2011-2012. 06 Organella

Minggu VI
Tim Dosen Pengampu M.K. BioSel & Mol 2011 F.Bio UGM
Plant & animal cell
Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like material with organelles in it. If the organelles were removed, the soluble part that would be left is called the cytosol. It consists mainly of water with dissolved substances such as amino acids in it.
Just as a traffic cop keeps the cars from crashing into one another, the cytoplasm of a cell keeps the organelles from smashing into each other.
Nucleus
Organella terbesar di dalam sel mengandung DNA menentukan sintesis protein Pusat pengendali aktivitas sel Didalam nukleus terdapat organella yang disebut nucleolus (bertanggung jawab dalam pembentukan ribosom) Nukleus diselubungi oleh membran nukleus (double membrane) dengan pori-pori / lubang yang disebut nuclear pores. Melalui pori-pori ini ribosom dan material lain dapat masuk dan keluar
Organela sel berhubungan satu dengan yang lain melalui sistem endomembran
Reticulum endoplasma : tersusun atas membran, kantung-kantung yang datar (flattened sacs), dan vesikula-vesikula
endoplasmic reticulum provides a tubular transport system inside the cell.

Just as a subway must go through the underground tunnels, the organelles must travel through the endoplasmic reticulum.
Reticulum Endoplasma
Within cell network Ada dua macam RE kasar interconnected flattened sacs Ada ribosome yang melekat Tempat sintesis protein RE halus interconnected tubules Tidak ada ribosom yang melekat Tempat sintesis lemak
RE kasar dan RE halus
Ribosomes- Organelles that help in the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes are made up of two parts, called subunits. They get their names from their size. One unit is larger than the other so they are called large and small subunits.
Both these subunits are necessary for protein synthesis in the cell. When the two units are docked together with a special information unit called messenger RNA, they make proteins. Some ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm, but most are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. While attached to the ER, ribosomes make proteins that the cell needs and also ones to be exported from the cell for work elsewhere in the body.
RE halus
Tempat sintesis lemak :
Asam lemak Fosfolipid Steroids (misal pada sel-sel ovarium dan testis) Pada hati, RE halus mengandung enzim-enzim yang dapat memproses / mendetoksifikasi obat atau senyawa-senyawa lain yang berbahaya
Undisirable complications can result when liver cells respond to drug Obat / senyawa berbahaya
Meningkatkan jml RE halus & enzim-enzim detoksifikasi Meningkatkan daya tahan sel tubuh thd obat-obatan Enzim detoksifikasi kadang tidak spesifik
Penggunaan barbiturate dapat menurunkan efektifitas penggunaan antibiotik tertentu.
Fungsi lain RE halus

Tempat simpanan ion-ion Ca
Pada sel otot : Jika sel syaraf memberi sinyal pada sel otot, ion-ion Ca akan terlindih dari RE halus kedalam sitoplasma, kemudian ion-ion Ca akan berfungsi untuk memacu kontraksi sel-sel otot
Fungsi RE kasar
Membentuk membran baru Memodifikasi protein yang akan ditransport ke organela lain atau yang akan disekresi oleh sel
Misal : insulin (hormon yang disekresi oleh sel-sel di dalam pancreas) Polipeptida disintesis oleh ribosom Masuk RE kasar, bergabung dg molekul Gula membentuk glikoprotein Packing dalam vesikula, travel ke badan golgi untuk proses selanjutnya
Badan golgi
stack of saccules (3-20)
pancakes
receiving side
faces ER
protein or lipid filled sacs
sending side
faces plasma membrane
vesicles of modified proteins or lipids lysosomes produced here
packages, modifies and distributes molecules
Golgi complex- merupakan organella yang bertanggung jawab dalam pensortiran dan pengiriman protein yang disintesis dalam RE Just like our postal packages which should have a correct shipping address, the proteins produced in the ER, should be correctly sent to their respective address. In the cell, shipping and sorting done by the Golgi complex. It is a very important step in protein synthesis. If the Golgi complex makes a mistake in shipping the proteins to the right address, certain functions in the cell may stop.
Setelah vesikula masuk dalam cisternae, protein diteruskan ke bagian "trans face".
Protein kmd diletakkan dalam vacuoles yang muncul dari daerah tsb. Ukuran dan jumlah vacuola ini berbeda pada masingmasing sel. Didalam vacuola protein mengalami kondensasi kmd ditransfer ke membran untuk sekresi
The movement of transport vesicles from ER to golgi is an energy requiring process. If one blocks production of ATP, the transport will not happen.
The Golgi complex controls trafficking of different types of proteins

Some are destined for secretion. Others are destined for the extracellular matrix. Other proteins, such as lysosomal enzymes, may need to be sorted and sequestered from the remaining constituents because of their potential destructive effects.
There are two types of secretory pathways.
The regulated secretory pathway: is a pathway for proteins that requires a stimulus or trigger to elicit secretion. Some stimuli regulate synthesis of the protein as well as its release. The constitutive pathway allows for secretion of proteins that are needed outside the cell, like in the extracellular matrix. It does not require stimuli, although growth factors may enhance the process.
Can proteins be transported back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Sometimes vital proteins needed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported along with the other proteins in the Golgi complex. The Golgi complex has a mechanism for trapping them and sending them back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.
Lisosome
Lysosomes are the "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria. produced in Golgi
Lysosomes also degrade worn out organelles such as mitochondria. A third function for lysosomes is to handle the products of receptormediated endocytosis such as the receptor, ligand and associated membrane.
Lysosomes memiliki hydrolases yang dapat mendegradasi nucleotides, proteins, lipids, phospholipids, serta membongkar gugus karbohidrate, sulfate, atau phosphate dari molekul-molekul
Hidrolase aktif pada pH asam, sehingga jika terjadi leaking tidak merusak sel (pH 7.2) kecuali jika pH sel menjadi asam A Hydrogen ion ATPase is found in the membrane of lysosomes to acidify the environment.
Lysosomal morphology varies with the state of the cell and its degree of degradative activity. Lysosomes have pieces of membranes, vacuoles, granules and parts of mitochondria inside. Phagolysosomes may have parts of bacteria or the cell it has injested.
Abnormal lysosome
Menyebabkan penyakit keturunan : Lysosomal storage diseases
Pompes disease : lisosom tidak memiliki enzim yang mampu mencerna glikogen glikogen terakumulasi pada sel otot dan hati Tay-sachs disease : lisosome tidak memiliki enzim yang mampu memecah lemak pada membran sel syaraf sel-sel syaraf otak akan rusak
Merupakan organella yang mengandung enzim-enzim oksidatif misalnya D-amino acid oxidase, ureate oxidase, and catalase.
Peroxisome
Mirip dengan lysosome, tetapi tidak dibentuk didalam Golgi complex. Peroxisomes dapat dibedakan dengan adanya struktur seperti kristal didalamnya, Peroxisomes berfungsi untuk mengeluarkan senyawa racun seperti hydrogen peroxide, atau metabolite lainnya. Peroksisom menggunakan banyak oksigen dan terdapat umumnya di hati dimana senyawa toksik hasil samping metabolisme akan terkumpul
Vesicles- This term literally means "small vessel". This organelle helps store and transport products produced by the cell. The vesicles are the transport and delivery vehicles like our mail and Federal Express trucks. Some vesicles deliver materials to parts of the cell and others transport materials outside the cell in a process called exocytosis
Vakuola
Kantung bermembran, biasanya lebih besar dari pada vesikula Bentuk, ukuran dan fungsinya berbeda
Pada tumbuhan : dapat berisi KH, pigmen Pada paramaecium : vakuola makanan, vakuola kontraktil
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
converts food energy into ATP energy
double membrane
intermembrane space matrix
folds called cristae

increase surface area available for energy production
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration.
The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded into cristae which hold the enzymes needed in energy transformations to make ATP.
Very active cells contain thousands of mitochondria.
Kloroplas
Reaksi fotosistem terjadi Pada membran tilakoid Siklus calvin terjadi di stroma

2011-2012. 06 Organella

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

2011-2012. 06 Organella

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Minggu VI

Plant & animal cell

endoplasmic reticulum provides a tubular transport system inside the cell.

RE kasar dan RE halus

Fungsi lain RE halus

packages, modifies and distributes molecules

The Golgi complex controls trafficking of different types of proteins

Can proteins be transported back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi-localized proteins to the ER. J Cell Biol 1-15, 1998.

folds called cristae

Very active cells contain thousands of mitochondria.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen