7 Weaving C4b Cam 09

1
CHAPTER 4
SHEDDING
Prof. Dr. Emel nder
Assoc.Prof.Dr.mer Berk Berkalp
TEK332E Weaving Technology II
Emel nder & mer B.Berkalp
2
Cam Shedding
The heald shaft motion is operated by cams or eccentrics.
These motive cams convert the rotary motion of the cam
shaft of the weaving machine into the reciprocating motion
of the heald frames.
Cam operated shedding mechanism may be positive or
negative in action.
Positive shedding: heald shafts are both raised and lowered by the
cams or eccentric systemof the shedding mechanism.
Negative shedding: heald shafts are either raised or lowered by
the mechanism, but are returned by the action of some external
device, such as springs, hence, they must be provided with reversing
motion.
3
Cam Shedding
The terms positive and negative are used to denote the
action of the tappets or cams and not to denote the
mechanismas a whole.
4
Cam Shedding
A cam mechanism perform its shedding function
with three basic systems:
Drive:
Cam shaft (its rotational speed is changeable)
Shedding cams
They have rotary motion.
Each cam can control one of the heald frames.
Each cam causes a displacement on the roller (cam throw)
Lifting mechanism
Displacement of the roller (cam throw) is not large enough to get
the required shed opening.
Cam throw is transmitted through the leverage of the system to
the heald frames with a convenient transmission ratio
5
Negative Cam Shedding
Drive
Shedding cams
Lifting mechanism (leverage of the system)
+
Some form of heald reversing motion
roller reversing motion
spring reversing motion
6
A simple tappet motion
The shedding cams are
negative in action
7
A pair of cams mounted on the bottom shaft is sufficient for weaving
many plain cloths.
The subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the front and back heald shafts
respectively.
Treadles t
1
and t
2
are fulcrummed low down near the back of the loom,
each carries an anti-friction bowl on which the corresponding cams c
1
and c
2
act.
Connections are made from the treadles to the bottom of the
corresponding shaft and from the top of each shaft to the roller reversing
motion.
When one shaft is lowered by the action of its cam, the other shaft is
raised through the roller reversing motion.
d
1
and d
2
represent the diameters of the roller plus the thickness of the
straps that connect themto the shafts.
8
( )
x
b y x L
h
+ +
=
1
1
( )
x
y x L
h
+
=
2
2
L
1
, L
2
: cam throws
( )
( ) y x
b y x
h
h
L
L
+
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
1
2
( )
a
b a
h
h +
=
1
2
( )( )
( ) y x a
b y x b a
L
L
+
+ + +
=
1
2
( )
a
b a
h
h
d
d +
= =
1
2
1
2
In order to obtain
identical sheds
for subsequent
weaving cycles,
cam c
2
must have
a substantially
greater throw
than the cam c
1
.
9
Taking a numerical example in which b=3
cm, x=y=22.5 cm, and a=20 cm, we have:
( )( )
23 . 1
45 20
3 45 3 20
1
2
=
+ +
=
L
L
In this example, the throw of the cam
operating the back shaft should be 23%
greater than that of the cam operating the
front shaft.
In new cam operated shedding systems,
cam throw is identical for all shedding
cams, the leverage of the transmission is
altered by changing the points of
attachments on a series of connections.
10
Roller Reversing Motion
These systems cannot
produce an independent
lifting motion for the heald
shafts operated on the
weaving machine.
They are capable of weaving
designs (or lifting plans) in
which the same number of
lifting or lowering is required
at every pick.
1/2 twill, 1/3 twill, and 1/4
twill or 5-end sateen.
2/1 twill, 2/2 or 3/1 twill,
4/1 twill, or 5-end satin
11
Roller Reversing Motion
Connections must be taut, inextensible and of the
correct thickness; the action of the mechanism will
then be precise.
Altering the connections to the treadles frequently will
upset the leverage of the system.
There is loss of lift when they become slack.
Roller reversing motion is no longer used as a heald
reversing motion. The only restriction, as already
mentioned, is that the same number of shafts must
be lifted on each pick.
12
Spring Reversing Motion
When negative-shedding cams are used on modern
automatic looms,
The tendency is to use some form of spring reversing
motion.
A separate spring for each shaft
An individual and independent control for each heald shaft
They are more effective in producing the desired lift than roller
reversing motions.
They are not subjected to the limitation of having to lift the same
number of shafts on each pick.
13
Hypothetical Spring Reversing Motion
Two functions:
Lifting of the heald frame
Keeping it at the top shed position
Tension in the spring S tends to rotate the disc D
and so raise the shaft through connections H.
The tension in the spring and in the connections to the shaft is the maximum when
the shaft is down and when the spring is doing no useful work.
With such an arrangement, the maximum tension in the spring is much greater
than required to raise the shaft.
14
Forces Acting on the Warp Sheet
The tension T
1
in the warp sheet
produces a force F
1
acting
upwards.
W is the weight of the shaft and its
associated parts.
The force required to raise it will be
( W- T
1
).
the shaft is down
the shaft is up
The tension T
2
in the warp
produces a force F
2
acting
downwards.
The force required to keep the
shaft up will he (W+T
2
).
15
Hypothetical Spring Reversing Motion
To be efficient, the force exerted by the spring should increase
as the shaft rises.
It actually decreases owing to the decreasing extension of the
spring, and the system is therefore inefficient.
This has practical significance because the excessive tension
when the shaft is down may cause the heald shaft frame to bend
and thus cause the healds to bind and perhaps to break.
It is therefore desirable to seek a more efficient way of using
springs.
16
Practical Spring Reversing Motion
R is the radius of the quadrant Q, S is the tension in the spring, D is the distance
perpendicular to the axis of the spring between the axis of the quadrant and the
point of attachment of the spring, and T is the tension in each of the connections
to the shaft
elbow lever
pulley
shaft
screwed bolt
B bears on
its horizontal
arm.
17
Practical Spring Reversing Motion
When the shaft is down, the quadrant is turned anti-clock wise and the distance D is
reduced.
Although the tension S in the spring is increased, the product DS may not, and may
even be decreased, what is required.
A similar principle is used in the Kenyon undermotion for negative dobbies.
elbow lever
pulley
shaft
screwed bolt
B bears on
its horizontal
arm.
2TR = SD
R
SD
T
2
=
T SD
18
Clockspring Reversing Motion
by Draper and Picanol
19
CONCLUSION
Negative cam operated shedding mechanisms are
suitable for weaving light weight fabrics where
relatively lower warp tensions are necessary.
Upper shed position may be somewhat uncertain and
unstable.
When the loom speed exceeds 500 rpm, the motion of
the heald shafts become irregular.
20
Positive Cam Shedding
Heald shaft lifting and lowering are operated by
shedding cams.
These systems are suitable
to run at high speeds without any difficulty like irregularity
and uncertainty in the heald shaft motion,
to weave fabrics where high warp tensions are necessary.
Two main types
Grooved cams
A pair of matched cams (complementary cams)
21
Grooved cams
Grooved cams can give the simplest action to the heald
frames.
Heald frame control is achieved without any loss in their
vertical displacement.
The path followed by the cam follower (or anti friction
roller) is a groove machined in the face of the cam.
22
Grooved cams
The shedding motion on a Saurer automatic loom
spring-steel
snap-on
clips
There is no need to disturb any of the settings
bevel & spur
gearing
23
The shedding motion on a Saurer automatic loom:
The set of cams on the loom are designed for weaving 1/2 twill with two
repeats to the round.
In this particular case, the cams rotate once every six picks.
Between the speeds of main shaft and the cam shaft, there has to be a
reduction of 1:6, which is obtained through the ratio between teeth of
pinions and bevel-and-spur gearing.
In following the cam track, the cam follower moves up and down, and the
lower end of the lever, marked tappet lever in the diagram, moves to and
fro.
The wooden connecting members between the tappet lever and the heald
shaft have spring-steel snap-on clips, which engage holes in the various
levers. Alternative holes in the tappet lever and in one of the elbow levers
provide means of adjusting the extent of the movement of the individual
heald shafts.
24
Positive Cam Shedding: A pair of matched
cams (complementary cams):
The modern shedding
and beat-up mechanisms
are generally equipped
with control systems
with a cam and a
counter-cam.
25
A pair of matched cams (complementary cams):
The second type of positive cam shedding uses a pair of
matched cams for each shaft.
Each cam in the pair is negative in action and can give a
motion in one direction.
However, pair of matched cams are capable of both raising
and lowering the heald shaft. They can give motion in
opposite directions and therefore the system as a whole is
positive in action.
26
Complementary Cam System
The cam motion on the Sulzer weaving machine:
The lever L is
oscillated about its
fulcrum F by two anti -
friction rollers, one of
which is in contact with
each cam face.
The distance between
the rollers is constant.
draw bar (15)
lever (10)
pivot (9)
draw bar (11)
clip 13
Cam shaft
three-arm shedding lever
27
A pair of matched cams (complementary cams):
All pairs of cams are mounted on the cam shaft together with
gear wheel.
The motion is driven by gear wheel.
During weaving, the movement is transmitted via draw bar15,
lever 10, which is pivoted on pivot 9, and via draw bar 11 to
the heald shaft lifting motion.
The shed height is adjusted by displacing clip 13.
28
-- ME 2001 ME 2001
29
Positive Cam Shedding:a pair of matched cams
A system of this kind requires
high-grade materials
high precision engineering (refinement in
engineering)
in order to maintain contact between both cams and
their anti-friction rollers at all times.
in order to ensure smooth operation of a mechanism at
high speeds up to 1000 rpm.
30
Wear is reduced to a minimum by enclosing the cam
system in an oil bath.
These provisions, together with rigid connections to the
heald shafts, provide a smooth and positive action,
capable of high-speed operation over a long period.
A correct performance of the system is largely dependent
on
the precision of cams and their relative settings
the precision of the leverage of the system (three-arm
shedding lever and the relative settings of the shafts, cams
and rollers).
31
32
FIMTEXTILE ME 2001
CAM MACHINES
FIMTEXTILE ME
33
34
Mounting Possibilities of Positive Cam
Systems
The location of a multi-shaft cam operated shedding motion
Most of the weaving machines are
preferably equipped with outside
multi-shaft shedding motions.
A disadvantage of outside shedding
is the high number of links needed to
transmit the movement from the cam
to the heald shaft.
The sum of clearances due to the
manufacturing tolerance has an
adverse effect on the heald shaft
motion.
The major advantage is the easy
access to the motion.
35
FIMTEXTILE FIMTEXTILE -- ME ME
The location of a multi-shaft cam operated shedding motion
An incidental advantage of positive cams mounted low at the side of the loom and used in
conjunction with rigid connections to the heald shafts is the enhanced stability of the loom together
with a good visibility and lighting in the weaving room as well as the accessibility. The risk of oil
from lubricated parts mounted over the warp dripping onto the warp is eliminated.
36
Cam Design
37
Cam Design
Design cams can control the arbitrary course of the
heald shaft movement to suit the given technological
process and the dynamics of the mechanism.
A cam mechanism can
operate the warp opening of the necessary size
lifting and lowering or position change
and
keep the heald shafts at rest during picking
at top or bottom shed positions.
38
A lifting time diagram for heald shafts 1 and 2 is shown in Figure 4.18-A. The
diagram for heald shaft 1 is drawn with the thick line. Within section
z1
the
heald shaft is lifted, within section
k1
it is at the upper dwell position, within
section
z2
it is lowered and within section
k2
it is at the lower dwell position.
As the speed of rotation of the cam is the half of that of the main machine
shaft it holds v = /2. The camdesign is shown in Figure 4.19.
39
Cam Design: Plainweave repeating on 2 picks, with
2 heald frames
( )
0
360 2 = +
zv kv

k
= 120
0
, given;
kv
= 60
0
zv
= 180
0
-
kv
= 120
0
.
The equidistance radius
R
OE
is chosen for the
lower part within
section 6 - 0.
For the upper part of
the equidistance within
section 4 5:
R= R
OE
+ z
v
the path of the center of roller
the cam lift according to
the formula z
v
= ] (
v
) ,
i.e, in the form of a sine
curve.
40
Cam Design: Plainweave with 2 heald frames
For the cam lift according to the formula Zv = ] ( v) , for example, in the
form of a sine curve (transition curve).
We divide it into four sections 1 to 4 (or into more sections for the sake of
precision).
Having drawn lines parallel with the tangent t from points 1 to 4, we obtain
the points of intersection 1 to 4 with the vertical cam axis. These points are
then translated to the respective angular cam indexing. The points of
intersection 1 to 4 determine the sought shape of the equidistance. The cam
shape is then determined by the envelope of the circles, circumscribed from
the equidistance, with a radius r of the roller 2.
This design has been constructed for the roller 2 performing a rectilinear
motion in slide block 3. But with the majority of the shedding mechanisms the
roller is mounted on a swinging lever and performs a circular motion and the
cam shape must, therefore, be corrected correspondingly.
41
Cam Design
42
The parameters which affect the cam design (cam
contour):
1. Lifting plan (or weave)
How many times the heald shaft is to be lifted or lowered and
their sequence
It is machined all around the cam surface, hence, the cam
contour includes all design information given in the lifting
plan (or weave repeat)
2. No. of picks in the lifting plan (or in the weave)
Angular portion or segment on the surface of the cam
allocated for each pick
The part of cam contour to be followed by the roller in each
weaving cycle.
43
contour):
3. Dwell period of the heald shaft
It is normally determined by the type of weaving
machine ( the given parameter of weaving machine
related to its type and width).
This given dwell period in terms of angular rotation
of the main shaft is converted to a particular cam
angle
4. Shed type
Open, center-closed sheds, etc.
44
contour):
5. Cam throw
It depends on the size of shed or the movement
given to the heald shaft and the leverage between the
cam and the heald shaft
Related to the size of cam
6. Transition curve
For the position change type of curve considered is
important to obtain a smooth operation.
45
Setting design cams for a particular job
A new cam arrangement requires to check and change,
if necessary, the following parameters
1. Design cams: suitable for a particular job (or weave)
2. No. of cams: each cam or a pair of cams can control one of
the heald shafts.
3. Transmission ratio of the rotary motion between the
main shaft and the cam shaft: It depends on the number
of picks in the lifting plan( or design)
4. The relative positions of cams in the set: It depends on
the weave.
46
Cam Design
47
Design of a pair of matched cams
Different pair of cam designs are presented in the
following slide.
If the pair is designed for a two-sided weave such as
2/2, 3/3, 1/1 cams in the pair are similar in shape
however they are positioned in the pair to obtain a
complementary motion in the opposite direction.
In weaving uneven weaves, cam shapes in the pair are
designed to suit the reversed pattern of interlacing.
48
49
Limitations of the cam operated shedding mechanisms
Negative cams for weaving 8-end weft sateen
The throw is the same: R
1
- r
1
= R
2
- r
2
, but r
2
=2r
1
.
One pick occupies one eight of a revolution (45
0
). Dwell is one third of a pick (15
0
),
the shaft will rise while the cams turn 30
0
between a and b , will dwell during the
next 15
0
between b and c , and will fall during the next 30
0
between c and d.
50
Limitations of the cam operated shedding mechanisms
Limitations are related to the maximumpracticable
number of picks to the round and camsize.
1. For a given size of cam, the maximum slope of the cam
contour and the maximum force acting in the system both
increase with the number of picks to the round; there must
be a practical limit to the number of picks to the round.
2. For a given number of picks to the round, the maximum
slope of the cam contour and the maximum force acting in
the system both decrease as the cam size increases.
However, greater size of cam impose a limitation on the
loom speed due to the mass (inertia), causes an increase in
power consumption and requires a large floor space.

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