
2
4
;
(e) F(z) =
z +
1
2
(z
2
+2z +2)(z
2
1)
; and
(f) F(z) =
z
2
(z
2
1)
(z
2
+4z +
17
4
)
2
(z
2
+2z +2)
.
Solution.
(d) First, we factor the numerator polynomial.
z
3
z = z(z
2
1) = z(z +1)(z 1).
Next, we factor the denominator polynomial.
z
2
4 = (z +2)(z 2).
So, we have
F(z) =
z(z +1)(z 1)
(z +2)(z 2)
.
Therefore, F(z) has rst order zeros at 1, 0, and 1, and rst order poles at 2 and 2.
2 1
1
2
1
2
Im
Re
1 2
(f) To nd the poles and zeros of a rational function, we must factor the numerator and denominator polynomials.
First, we factor z
2
+4z +
17
4
. The quadratic formula yields
4
_
4
2
4(1)(
17
4
)
2(1)
=2 j
1
2
.
Thus, we have
z
2
+4z +
17
4
= (z +2+ j
1
2
)(z +2 j
1
2
).
Next, we factor z
2
+2z +2. The quadratic formula yields
2
_
2
2
4(1)(2)
2(1)
=1 j.
Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams
22 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)
So, we have
z
2
+2z +2 = (z +1+ j)(z +1 j).
Next, we factor z
2
1 to obtain
z
2
1 = (z +1)(z 1).
Combining the above factorization results, we have
F(z) =
z
2
(z +1)(z 1)
(z +2+ j
1
2
)
2
(z +2 j
1
2
)
2
(z +1+ j)(z +1 j)
.
Therefore, F(z) has rst order zeros at 1 and 1, a second order zero at 0, rst order poles at 1+ j and 1 j,
and second order poles at 2+ j
1
2
and 2 j
1
2
.
1
1
2
1
2
Im
Re
1 2
(2)
(2)
(2)
2
A.7 Determine the values of z for which each of the functions given below is: i) continuous, ii) differentiable, and
iii) analytic. Use your knowledge about polynomial and rational functions to deduce the answer. Simply state
the nal answer along with a short justication (i.e., two or three sentences). (This problem does not require a
rigorous proof. In other words, do not use the Cauchy-Riemann equations for this problem.)
(a) F(z) = 3z
3
jz
2
+z and
(b) F(z) =
z 1
(z
2
+3)(z
2
+z +1)
.
Solution.
(a) The function F(z) is a polynomial. Polynomials are continuous, differentiable, and analytic everywhere.
(b) The function F(z) is a rational function. Rational functions are continuous, differentiable, and analytic
everywhere, except at points where the denominator polynomial becomes zero. So, we nd these points. We
factor F(z) as
F(z) =
z 1
(z + j

3)(z j

3)
_
z +
1
2
j

3
2
__
z +
1
2
+ j

3
2
_.
Therefore, the denominator becomes zero for
z
_
j

3, j

3,
1
2
+ j

3
2
,
1
2
j

3
2
_
.
Therefore, F(z) is continuous, differentiable, and analytic everywhere, except at the points: j

3, j

3,
1
2
+
j

3
2
,
1
2
j

3
2
.
Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010
23
A.9 Let H() be a complex-valued function of the real variable . For each of the cases below, nd |H()| and
argH().
(a) H() =
1
(1+ j)
10
; and
(b) H() =
2 j
(3+ j)
2
.
Solution.
(a) First, we compute the magnitude of H() to obtain
|H()| =
|1|
|(1+ j)
10
|
=
1
|1+ j|
10
=
1
(

1+
2
)
10
=
1
(1+
2
)
5
.
Next, we compute the argument of H() to obtain
argH() = arg
_
1
(1+ j)
10
_
= arg1arg
_
[1+ j]
10
_
=arg
_
[1+ j]
10
_
=arg
_
[
_
1+
2
e
j arctan
]
10
_
=10arctan.
Since the argument is not uniquely determined, in the most general case, we have
argH() = 2k 10arctan
for all integer k.
(b) First, we compute the magnitude of H() to obtain
|H()| =
|2 j|
|(3+ j)
2
|
=
|2 j|
|3+ j|
2
=

4+
2
(

9+
2
)
2
=

4+
2
9+
2
.
Next, we calculate the argument of H() as
argH() = arg(2 j) arg
_
[3+ j]
2
_
= +arctan/2arg
_
[
_
9+
2
e
j arctan/3
]
2
_
= +arctan/22arctan/3.
Last Revised: May 9, 2010 Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams
24 CHAPTER 9. COMPLEX ANALYSIS (APPENDIX ??)
Since the argument is not uniquely determined, in the most general case, we have
argH() = (2k +1) +arctan/22arctan/3
for all integer k.
Copyright c 20032010 Michael D. Adams Last Revised: May 9, 2010