SMART MATERIALS

A Seminar Report Submitted by

Mr. Samir Kumar Barik

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING At

Centurion Institute of Technology JATNI, BHUBANESWAR NOVEMBER 2011

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Place: Bhubaneswar Date:

Name: Samir Kumar Barik Regd. No.-0801307106

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar entitledSmart materials submitted by Samir Kumar Barik bearing Reg. No -0801307106 to

Centurion Institute of Technology under Biju Pattnaik University of Technology towards partial fulfilment for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the specialization of ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a bonafide record of the work.

GUIDE NAME Mr. Sidharth Sabyasachi

GUIDE NAME Ms. Smita Jana

HOD(EEE) Mr Jagannath Padhi

(Asst. Prof EEE dept)

(Lect. EEE dept)

(Prof EEE dept)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First & foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Er. Sidharth Sabyasachi & Er. Smita Jana for his patience, immense knowledge, motivation & kind support for my technical seminar. Their mentorship has guided me for technical seminar. My special thanks go to my parents & Shri Jagannath Padhy (HOD, EEE) and my friends who have been very supportive throughout.

Signature of Student

ABSTRACT
Smart or intelligent materials are materials that have the intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities, fast to respond to stimuli and environmental changes. Such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric and magnetic fields and to activate their functions according to the changes. Smart materials are formed by additions of typical materials having different properties to have more acute recognition discrimination and reaction capability. To encompass this last transformation, the new materials and alloys have to satisfy a number of fundamental specifications. Such as; Piezoelectric materials will undergo some mechanical changes with vary in voltage change. Electrostrictive material has greatest affinity to the electric field. Likewise magnetostrictive materials undergo an included mechanical strain under magnetic field. Shape memory alloys when subjected to a thermal field (heat & cold), this material will undergo phase transformation which will produce Shape changing. Optical fibres are excellent sensors used in data transformations. pH sensing elements are helpful for materials acidity and basicity property by its colour changing. Electro-chromic materials are helpful for manufacturing of LCD display and finally smart gels have the ability to shrink or swell its volume by a factor of 1000 times of its volume by absorbing or releasing fluid in response to chemical or physical response. It leads to technological applications in various fields like the aero elastic form of an aircraft wing, Photo-chromic glass, Hybrid mechanical/ electronic systems, Sensing and Actuation occurs at the atomic or molecular level, vibration control of lightweight structures such as satellites. So these are found in wide applications in electronics and metallurgy. With wide spread research and development (R&D) smart materials are set to play an important role in our lives

CONTENTS

PAGES

INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------1 SMART MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS----------------------- 1 CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIAL----------------- 2

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS------------------------------- 3 SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS------------------------------------ 4 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS------------------------ 5 ELECTRO-RHEOLOGICAL-------------------------------------6 PH- SENSITIVE MATERIALS----------------------------------7 PHOTO CHROMIC MATERIALS------------------------------ 8 SMART GELS------------------------------------------------------ 9 OPTICAL FIBRES ----------------------------------------------- 10

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS--------------------------------------11 ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK--------------------------------------12 MERGING SMART MATERIALS &ROBOTICS------------13 CONCLUSION------------------------------------------------------14

1. INTRODUCTION:Smart or intelligent materials are materials that have the intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities, fast to respond to stimuli and environmental changes. Such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric and magnetic fields and to activate their functions according to the changes. The stimuli could originate internally or externally. Since its beginnings, materials science has undergone a distinct evolution: from the use of inert structural materials to materials built for a particular function, to active or adaptive materials, for more acute recognition, discrimination and reaction capability. 2. SMART MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS: Technical properties: Mechanical characteristics such as plastic flow, fatigue and yield strength; and behavioral characteristics such as damage tolerance and electrical, heat and fire resistance; Technological properties: Welding abilities, thermal processing, waste level, workability, automation and repair capacities; Economic criteria: Related to raw material and production costs, supply expenses and availability; Environmental characteristics: Toxicity and pollution; and Sustainable development criteria: Implying reuse and recycling capacities

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIALS:Smart materials are classified into various categories by their physical behaviour, chemical property, and composition of material used, reaction to the external environment, durability, industrial application, and availability. The different materials have different applications. The types of such materials are: Piezoelectric Materials Shape Memory Alloys Magnetostrictive Materials Electro-Rheological Ph- Sensitive Materials Photo Chromic Materials Smart Gels Optical Fibers

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(A). PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS: Expand and contract with the application of voltage. Piezoceramics are the most widely used smart material. Electrostrictive-Mechanical change is proportional to the square of the electric field Applications: Ink Jet Printers. Sonar. Medical Diagnostics. High frequency stereo-speakers. Computer Keyboards. Microphones. Airbag Sensors FIGURES:

(MECHANISM)

(Piezoelectric disk used as guitar pickup)

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(B). SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS: A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that "remembers" its original, cold-forged shape: returning the predeformed shape by heating. That is a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems Applications: Figures: Aeronautical applications. Surgical tools. Muscle wires. Thermostats

(HEATING &COOLING EFFECT OF SMA) (2-WAY SHAPE MEMORY)

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(C). MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS: Expand and contract with the application of magnetic fields. Magnetization due to mechanical stress Applications High-power sonar transducers. Motors:(Damping washing machine vibration ,surface polishing of machine parts, engine mounts designed to reduce noise, Hydraulic actuators, Car shocks; (Ex: Terfenol-D.) Most common form of MR fluid consists of tiny iron particles suspended in oil Prosthetic limbs, exercise equipment Figures:

(Animation of Magnetostriction)

[Magnetostrictive material (inside), magnetizing coil, and magnetic enclosure completing the magnetic circuit (outside)] [5]

(D). ELECTRO-RHEOLOGICAL: Respond to an electric (electro-rheological) or a magnetic (magneto-rheological) field with a change in viscosity. Electro rheological (ER) fluids are suspensions of extremely fine non-conducting particles (up to 50 micrometers diameter) in an electrically insulating fluid. ER fluids are a type of smart fluid. A simple ER fluid can be made by mixing corn flour in a light vegetable oil or (better) Silicone oil. Applications: Tunable dampers.(For vehicle seats) Vibration-isolation systems. (Shock Absorbers) Clutches. Brakes. Resistance Controls, Exercise equipment. Figures:

(Mechanism of ER-Fluid)

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(E). PH- SENSITIVE MATERIALS: pH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are materials which will respond to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by varying their dimensions. There are two kinds of pH sensitive materials: one which have acidic group (-COOH, -SO3H) and swell in basic pH and others which have basic groups (-NH2) and swell in acidic pH. Applications:

controlled drug delivery systems

Bio-mimetic and responsive plasmonics. Figure:

(Degree of swelling-Change of pH Graph)

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(F).ELECTRO CHROMIC MATERIALS: Photochromism is the reversible transformation of a chemical species between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, where the two forms have different absorption spectra. Photo chromic molecules can belong to various classes: triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides, spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines, quinones and others. Applications: Figures Sun glasses Supra molecular chemistry Data storage Novelty items

(Mechanism)

(Sunglass)

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(G).SMART GELS: These are the material having the property of shrink or swell its size by a factor of 1000. Applications: Chemical Processing Agriculture Prostheses Figures:

(Smart Gel)

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(H). OPTICAL FIBER: It functions as a waveguide or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fiber is known as fiber optics. It is based on the principle of total internal reflection. Applications: Figures: Optical fiber cables Termination and splicing Free space coupling Fiber Fuses Power transmission

(Total Internal Reflection)

(Optical Fiber Cable)

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4. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS:

Aerospace control the aero elastic form of an aircraft wing Civil Engineering efficiency Applications ,Vibration Durability, control of Improving lightweight

operational

structures such as satellites Mechatronics Hybrid mechanical/electronic systems, Sensing and Actuation occurs at the atomic or molecular level Ken Materials: Meaning wisdom, structure, monitoring, integration and benignity to reducing the complexity of the system. Ex: carbon and glass fiber reinforced concrete At the Atomic Level Photo-chromic glass (have only one response to the one stimulus.)

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5. ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK: Now a days there have been found wide range of uses with these smart materials. If we consider $1 market of smart materials we can find the percentage of uses of these smart materials.

$1 Billion dollar market 74% - Electro-ceramics 10% - Shape Memory Materials 10 % - Magnetostrictive materials 5% 1%Active Fluids Others

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6. CONCLUSION: Smart materials have the ability to respond to stimuli such as stress, temperature, pH etc. and hence have found wide applications in electronics and metallurgy. With wide spread research and development (R&D) smart materials are set to play an important role in our lives

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7. REFERENCES: Prof. Jagannath Padhy [HOD, EEE Dept.] Asst. Prof Sidharth Sabyasachi Lect. Smita Jana www.google.com www.wikipedia.com Book-Material Science & Engineering By Achyut Kumar Panda.

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