1.Time clause! 1.

WHEN + S + V1, S + WILL +V2 Ex:When I seeyou tomorrow,I will give it to you Trong trng hp ny,cho ta thy thm mt ch ,mnh "when" KHNG chia future 2.WHEN + S + V1, S + WILL BE + V-ING Ex:When you readthis letter,I will be visitingFrance. 3.WHEN + S + V1, S + WILL + HAVE + P.P(past participle) Ex:When you readthis letter,i will have been in France for 5 year. 4.WHEN + S + V2, S + was/were +V-ING Ex:When I came,they were sleeping. 5.WHEN + S + V2,S + V2 Ex:When I wound the alarm clock,it wentwrong. 6.WHILE + S + WAS/WERE + V-ING,S + WAS/WERE + V-ING Ex:While I was reading books,my mother was cooking y l trng hp th tip din c chia mnh thi gian. 7.BEFORE + S + V2, S + HAD + P.P Ex:Before I wentto the cinema.I had doneall my homework. 8.AFTER + S + HAD + P.P, S + V2 Ex:After I had donemy homework,I wentto the cinema. 9.S + HAD + HARDLY/NO SOONER + P.P WHEN/THAN + S +V2 Ex:She had hardly/no sooner gonehome when/than it rained Ch :hardly...when ; no sooner....than 10.S + HAVE + P.P + SINCE + S + V2 Ex:Her knowledge has increasedsince she startedcollecting stamps. Embedded sentences Ex:I don't know where they are now. 2.Passive voice!(Th b ng) Cng thc chung:BE + P.P(past participle) Dng n gin: -Active:(ch ng)S + V + O -Passive:(b ng)S(O a ln lm ch ng) + Be(phi c chia theo th ca V cu ch ng)+ P.P +(by O)(c th c hoc khng,v y l t ch ng cu ch ng) Ex: 1.He bought that book. ->That book was bought (by him). 2.They have built that house for two months. ->That house has been built for two months. Dng c bit: 1.S + V + O1 + To V + O2 ->S + V + O2 + To Be + P.P + (By O1)
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or:O1 + S + Be + P.P + To V + O2 Ex: People don't expect the police to find out a stolen car. ->People don't expect a stolen car to be found out. ->The police aren't expected to find out a stolen car. 2.S + V + To V + O. ->S + V + O + To be + P.P Ex: The children like to buy a computer kit. ->The children like a computer kit to be bought. 3.S + V + Ving + O. ->S + V + (that) + S + should be + P.P Ex: She suggests drinking beer at the party. ->She suggests beer should be drunk at the party. 4.S + V + Sb + Ving + O... ->S + V + being + P.P +... Ex: She remember people taking her to the zoo. ->She remember being taken to the zoo. 5.S + say/think/believe/hear/rumor + that + S + V + (O). ->S + be + said/thought/believed/heard/rumored + To V + (O). Ex: Nam thinks that his girdfriend is very beautiful. ->Nam's girdfriend is thought to be very beautiful. Ch :nu mnh sau "THAT" trong cu ch ng c chia th qu kh th khi chuyn qua b ng,ta i "to V" thnh "to have P.P. Ex: They rumor that this man was very cruel. ->That man is rumored to have been very cruel. 6.S + see/hear/smell/watch/know/catch + Sb + bare Inf/Ving +(O). ->Sb + be + seen/heard/smelled/watched/known/caught + to V/to be Ving. Ex: People catch him kissing her. He is caught to be kissing her. Ch :S + let + Sb + bare infinitive + (O). -->Sb + be + let + bare inf + O. -->Sb + be + allowed + to V + O. (The same.) Ex: She let him enter the room. ->He was let enter the room.
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->He was allowed to enter the room. 7.V + O or Don't V + O. ->LET + O + be + P.P or DON'T LET + O + be + P.P Ex: Do this! ->Let this be done! Don't do this! Don't let this be done! 8.DON'T LET + Sb + bare inf + you. ->DON'T LET + yourself + be + P.P. Ex: Don't let the others see you. ->Don't let yourself be seen. 9.It + (be) + adj + to V + O. ->It + (be) + adj + for O + to be + P.P Ex: It's very difficult to study English. ->It's very difficult for English to ve studied. 10.It + (be) + my/your/her/his/our/their... + duty + toinf + (O) ->I/You/She/He/We/They + (be) + supposed + toV + (O). Ex: It's thier duty to do this job. ->They are supposed to do this job. 3.Causative Forms!(Dng truyn khin)[/COLOR] Active: S + have + Sb + bare V + St. S + get + sb + to V + St. Passive: S + have/get + St + P.P + (by sb). Example: She always has him do the homework. ->She always has the homework done. They are going to get us to repair the machine. ->They are going to get the machine repaired. USED + INFI 1. NGHA:: Ni v thi quen v tnh trng trong qu kh by gi chm dt Ex: - I used to go to school on time, but now I am always late (chnh xc Sp lun) 2. Cc TRNG HP K DNG Used To: - Ch dng qu kh: He uses to smoke Khng dng ni n vic xy trong qu kh c thi im xc nh, hoc ko di trong
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bao lu, hoc xy ra bao nhiu ln . Ex: * I worked very hard last month. I used to work very hard last month * I lived in Da Nang for 13 years. I used to live in Da Nang for 13 years * I went to Illinois 3 times last summer. I used to go to Illinois 3 times last summer 3. V tr trong cu quyt nh trng thi ngha: * Thn mt: She always used to make a mess in her room. * Trang trng: He used always to be my boss. Used + Infi hon ton khc ngha vi To be Used to + Ving TO BE USED TO + Ving: quen thuc, thnh tho, c nhiu kinh nghim, khng cn xa l vi ... Ex: I am used to living by myself now, but it was hard at first. = It took me a while before I was completely used to living by myself. Get/Become/Grow c th ng trc USED TO + Ving thay cho To BE: ngha hon ton ging nhau: Ex: She will soon get used to driving. Little by little, the daughter in law became used to her new family. Trng hp c bit: USED c dng nh 1 tnh t b sung ngha cho trng t QUITE/VERY: Ex: My father is quite used to his Camry. $$$$ D nh: + Thy Ving sau use(d) => hin ti, ngha l kinh nghim, quen thuc => "to be/get/become/grow" chia hin ti + Thy Infi trc Use(d) => qu kh, thi quen by gi khng cn na => khng c To Be, ch c ng t Use chia qu kh l "Used" +Phn bit cu trc "Be used to" vi th b ng ca ng t "Use". Do c hai t "used" trong hai trng hp ny u dng V2,do ,c th bn s nhm ln v khng phn bit c,"be used to" trong trng hp no mang ngha "present habit",v trng hp no l "passive of use". 1.BE USED TO din t mt "present habit",sau n l mt noun hoc mtGerund: BE USED TO + NOUN/GERUND :My Mum is used to getting early. 2.BE USED TO l dng "passive of USE" th theo sau n l V1. BE USED TO + V1 This book is used to improve my English. hoc: BE USED FOR + Ving This book is used for improving my English. WISH Type 1: FUTURE WISH (Wishes for change in the future) S + WISH + would + V1 +
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(If only) + were +V- ing+ (If only he would come tomorrow) Ex: He will not come tomorrow. I wish he would come tomorrow. She is not coming with us. She wishes she were coming with us. Type 2: PRESENT WISH ( Wishes for present unreal situation) S + WISH + Ved/2/were + ...... (If only) + could +V1 + Ex: I dont have enough time to finish my homework. I wish I had enough time to finish my homework. To be game: C ngh lc, gan d to be gammy for anything: c ngh lc lm bt c ci g To be gasping for liberty: Khao kht t do To be generous with one's money: Rng ri v chuyn tin nong To be getting chronic: Thnh thi quen To be gibbeted in the press: B bu ru trn bo To be ginned down by a fallen tree: B cy To be given over to evil courses: C phm hnh xu To be given over to gambling: am m c bc To be glad to hear sth: Sung sng khi nghe c chuyn g To be glowing with health: hng ho To be going on for: Gn ti, xp x To be going: ang chy To be gone on sb: Yu, say m, phi lng ngi no To be good at dancing: Nhy gii, khiu v gii To be good at games: Gii v nhng cuc chi v th thao
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 To be good at housekeeping: T gia ni tr gii(gii cng vic nh) To be good at numbers: Gii v s hc To be good at repartee: i p lanh li To be good safe catch: (Mt li nh cu bng vt g Anh)Bt cu rt gii To be goody-goody: Gi o c,(c gi)lm ra v o c To be governed by the opinions of others: B nhng kin ngi khc chi phi To be gracious to sb: n cn vi ngi no, l vi ngi no To be grateful to sb for sth, for having done sth: Bit n ngi no lm vic g To be gravelled: Lng tng, khng th p li c To be great at tennis: Gii v qun vt To be great with sb: Lm bn thn thit vi ngi no To be greedy: Tham n To be greeted with applause: c cho n vi trng pho tay To be grieved to see sth: Nhn thy vic g m cm thy xt xa To be guarded in one's speech: Thn trng li ni To be guarded in what you say!: Hy cn thn trong li n ting ni! To be guilty of a crime: Phm mt trng ti To be guilty of forgery: Phm ti gi mo To be gunning for sb: Tm c hi tn cng ai inverted Forms(Cc dng o ng) 1.Khi cu bt u bng nhng t sau,ta thc hin o ng:never/little/seldom/rarely/not only...but also=not only...but...as well/no sooner..than/hardly...when Ex: Normal:She rarely talks about her beauty or fortune Inverted:Rarely does she talk about her beauty or fortune
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2.Khi cu bt u bng ch ONLY: Ex We can see the moon only at night ->Only at night can we see the moon Ch : dng ny,chng ra a t ONLY v cc t lin quan n n ra u cu ri mi thc hin o ng. Nhng t sau y cng c ng dng dng o ng ny:Many/much/little/no+object Ex: She paid no attention to the problem she's in ->No attention to the problem did she pay she's in Cm "..to the problem" c gi l cm lin quan n "no + object"(trng hp ny l no attention). 3.Khi mt cu bt u bng SO...THAT hay SUCH...THAT th chng ta thc hin o ng. Ex: She is so intelligent that she can answer all the question fast. ->So intelligent is shethat she can answer all the question fast. He is such a strong man that he can push a car alone ->Such a strong man is hethat he can push a car alone. Ch : dng o ng ny,chng ta a ch SO hoc SUCH v tt c nhng t trc THAT ln u cu ri mi o ng 4.Cu iu kin loi 2 v loi 3 c o ng bng cch b ch IF i v tr ng t lun c t u cu. Ex: If you had come here yesterday,you would have seen an old friend ->Had you come here yesterday,you would have seen an old friend. 5.Khi mt tnh t,mt hin ti phn t hoc mt qu kh phn t ng vai tr v ng chnh trong cu(predicative)th chng ta thc hin o ng bng cch ly tnh t,hin ti phn t,qu kh phn t ra u cu lm v tr 1,sau vit ng t chnh v tr 2,ri vit phn ch ng v tr 3, Ex: The atmosphere is clean and fresh Clean and freshis the atmosphere Ch :Nhng ng t sau y cng c ng dng dng o ng ny:live/go/come/stand/sit/exist. Ex: The camel comes next. ->Next comes the camel. Comparisons (Cc dng so snh) 1.Equality:(So snh bng) S + V + as + adj/adv + as + N/pronoun S + V + not + so/as + adj/adv + N/Pronoun Ex: +She is as stupid as I/me
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+This boy is as tall as that one (Khng lp li t dng ch ng) Population ofHo Chi Minh city isn't as much as thatof Bangkok. 2.Comparative:(So snh hn) Short Adj:S + V + adj + er + than + N/pronoun Long Adj: S + V + more + adj + than + N/pronoun Ex: She is taller than I/me This bor is more intelligent than that one. Dng khc:S + V + less + adj + than + N/pronoun.(t hn) 3.Superlative:(So snh nht) Short adj:S + V + the + adj + est + N/pronoun Long adj:S + V + the most + adj + N/pronoun. Ex: She is the tallest girl in the village. He is the most gellant boy in class. Dng khc:S + V + the least + adj + N/pronoun(t nht) Ch : 1.Nhng tnh t ngn kt thc bng mt ph m m ngay trc n l nguyn m duy nht th chng ta nhn i ph m ln ri thm "er" trong so snh hn v "est" trong so snh nht.(ex:hot-->hotter/hottest) 2.Nhng tnh t c hai vn,kt thc bng ch "y" th i "y" thnh "i" ri thm "er" trong so snh hn v "est" trong so snh nht(ex:happy-->happier/happiest) 3.Nhng tnh t/trng t c t hai m tr ln gi l tnh t di,mt m gi l tnh t ngn.Tuy nhin,mt s tnh t c hai vn nhng kt thc bng "le","et","ow","er"vn xem l tnh t ngn 4.Cc tnh t so snh bt quy tc th hc thuc lng : good/better/the best bad/worse/the worst many(much)/more/the most little/less/the least far/farther(further)/the farthest(the furthest) 5.Double comparison:(So snh kp) + Same adj: Short adj:S + V + adj + er + and + adj + er Long adj:S + V + more and more + adj Ex: The weather gets colder and colder. (Thi tit cng ngy cng lnh.) His daughter becomes more and more intelligent. (Con gi anh y ngy cng tr nn thng minh)
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+ Different adj: The + comparative + S + V the + comparative + S + V. (The + comparative :The + t dng so snh hn) Ex: The richer she is the more selfish she becomes. (Cng giu,c y cng tr nn ch k hn). The more intelligent he is the lazier he becomes. (Cng thng minh,anh ta cng tr nn li hn.) Dng khc:(cng...cng...) The + S + V + the + comparative + S + V Ex:The more we study the more stupid we feel. Ch : Trong cu so snh kp,nu c tc t l mt danh t th ta t danh t y ngay sau tnh t so snh Ex:The more English vocabularywe know the better we speak. 6.Multiple Numbers Comparison:(So snh gp nhiu ln) S + V + multiple numbers + as + much/many/adj/adv + (N) + as + N/pronoun. multiple numbers:half/twice/3,4,5...times/Phn s/phn trm. Ex: She types twice as fast as I. In many countries in the world with the same job,women only get 40%-50% as much as salary as men. Preposition 1.Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in We use at to designate specific times. The train is due at 12:15 p.m. We use on to designate days and dates. My brother is coming on Monday. We're having a party on the Fourth of July. We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year. She likes to jog in the morning. It's too cold in winter to run outside. He started the job in 1971. He's going to quit in August 2.Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in We use at for specific addresses. Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham. We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. Her house is on Boretz Road. And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents. She lives in Durham. Durham is in Windham County.
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Windham County is in Connecticut. 3.Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on and No Preposition --IN-(the) bed* the bedroom the car (the) class* the library* school* -- AT-class* home the library* the office school* work --ON-the bed* the ceiling the floor the horse the plane the train -- NO PREPOSITION-downstairs downtown inside outside upstairs uptown * You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations. 4.Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition We use to in order to express movement toward a place. They were driving to work together. She's going to the dentist's office this morning. Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you. We're moving toward the light.
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This is a big step towards the project's completion. With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition. Grandma went upstairs Grandpa went home. They both went outside. Prepositions of Time: for and since We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years). He held his breath for seven minutes. She's lived there for seven years. The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries. We use since with a specific date or time. He's worked here since 1970. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty. Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs. Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs. NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS approval of awareness of belief in concern for confusion about desire for fondness for grasp of hatred of hope for interest in love of need for participation in reason for respect for success in understanding of ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS afraid of angry at aware of capable of
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careless about familiar with fond of happy about interested in jealous of made of married to proud of similar to sorry for sure of tired of worried about VERBS and PREPOSITIONS apologize for ask about ask for belong to bring up care for find out give up grow up look for look forward to look up make up pay for prepare for study for talk about think about trust in work for worry about ----A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation. Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle
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argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition compare to to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities) correspond to a thing, with a person differ from an unlike thing, with a person live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people Unnecessary Prepositions In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use them in formal, academic prose. --TO BE-am/is/are -- was/were--been 1.a.Used for personal information: name , age, job, nationality, characteristic ... Dng cho thng tin c nhn nh : tn ,tui , ngh nghip,quc tch, c im ... Ex : I'm Thao. I'm Vietnamese. I'm 16 years old. I'm a student. I'm not tall. b.Used for feelings ( Be + Adj) Dng ch cm gic (Be + tnh t) Ex : I'm very happy when somebody gives me a lot of candies .. c.Used for information about things Dng ch vt Ex : This is my pen The tea is hot. 2.Used in continuous (progressive) verb forms: present continuous, past continuous, future continuous, etc. Dng th tip din : hin ti tip din , qu kh tip dn, tng lai tip din Ex : My mother is cooking now Alice was sleeping when i came yesterday. 3.Use in Passive Voice (Be + P.P) Dng trong cu b ng ( Be + qu kh phn t) Ex: The boy was bitten by the dog Cch dng ng t th c phn ch yu lm 2 trng hp : tr ng t ( auxiliary verbs hay helpings verbs) hoc ng t c bit/ ng t tnh thi (normal verb) A.Cc helping verb hay auxiliary verbs gm c be, do and have Ex: a. Is it raining? b Do you smoke? c. It didn't matter. d. What have you done? e. I realised that I hadn't turned the lights off. CCH DNG :
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1. i vi to Be : ( nh trn) 2. i vi to Do : dng cho cc loi t khc (do/does - did -done) , thng l tr t khi i sang nghi vn hay ph nh . 3.i vi to Have: t ny c nhiu sch khc nhau.C th l Modal verb ( mang ngha "c") hoc tr t (chia "th Hon Thnh ... past perfect , present perfect) B.ng t c bit/ ng t tnh thi (normal verb) gm c will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must v ought to ... a. ng t tnh thi khng dng "-s" khi dng cho ngi th ba. V d: He can speak Vietnamese. She should be here by 9:00. b. Bn dng "not" to hnh thc ph nh cho ng t tnh thi, ngay c Simple Present v Simple Past (ch khng dng do/does/did) . V d: He should not be late. They might not come to the party. c. Nhiu ng t tnh thi khng th dng c th qu kh hay tng li. V d: He will can go with us. NOT CORRECT She musted study very hard. NOT CORRECT d.Khng c hnh thc ni kh gn vi ng t tnh thi nhng khng phi l ng t tnh thi: had better, have to v have got to CCH DNG 1. Khng nh: Subject + Mverb + bare-inf ... 2. Ph nh: Subject + Mverb + not + bare-inf ... 3. Nghi vn: Mverb + Subject + bare-inf ... LU : hin nay mnh khng bit sch ci cch VN sao , ch v nhng t ny th cch ni nhiu sch c khc , cng c ngi cho la to Be hay to Have l t c bit . Ci d tu thy c m cc bn theo , v d n thuc Verb g i na th cch dng cng khng thay i... Articles -----How to use "a","an" and "the" in English ---1. Dng a","an" vi danh t s t c th m c - Danh t m c thng cp v ngi, ni chn hay vt : one girl, two girls ; one city, three cities - Danh t khng m c thng cp v thc th , l tr , s tru tng : water,furniture , knowledge -A thng c dng trc ph m: a tree, a picture , a hand.... -An thng c dng trc nguyn m: an egg, an erase ... -Ch :nhng t bt u bng h hay u c th c coi l ph m hay nguyn m. vd: an hour , a hand, a happy child , an honorable person an umbrella , a uniform
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2.Vi nhng danh t khng m c khng dng "a" , "an" -Mt vi danh t khng m c nh : sugar, gold ,jewelry... khng dng "a" , "an" -Mt vi t c th ng truoc danh t khng m c nh : some paper , any information , a quart of milk , a bar of soap .... 3.Dng "the" vi nhng danh t thng dng,nhng danh t c xc nh a.Danh t c cp trc : vd: A truck loaded with dynamite cut in front of our van. When the truck skidded a few seconds later, we almost plowed into it. b.Cu hay mnh i km vi danh t ng nht : vd: Bob warmed me that the gun on the top shelf of thecupboardwas loaded c.So snh bt nht : vd: Duy is thetallest boy in my class. d.Danh t cp n 1 ngi , 1 ni hay 1 vt duy nht , c bit : vd: During an eclipse, one should not look directly at the sun e.Trong ng cnh hay tnh th danh t r rng , nhm nhn mnh: vd: Please don't slam the door when you leave . --Ch :: khng dng the truc nhng danh t khng m c hay nhng danh t s nhiu , c ngha chung , khi qut vd: the Fountains are an expensive element of landscape design. Trong ng php , mun nm vng th trc ht phi bit cch chia ng t trong cu , nu nm r v bit cu trc th vic vit v c kh n gin hn. Tho xin post vi bi v special problems cua ng t , c vi t khng hiu th Tho type ting anh lun , thng cm nh BECOME FAMILIAR WITH VERBS THAT MAY BE FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES [/COLOR] "Gerund" l ng t c hnh thc "V-ing" v c dng nh 1 danh t :sleeping, dreaming "Infinitive"l hnh thc ca ng t nguyn mu c "to" pha trc : to sleep , to dream.... --V + gerund or infinitive Nhng t thng hay i theo sau vi V-ing hoc V-inf , v ngha khng khc nhau my l : begin , continue, like , start, hate , love.... ex: I love swimming . I love to swim Mt vi t c ngha khc nhau nu sau n l V-ing hay V-inf l : forget , remember,stop,try ... ex: She stopped singing ( ang ht th dng li ) She stopped to sing
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(dng mt vic g bt u ht) --V + gerund Mt vi ng t bt buc ch theo vi V-ing admit , avoid , discuss, miss, recall, finish..... ex: Bill enjoys playing the piano. --V + infinitive Phn ln nhng ng t thng thng km theo V-inf agree, mean, promise , wait, wish ... ex: We plan to visit Caly next week. --V + noun(pronoun) + infinitive Mt vi ng t trong th ch ng th i khi cn danh t hoc i t ( thng l tn ring) gia , sau th mi thm V-inf . advise, command, have, remind, tell, order,encourage ... ex: The class encouraged Luis to tell the story about his escape. --V + noun(pronoun) + unmarked infinitive unmarked infinitive thuc hnh thc V- bare inf , ngha l khng cn "to" i theo . have(cause), let , make ex: please let me pay for the tickets. Cch s dng gii t During = trong sut (hot ng din ra lin tc) From = t >< to = n From ... to ...= t ... n... (dng cho thi gian v ni chn) From time to time = i khi, thnh thong Out of=ra khi><into=vo trong Out of + noun = ht, khng cn Out of town = i vng Out of date=c, lc hu >< up to date = mi, cp nht Out of work = tht nghip, mt vic Out of the question = khng th Out of order = hng, khng hot ng By: ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua (walk by the library) ng t tnh + by = gn (your books are by the window) by + thi gian c th = trc lc, cho n lc (hnh ng cho n lc phi xy ra) by + phng tin giao thng = i bng by then = cho n lc (dng cho c QK v TL) by way of= theo ng... = via by the way = mt cch tnh c, ngu nhin by the way = by the by = nhn y, nhn tin
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by far + so snh (thng l so snh bc nht)=>dng nhn mnh by accident = by mistake = tnh c, ngu nhin >< on purose In = bn trong In + month/year In time for = In good time for = ng gi (thng kp lm g, hi sm hn gi nh mt cht) In the street = di lng ng In the morning/ afternoon/ evening In the past/future = trc kia, trong qu kh/ trong tng lai In future = from now on = t nay tr i In the begining/ end = at first/ last = thot u/ rt cuc In the way = ngang li, chn li Once in a while = i khi, thnh thong In no time at all = trong nhy mt, mt thong In the mean time = meanwhile = cng lc In the middle of (a im)= gia In the army/ airforce/ navy In + the + STT + row = hng th... In the event that = trong trng hp m In case = phng khi, ng nh Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = lin lc, tip xc vi ai On = trn b mt: On + th trong tun/ ngy trong thng On + a/the + phng tin giao thng = trn chuyn/ ln chuyn... On + ph = a ch... (nh B.E : in + ph) On the + STT + floor = tng th... On time = va ng gi (bt chp iu kin bn ngoi, ngha mnh hn in time) On the corner of = gc ph (gia hai ph) Ch : In the corner = gc trong At the corner = gc ngoi/ ti gc ph On the sidewalk = pavement = trn va h Ch : On the pavement (A.E.)= trn mt ng nha (Dont brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car) On the way to: trn ng n >< on the way back to: trn ng tr v On the right/left On T.V./ on the radio On the phone/ telephone = gi in thoi, ni chuyn in thoi On the phone = nh c mc in thoi (Are you on the phone?) On the whole= ni chung, v i th On the other hand = tuy nhin= however Ch :
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On the one hand = mt mt th on the other hand = mt khc th (On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension) on sale = for sale = c bn, bn on sale (A.E.)= bn h gi = at a discount (B.E) on foot = i b At = ti At + s nh At + thi gian c th At home/ school/ work At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gia tra (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late)) At least = ch t, ti thiu >< at most = ti a At once =ngay lp tc At present/ the moment = now Ch : 2 thnh ng trn tng ng vi presently nhng presently se khc nhau v ngha nu n ng cc v tr khc nhau trong cu: Sentence + presently (= soon): ngay tc th ( She will be here presently/soon) Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : ngay sau (Presently, I heard her leave the room) S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toward his Ph.D. degree) At times = i khi, thnh thong At first = thot u >< at last = cui cng At the beginning of / at the end of... = u/ cui (dng cho thi gian v a im). At + tn cc ngy l : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving... Nhng on + tn cc ngy l + day = on Christmas day ... Trong dng informal E., on trc cc th trong tun i khi b lc b: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun. morning. At/in/on thng c khng dng trong cc thnh ng ch thi gian khi c mt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all At + a im : at the center of the building At + nhng a im ln (khi xem n nh mt ni trung chuyn hoc gp g): The plane stopped 1 hour at Washington D.C. before continuing on to Atlanta. At + tn cc to nh ln (khi xem nh 1 hnh ng s xy ra ch khng cp n to nh) : There is a good movie at the Center Theater. At + tn ring cc t chc: She works at Legal & General Insurence. At + tn ring ni cc trng s hoc khu vc i hc: She is studying at the London school of Economics. At + tn cc hot ng qui t thnh nhm: at a party/ lecture... Mt s cc thnh ng dng vi gii t On the beach: trn b bin
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Along the beach: dc theo b bin In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay v. For the most part: chnh l, ch yu l = mainly. In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = vi hi vng l. off and on: dai dng, ti hi all of a sudden= suddenly = bng nhin for good = forever: vnh vin, mi mi. chuyn i v tr tn ng trc tip v gin tip C hai cch s dng tn ng ca mt ngoi ng t m ngha ca cu khng thay i. Tn ng gin tip (indirect object) l tn ng ch vt hoc ngi m hnh ng xy ra i vi (hoc dnh cho) vt hoc ngi . Tn ng trc tip (direct object) l ngi hoc vt u tin nhn tc ng ca hnh ng. Tn ng gin tip c th ng sau tn ng trc tip, ngn cch bi mt gii t hoc cng c th ng trc tn ng trc tip (m khng c gii t). Gii t thng dng y l for v to. V d: I gave the book to Jim. The book l tn ng trc tip v hnh ng u tin l hnh ng cm ly quyn sch trong tay v hnh ng th hai (gin tip) l a n cho Jim. Khi mun i v tr gia tn ng trc tip v tn ng gin tip, ta s dng mt trong hai cng thc sau: Subject + verb + direct object + [for / to] + indirect object I gave the book to Jim. The little boy brought some flowers for his grandmother. He lent his car to his brother Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object I gave Jim the book. The little boy brought his grandmother some flowers. He lent his brother his car. Mt s trong cc t trn c th dng c c vi for v to, mt s khc ch dng vi mt trong 2 gii t. Ch rng trong cng thc th hai nu trn, khi tn ng gin tip ng trc tn ng trc tip th khng dng gii t gia chng: ng: The director's secretary sent them the menuscript last night. Sai: The director's secretary sent to them the menuscript last night. Nu c tn ng trc tip v gin tip u l i t th ch c dng cng thc th nht, khng dng cng thc 2: ng: They gave it to us. Sai: They gave us it. Ch : Hai ng t introduce (gii thiu ai vi ai) v mention ( cp n ci g trc mt ai) lun dng cng vi gii t to nn chng khng cho php chuyn i v tr hai tn ng trc tip v gin tip. I introduce John to Dr. Tim.
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I introduce Dr. Tim to John. He mentions the party to me. Cu trc tip v cu gin tip Trong cu trc tip thng tin i t ngi th nht n thng ngi th hai (ngi th nht ni trc tip vi ngi th hai). He said "I bought a new motorbike for myself yesterday". Trong cu gin tip thng tin i t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n vi ngi th ba. Khi cu c bin i v mt ng php. He said he had bought a new motorbike for himself the day before. bin i mt cu trc tip sang cu gin tip cn: 1. i ch ng v cc i t nhn xng khc trong cu trc tip theo ch ng ca thnh phn th nht. 2. Li ng t v th 2 xung mt cp so vi lc ban u. 3. Bin i cc i t ch th, ph t ch thi gian v a im theo bng qui nh. A.BNG I NG T Direct speech ----> Indirect speech Simple present -> Simple Past Present progressive -> Past progressive Present perfect (Progressive) -> Past perfect (Progressive) Simple past -> Past perfect Will/Shall -> would/ should Can/May -> Could/might B.BNG I CAC I T CH TH,PH T CH A IMR V THI GIAN Today -> That day Yesterday -> The day before The day before yesterday -> two day before Tomorrow -> The next/ the following day The day after tomorrow -> In two days' time Next + Time -> The following + Time Last + Time -> The previous + Time Time + ago -> Time + before This, these -> That, those Here, Overhere -> There / overthere Nu li ni v hnh ng xy ra cng ngy th khng cn phi i thi gian. At breakfast this morning he said "I will be busy today". At breakfast this morning he said he would be busy today. Cc suy lun logic v mt thi gian tt nhin l cn thit khi li ni c thut li sau mt hoc hai ngy. (On Monday) He said " I'll be leaving on Wednesday "
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(On Tuesday) He said he would be leaving tomorrow. (On Wednesday) He said he would be leaving today. Cu Trc o Ng Trong Ting Anh Cng nh trong rt nhiu th ngn ng khc, o ng l mt hin tng ng php ph bin trong ting Anh. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng o ng nhm nhn mnh mc ch ni hoc lm tng tnh trang trng ca cu vn. 1. o v tr ch ng v ng t chnh ( Subject - verb inversion) v d : Here comes the rain ( Cn ma sp n ) Once upon a time, there lived a king. 2.o v tr ch ng v tr ng t/ ng t khuyt thiu ( Subject-operator inversion) vd Never did I see him so angry. ( Ti cha bao gi thy anh ta gin d nh vy) 3 Cu trc o ng trong cu n hoc trong mt mnh . a / o ng trong cu bt u bng nhng ph t mang ngha ph nh Trong ting Anh, c mt s ph t c dng ph nh hoc mang ngha ph nh tuy khng dng tng minh ( initinal negative averbial/ Initial Semi- Negative Adverbial) v d nh : Initinal negative Adverbials Never; Never + another averbial; In/ under no circumstances, On no account , In no case, At no time, Not once, Not since ...., Initial semi-negative Adverbials Seldom, rarely, Hardly, Litter, Only +after/ by/ once/ in/ during/ at/ when / with/ as/ then .... Nhng ph t c bit ny thng ng u cu. Khi , ta c cu trc o ng : A.N + Operator + Subject + main Verb ... quan st mt s v d c th ta s thy r hn. Under no circumstances should you lend him the money. (Trong bt c hon cnh no cng khng c cho anh ta vay tin ) On no account must this switch be touched .(D bt c l do no cng khng c ng vo ci cng tc ny)
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In no way could I agree with you. ( Ti khng sao c th ng vi anh) no means does he intend to criticize your idea. ( Anh ta hon ton khng c nh ph phn kin ca bn. ) Seldom did we have any time to ourselves. ( t khi chng ta c thi gian cho ring mnh ) Rarely has he take such a good exam. ( Ch my khi hn ta thi tt nh th) Hardly ever did she agreed to go to the cinema in the evening. ( Hu nh chng bao gi c ta c cho php i xem phim vo bui ti ) Ta c th thy trong tt c cc v d trn, tnh " ph nh" ca cu c nhn mnh. b/ o ng sau cc ph t ch phng hng, a im, trt t v thi gian. Khi cu n (mnh ) m u bng cc trng ng ch ni chn, trt t, a im hoc thi gian th ng t chnh c th o ln trn ch ng, nhng nh rng tuyt i khng s dng tr ng t trong trng hp ny. Adverbial phrase of place/order/time + m.Verb + S (no auxiliary) Xt cc v d di y. Two women were talking outside the house. Outside the house were talking two women. ( Pha trc to nh l hai ngi ph n ang ni chuyn ) The police came first, then the ambulance came [First came the police, then came the ambulance. ( n u tin l cnh st, sau l xe cu thng) Trong 2 cch din t cng mt s vic v d th 2, ta thy cch th nht mang tnh cht lit k s vic, trong khi cch th 2 nhn mnh n th t ca hnh ng, chnh l tc dng m o ng em li. Mt ng t lun dng dng o ng khi cu bt u bng mt ph t ch ni chn, a im l ng t be V d In front of the museum is the post office. Ngoi ra, mt s ng t khc cng hay c o ln trc ch ng khi cu bt u bng mt ph t ch ni chn, a im, l climb, come, fly, go, hang, lie, run, sit, stand Tuy nhin ch rng, chng ta khng dng dng o ng vi ch ng l mt i t. V d c th ni :
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In the armchair sat a woman. ( Trn gh bnh l mt ngi ph n ) ch khng th ni : In the armchair sat she. Trong giao tip thng thng, o ng thng xut hin sau cc ph t nh here, there v cc ph t khc nh back, down, in, off, up, round, out, ect. Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. ( Ma xung v d ging ln ) c/ o ng sau " so.. that" ; " such... that" ( qu .. n ni) Cu trc thng thy khi s dng so... that l Subject +main verb + so + adj + that + .... V d: He was so intelligent that he can complete all the homework in only a half an hour. ( Anh ta thng minh n mc c th hon thnh tt c bi tp v nh ch trong vng na gi ) Th nhng, khi cn nhn mnh mt cch c bit vo ngha ca tnh t, chng ta c th t So + tnh t ln u cu. Khi , hoc ng t chnh s chuyn ln trc ch ng, hoc tr ng t s chuyn ln trc ch ng. So + adj + main verb + subject + that ... V d : So successful was her business, that Marie was able to retire soon. ( qu thnh cng trong kinh doanh nn Marie c th v hu sm ) So + adj + auxiliary + subject + main veb + that + ... So dangerous did the weather condition become that all mountain roads were closed. ( iu kin thi tit qu nguy him n ni tt c cc con ng ln ni u b ng ) Cng ging nh trong cu trc So.. that, khi cn nhn mnh n tnh cht ca ca ch ng, ngi ta cng c th dng o ng trong cu trc Such... that. Khi , Such c a ln u cu, tip l ng t be. V d Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night. ( S yu thch ca cng chng vi v kch ln n ni, nh ht hu nh cht nch trong tt c cc m ). d/ o ng trong cu tng thut trc tip . Trong khi tng thut trc tip mt on hi thoi, chng ta thng gp nhng cu nh : " Nice to meet you" said Bill. (thay cho "..." Bill said) ( "Hn hnh c gp anh" Bill ni ) hoc " Shut up, please " shouted the woman ( thay cho "...." the woman shouted) ( " Cm mm ", ngi ph n qut ) Trong cc v d trn, ng t chnh c o ln trc ch ng, l hin tng o ng thng gp trong cc cu tng thut, c bit l trong vn vit.
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e/ Nhng trng hp khc Bn cnh 2 cu trc o ng chnh trnh by, ta cng thng gp mt s dng " o ng" khng chnh thc khc. Trong phn ny, chng ta s im qua 2 dng thng gp. - o v tr ph t ng vai tr b ngha cho ng t chnh Trong dng thc chun ca cu n (hoc mnh ), ta thy, ph t b ngha cho ng t chnh thng ng cui : ( S-V-A hoc S-V-Od-A). Tuy nhin, trong 1 s trng hp, ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng m n c o ln u cu nhm nhn mnh vo tnh cht hnh ng ca ch ng. Khi , cu trc ng php s thay i, sau ph t u cu l ch ng, tr ng t ( nu c ) v ng t chnh. Adverb - Subject - Verb + ... Quan st v d sau y, Very carefully, she drives. ( C y li xe rt cn thn) So snh vi dng quen thuc : " She drives very carefully", ta thy, ph t " very carefully " c o ln u cu, v y, cch hnh ng ca ch th c nhn mnh. iu c th hin tng t trong cu. Again it worked hay Very fast, he takes his gun and shoots. (Rt nhanh, anh ta rt sng v bn ) - o v tr nh ng b ngha cho ch ng.( Complement of subject) Trong dng cu ny, nh ng b ngha cho ch ng (complement of subject) thng ng cui cu ( S-V-C ), nhng khi cn thit c th c o ln u cu vi tc dng nhn mnh. Complement of subject + Subject + main verb +... ( Tnh t b ngha cho ch ng + ch ng + ng t chnh ) Yellow, it was. (Ci mu vng) Sandra her name is. ( Tn c y l Sandra) 4Cc trng hp o ng khc trong cu ghp, cu phc v cu phc hp kp. a/ "Neither..." v "nor ..." Trong cu ghp c cha " neither.." hoc " nor..." , th mnh c cha "neither.." v "nor.." c s dng dng o ng vi cu trc nh sau : Negative clause, neither/ nor + operator + S + (main V). V d She doesn't play the guitar and neither do I. ( C y khng chi ghita, v ti cng vy ) He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow. ( Anh ta khng c tin, m anh ta cng chng bit vay ai. )
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b/ o ng trong cc cu so snh vi "as" v than" Trong cc cu so snh mang tinh cht trang trng, c bit l trong vn vit, ngi ta c th o v tr ca ch ng v ng t chnh trong mnh ng sau "as" hoc "than", khi , ta c cu trc o ng. The first subject + main verb + Adverb, as/ then + main verb + the second Subject Quan st 2 cch din t cho cng mt vn di y, cch th nht s dng cu trc ng php thng thng, cch th hai s dng o ng. The cake was execellent, as the coffee was. The cake was execellent, as was the coffee. ( Mn bnh tht tuyt vi v c f cng vy ) Research shows that children living in villages watch more television than their couterparts do in inner city areas. Research shows that children living in villages watch more television than do their couterparts in inner city areas. ( Nghin cu ch ra rng tr em sng ti lng qu xem v tuyn nhiu hn nhng a tr cng la sng ti khu vc thnh th ) Trong cch din t th hai ( c s dng o ng ), cu vn trang trng hn, ng thi, mc ch so snh c nhn mnh hn. Cc cu trc o ng ny c bit hay s dng trong vn hc, tuy nhin ch rng, khng s dng chng nu ch ng th hai l mt i t. V d C th ni Trang's sister was very pretty, as was Trang . Nhng khng th ni Trang's sister was pretty, as was she. c/ o ng trong cu iu kin Trong mt s cu iu kin, nu ng t th nht trong mnh iu kin if l should, were hoc had, chng ta c th lc b if v t ng t u mnh , sau l ch ng v ng t chnh. Xt mt s v d th hin iu . If any of this should cost anything, send me the bill. Should any of this cost anything, send me the bill. (Nu anh phi tr bt k mt chi ph no cho vic ny, xin c gi ho n cho ti) If they hasn't rushed Dan to hospital, he would have died. Had they not rushed Dan to hospital, he would have died. ( Nu h khng a gp Dan vo bnh vin, c l anh ta cht ) d/ o ng kiu " cu xen vo gia " (parenthetical statements ) Trc ht, quan st mt s v d sau y. This, he told her, was the end. ( y ( anh y ni vi c ta ) l s chm dt ) Greatmen, it is true, are sometimes very careless about their appearance.
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(Tht s l nhng v nhn i khi rt cu th v b ngoi ca h ) History, we know, is apt to repeat herseft. ( Lch s, nh chng ta bit, hon ton ca th ti din ) Sincerity, I think, is better than grace ( Ti ngh s chn tht th tt hn kiu cch ) Ta thy rng, i khi, lm r ngha cho ch ng hoc a ra mt nhn xt tc thi no v ngha ca cu, ngi ta c th xen vo gia cu trc ch ng - v ng chnh ca cu mt mnh . l cu trc Cu xen vo gia ( Parenthetical Statements ) trong ting Anh. Mnh b sung nht thit phi t trong 2 du phy hoc 2 du gp ngang phn bit vi cu trc chnh ca cu Main Subject, parenthetical statement , Main Verb + ect Cu trc ny hay c s dng trong vn vit v c tc dng chnh l a ra nhn xt ca ngi vit v vn a ra hoc lm r ngha cho ch ng. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES A gerund = the -ing form of a verb An ninitive = to + the simple form of verb 1/ USING GERUNDS AS THE OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS: (a)We talked about going to Canada for our vacation. (b)Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting. (c)I'm interested in learning more about your work (d)I'm used to sleeping with the window open. (e)I'm accustomed to sleeping with the window open. (f)I look forward to going home next month. (g)They object to changing their plans at this late date. ---> In (d) through (g): to is a preposition, not part of an infinitive form; so a greund follows (h)We talked about not going to the meeting, but finally decided we should go. ---> Negative form: not precedes a gerund Note: Cu (e) trong Britisg English c th vit: I'm accustomed to sleep with the window open. 2/ COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS (a) I enjoy playing tennis ---> Gerunds are used as the objects of certain verbs. In (a), enjoy is followed by a gerund (playing). enjoy is not followed by an infinitive. INCORRECT: I enjoy to play tennis. Common verbs that are followed by gerunds are given in the list below.
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(b) Joe quit smoking (c) Joe gave up smoking ---> (b) and (c) have the same meaning. Some two-word verbs, e.g., give up[/B], are followed by gerunds. These two-word verbs are given in parentheses in the list below VERB + GERUND enjoy appreciate mind quit (give up) finish (get through) stop avoid postpone (put off) delay keep (keep on) consider (think about) discuss (talk about) mention suggest 3/ GO + GERUND (a) Did you go shopping? (b) We went fishing yesterday. ---> Go[/B] is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for the most part, recreational activities GO + GERUND go birdwatching go boating go bowling go camping go canoeing go dancing go fishing go hiking go hunting go jogging go mountain climbing go running go sailing go shopping
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go sightseeing go shaking go skiing go sledding go swimming go tobogganing go window shopping 4/ COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES VERB + INFINITIVE (a) I hope to see again soon (b) He promised to be here by ten (c) He promised not to be late VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE (d) Mr. Lee told me to be here at ten o'clock. (e) The police ordered the driver to stop. ---> Some verbs are followed by a (pro)noun and then an infinitive. See Group B below (f) I was told to be here at ten o'clock. (g) The driver was ordered to stop. ---> These verbs are fllowed immediately by an infinitive when they are used in passive (h) I expect to pass the test (i) I expect Mary to pass the test ---> Ask, expext, would like, want, and need may or may not be followed by a (pro)noun object. GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE hope to plan to intend to decide to promise to agree to offer to refuse to seem to appear to pretend to ask to expect to would like to want to
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need to GROUP B: VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE tell someone to advise someone to encourage someone to remind someone to invite someone to permit someone to allow someone to warn someone to require someone to order someone to force someone to ask someone to expext someone to would like someone to want someone to need someone to A gerund is used after advise[/B](active) if there is no (pro)noun object. COMPARE: (1) He advised buying a Fiat (2) He advised me to buy a Fiat. I was advised to buy a Fiat 5/ COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVE OR GERUNDS[/B] Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with no difference in meaning, as in Group A below, and sometimes with a difference meanning, as in Group B below. GROUP A: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND (WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING) The verbs in Group A may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning begin start like continue like love prefer hate can't stand can't bear
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(a) It began to rain./ It began raining (b) I started to work./ I started working (c) It was beginning to rain ---> In (a): There is no difference between "began to rain" and "began raining" If the main verb are in progressive, an infinitive(not a gerund) is usually used. GROUP B: VERB + INFINITIVE OR GERUND(WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING) The verbs in Group B may be followed by an infinitive or a gerund, but the meaning is different. remember regret forget try (d) Judy was always remember to lock the door (e) Sam often forgets to lock the door (f) I remember seeing the Alps for the first time. The sight was impressive (g) I'll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time. ---> Remember + infinitive[/I] = remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task, as in (d) Forget + infinitive[/I] = remember to perform responsibility, duty, or task, as in (e) Remember + gerund[/I] = remember(recall) something that happened in the past, as in (f) Forget + gerund[/I] = forget something that happened in the past, as in (g) (**) (h) I regret to tell you that you failed the test (i) I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back. ---> Regret + infinitive[/I] = regret to say, to tell someone, to inform someone of some bad news, as in (h) Regret + gerund[/I] = regeret something that happened in the past, as in (i) (j) I'm trying to learn English (k) The room was hot. I tried opening the window, but that didn't help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner ---> Try + infinitive[/I] = make an effort, as in (j) Try + gerund[/I] = experiment with a new or different approach to see if it works, as in (k) --------------------------------Notice the patterns with prefer: prefer + gerund: I prefer staying home to going to the concert prefer + infinitive: I prefer to stay home than (to) go to the concert. (**) Forget[/b] followed by a gerund usually occurs in a negative sentence or in a quesion: e.g.: I'll never forget, I can't forget, Have you ever forgotten, and Can you ever forget can be followed by a gerund phrase 6/ REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
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1. admit e.g.: He admitted stealing the money 2. advise e.g.: She advised waiting until tomorrow 3. anticipate e.g.: I anticipate having a good time on vacation 4. aprreciate e.g.: I appreciated hearing form them 5. avoid e.g.: He avoided answering my question 6. complete e.g.: I finally completed writing my term paper 7. consider e.g.: I will consider going with you 8. delay e.g.: He delayed leaving for school 9. deny e.g.: He denied committing the crime 10. discuss e.g.: They discussed opening a new business 11. dislike e.g.: I dislike driving long distance. 12. enjoy e.g.: We enjoyed visiting them 13. finish e.g.: She finished studying about ten 14. forget e.g.: I'll never forget visiting Napoleon's tomb. 15. can't help e.g.: I can't help worrying about it. 16. keep e.g.: I keep hoping he will come 17. mention e.g.: She mentioned going to a movie 18. mind e.g.: Would you mind helping me with this? 19. miss e.g.: I miss being with my family 20. postpone e.g.: Let's postpone leaving until tomorrow! 21. pratice e.g.: The athlete praticed throwing the ball.
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22. quit e.g.: He quit trying to solve the problem 23. recall e.g.: I don't recall meeting him before 24. recollect e.g.: I don't recollect meeting him before 25. recommend e.g.: She recommended seeing the show 26. regret e.g.: I regret telling him my secret 27. remember e.g.: I can remember meeting him when I was a child. 28. resend e.g.: I resend her interfering in my business 29. resist e.g.: I couldn't resist eating the dessert 30. risk e.g.: She risks losing all of her money 31. stop e.g.: She stopped going to classes when got sick 32. suggest e.g.: She suggested going to the movie 33. tolerate e.g.: Shw won't tolerate cheating during an examination 34. understand e.g.: I don't understand his leaving school 7/ REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE 1. afford e.g.: I can't afford to buy it. 2. agree e.g.: They agreed to help us. 3. appear e.g.: She appears to be tired. 4. arrange e.g.: I'll arrange to meet you at the airport. 5. ask e.g.: He asked to come with us. 6. beg e.g.: He begged to come with us. 7. care
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e.g.: I don't care to see that show. 8. claim e.g.: She claims to know a famous movie star. 9. consent e.g.: She finally consented to marry him. 10. decide e.g.: I [bhave decided to leave</B> on Monday. 11. demand e.g.: I demand to know who is responsible. 12. deserve e.g.: She deserves to win the prize. 13. expect e.g.: I expect to enter graduate school in the fall. 14. fail e.g.: She failed to return the book to the library on time. 15. forget e.g.: I forgot to mail the letter. 16. hesitate e.g.: Don't hesitate to ask for my help. 17. hope e.g.: Jack hopes to arrive next week. 18. learn e.g.: He learned to playthe piano. 19. manage e.g.: She managed to finish work early. 20. mean e.g.: I didn't mean to hurt your feeling. 21. need e.g.: I need to have your opinion. 22. offer e.g.: They offered to help us.problem 23. plan e.g.: I am planning to have a party. 24. prepare e.g.: We prepared to welcome them. 25. pretend e.g.: She pretends not to understand. 26. promise e.g.: I promise not to be late 27. refuse e.g.: I refuse to bielieve his story. 28. regret e.g.: I regret to tell you that you failed
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29. remember e.g.: I remembered to lock the door 30. seem e.g.: That cat seems to be friendly. 31. struggle e.g.: I struggled to stay awake. 32. swear e.g.: She swore to tell the truth. 33. threaten e.g.: She threatened to tell my parents. 34. volunteer e.g.: He volunteered to help us. 35. wait e.g.: I will wait to hear from you. 36. want e.g.: I want to tell you something. 37. wish e.g.: She wishes to come with us. B. VERBS FOLLOWED BY A (PRO)NOUN + AN INFINITIVE 38. advise e.g.: She advised me to wait until tomorrow. 39. allow e.g.: She allowed me to use her car. 40. ask e.g.: I asked John to help us. 41. beg e.g.: They negged us to come. 42. cause e.g.: Her laziness caused her to fail. 43. challenge e.g.: She challenged me to race her to the corner. 44. convince e.g.: I couldn't convince him to accept our help. 45. dare e.g.: He dared me to do better than he had done. 46. encourage e.g.: He encouraged me to try again. 47. expect e.g.: I expect you to be on time. 48. forbid e.g.: I forbid you to tell him. 49. force
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e.g.: They forced him to tell the truth. 50. hire e.g.: She hired the boy to mow the lawn. 51. instruct e.g.: He instructed them to be careful. 52. invite e.g.: Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party. 53. need e.g.: We needed Chris to help us figure out the solution. 54. order e.g.: The judge ordered me to pay a fine. 55. permit e.g.: He permitted the children to stay up late. 56. persuade e.g.: I persuaded him to come for a visit. 57. remind e.g.: She reminded me to lock the door. 58. require e.g.: Our teacher requires us to be on time. 59. teach e.g.: My brother taught me to swim. 60. tell e.g.: The doctor told me to take these pills. 61. urge e.g.: I urged her to apply fot the job. 62. want e.g.: I want you to be happy. 63. warn e.g.: I warned you not to drive too fast. 8/ USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE (a) Riding with a drunk driver is dangerous. ---> A gerund is frequently used as the subject of a sentence, as in (a). (b) To ride with a drunk driver is dangerous. (c) It[/B] is dangerous to ride[/B] with a drunk driver. ---> Sometimes an infinitive is used as the subject of a sentence, as in (b). However, an infinitive is more commonly used with it[/I], as in (c). The work it[/I] refers to and have the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence. ---------------------------Sometimes a gerund is used with it[/I] when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and want to give the idea of "while": Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. = We were in danger while we were riding with him.
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9/ INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE: IN ORDER TO (a) He came here in order to study English. (b) He came here to study English. ---> In order to[/I] is used to express purpose. It answers the question "Why?". In order is often omitted, as in (b) (c) INCORRECT: He came here for studying English. (d) INCORRECT: He came here for for to English. (e) INCORRECT: He came here for study English. ---> To express purpose, use (in order) to[/B] not for[/I], with a verb (f) I went to the store for some bread. (g) I went to the store to buy some bread. ---> For[/I] is sometimes used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object, as in (f) ------------------------------(*)Exception: The phrase be used for[/I] expresses the typical or general purposr of a thing. In this case, the perposition for[/I] is followed by a gerund: A saw is used for cutting wood. Also possible: A saw is used to cut wood. However, to talk about a particular thing and a particular situation, be used + an infinitive is used: A chain saw was used to cut down the old oak tree. (INCORRECT: A chain saw was used for cutting down the old oak tree.) 10/ ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES (a) We were sorry to hear the bad news. (b) I was surprised to see Tim at the meeting. ---> Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives, as in (a) and (b). In general, these adjectives describe a person (or persons), not a thing. Many of these adjectives desribe a person's feeling or attitudes SOME COMMON ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES glad to happy to pleased to delighted to content to relieved to lucky to fortunate to sorry to sad to
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upset to disappointed to proud to ashamed to ready to prepared to anxious to eager to willing to motivated to determined to careful to hesitant to reluctant to afraid to surprised to amazed to astonished to shocked to stunned to ------------------------------The expressions with asterisks are usually followed by infinitives phrases with verb such as: see, learn, discover, find out, hear.[/I] 11/ USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH (a) That box is too heavy for me to lift. COMPARE: (b) That box is very heavy, but I can lift it. ---> In the speaker's mind, the use of too[/I] implies a negative result. In (a): too heavy[/I] = It is impossible for me to lift that box In (b): very heavy[/I] = It is possible but difficult for me to lift that box. (c) I am strong enough to lift that box. I can lift it. (d) I have enough strength to lift that box. (e) I have strength enough to lift that box. ---> Enough follows an adjective, as in (c) Enough may precede a noun, sa in (d), or follows a noun, as in (e) 12/ PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS
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- PASSIVE INFINITIVE: to be + past participle[/I] (a) I didn't expect to be invited to his party. ---> In (a): to be invited[/I] is passive. The understood "by[/I] phrase" is "by him": I didn't expect to be invited by him - PASIVE GERUND: being + past participle [/I] (b) I appreciated being invited[/I] to your home. ---> In (b): being invited[/I] is passive. The understood "by[/I] phrase" is "by him": I appreciated being invited by you. - PAST INFINITIVE: to have + past participle (c) The rain seems to have stopped.[/I] ---> The event expressed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened before the time of the main verb. In (c): The rain seems now to have stopped a few minutes ago -PAST GERUND: having + past participle (d) I appreciate having had[/I] the opportunity to meet the king. ---> In (d): I met the king yeaterday. I appreciate now having had the opportunity to meet the king yesterday. - PASS-PASSVIE INFINITIVE: to have been + past participle (e) Jane is fortunate to have been given[/I] a scholarship. ---> In (e): Jane was given a scholarship last month by her government. She is fortunate. Jane is fortunate now to have been given a scholarship last month by her government. - PAST-PASSVIE GERUND: having been + past participle (f) I appreciate having been told the news. ---> In (f): I was told the news yesterday by someone. I appreciate that. I appreciate now having been told the news yesterday by someone.[/size] 13/ USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES FOLLOWING NEED (a) I need to borrow[/I] some money (b) John needs to be told[/I] the truth ---> Usually an infinitive follows need[/I], as in (a) and (b) (c) The house needs painting[/I] (d) The house needs to be painted[/I] ---> In certain situation, a gerund may follow need[/I]. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning. Usually the situation involve fixing or improving something. (c) and (d) have the same meaning
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14/ USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND[/B] [/B] We came to class late. Mr. Lee complained about that fact (a) FORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about our coming[/I] to class late (b) INFORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about us coming[/I] to class late. ---> In formal English, a possessive pronoun (e.g., [n]our</B>) is used to modify a gerund, as in (a) In informal English, the object form (e.g., us[/I]) is frequenly used, as in (b) (c) FORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about Mary's coming[/I] to class late (d) INFORMAL: Mr. Lee complained about Mary coming[/I] to class late. ---> In very formal English, a possessive noun (e.g., [n]Mary's[/b]) is used to modify a gerund The possessive form is often NOT used in informal English, as in (d)[/COLOR] -----------------------------------------------"coming to class late" occur before "Mr. Lee comlained", so a past gerund is also possible: Mr. Lee complained about our having come to class late. 15/ USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION (a) I saw[/I] my firend run[/I] down the street. (b) I saw[/I] my firend running[/I] down the street. (c) I heard[/I] the rain fall[/I] on the roof.. (d) I heard[/I] the rain falling[/I] on the roof.. ---> Ceratin verbs of perception are followed by either the simple form the the -ing[/I] form (**) of the verb. There is usually little difference in meaning between the 2 forms except that the -ing[/I] form usually gives the idea of while. In (b): I swa my friend while she was running down the street. (e) I heard[/I] the famous opera star sing[/I] at the concert last night. (f) When I walked into the apartment, I heard[/I] my roomate singing[/I] in the shower. ---> Sometines(not always) there is a clear difference using the simple form or the -ing[/I] form. In (e): I heard the singing form beginning to end. In (f): The singing was in progress when I heard it. VERBS OF PERCEPTION FOLLOWED BY THE SIMPLE FORM OR THE ING FORM see notice watch look at observe
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hear listen to feel smell ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The simple form of a verb = the infinitive without to. INCORRECT: I saw my friend to run down the street. (**) The ing[/I] form refers to the present participle. 16/ USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP[/B] [/B] (a) My father let[/I] me drive[/I] his car. (b) I let[/I] my friend borrow[/I] my bicycle. ---> Let[/I] is always followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (INCORRECT: My father let me to drive his car) (c) My brother helped[/I] me wash[/I] my car. (d) My brother helped[/I] me to wash[/I] my car. ---> Help[/I] is often followed by the simple of a verb, as in (c). An infinitive is also possible, as in (d). Both (c) and (d) are correct. [/B][/size] 17/ USING CAUSATIVE VERBS: MAKE, HELP, GET (a) I made my brother carry my suitcase. (b) I had my brother carry my suitcase. (c) I got my brother carry my suitcase. FORM: X makes Y do something. (simple form) X has Y do something. (simple form) X gets Y to do something. (infinitive) ---> Make, help and get can be used to express the idea that X causes Y to do something. When they are used as causative verbs, their meaning are similar but not identical. In (a): My brother had no choice. I insisted that he carry my suitcase. In (b): My brother carried my suitcase simply because I asked him to. In (c): I managed to persuade my brother to carry my suitcase. (d) Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room. (e) Sad movies make me cry. ---> Causative make is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (INCORRECT: She made him to clean his room). Make gives the idea that X forces Y to do something. In (d): Mrs. Lees son had no choice
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(f) I had the plumber repair the leak. (g) Jane had the waiter bring her some tea. ---> Causative have is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive. (INCORRECT: I had the plumber to repair the leak). Have gives the idea that X requests Y to do something. In (f): The plumber repaired the leak because I asked him to. (h) The students got the teacher to dismiss class early. (i) Jack got his friend to play soccer with him after school. ---> Causative get is followed by an infinitive. Get gives the idea that X persuades Y to do something. In (h): The student managed to persuade the teacher to let them leave early. (j) I had my watch repaired (by someone). (k) I got my watch repaired (by someone). ---> The past participle is used after have and get give a passive meaning. In this case, there is usually little or no difference in meaning between have and get. In (j) and (k): I caused my watch to be repaired by someone. 18/ SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS FOLLOWED BY THE -ING FORM OF A VERB[/B] [/B] (a) We had fun We have a good time + playing volleyball (b) I had trouble I had difficulty I had a hard time I had a difficult time + finding his house ---> have fun + -ing have a good time + -ing have trouble + -ing have difficulty + -ing have a hard time + -ing have a diddicult time + -ing (c) Sam spends most of his time studying. (d) I waste a lot of time watching TV. ---> spend + expression of time or money + -ing waste + expression of time or money + -ing (e) She sat at her desk writing a letter. (f) I stood there wondering what to do next. (g) He is lying in bed reading a novel. --->
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sit + expresion of place + -ing stand + expresion of place + -ing lie + expresion of place + -ing (h) When I walked into my office, I found Geogre using my telephone. (i) When I walked into my office, I caught a thief looing through my desk drawers. ---> find + (pro)noun + -ing catch + (pro)noun + -ing In (h) and (i): Both catch and find mean "discover". Catch expressed anger or displeasure. nhng ng t d gy nhm ln Cc ng t ny rt d gy nhm ln v mt ng ngha ,chng t hoc pht m ,cn phn bit chng bng ng cnh c th To rise-dng ln(khng cn tn ng) Ex:the sun rises early in the summer. To raise:nang ai ,cai gi len(can tan ngu) Ex:the students raise their hands in class To lie: ti ,nm -To lie in: ti ni no -To lie down:nm xung -To lie on:nm trn ng t ny rt d nhm vi to lie(ni di) phi phn bit n vi to lie trong mu cu:to lie to smb Ex:the university li in the Western section of town. TO LAY:t ai ln b mt _to lay on ;t trn -To lay in:t vo -To lay down:t xung LU :nguyn th &hin ti ca ng t ny d nhm ln vi thi qu kh cua TO LIE Ex:Don't lay your clothes on the bed TO SIT:ngi -^To sit down:ngi xung -To sit on:ngi trn -To sit in:ngi trong Ex:we are going to sit in the fifth row at the opera. TO SET: t ng t ny rt d nhm pht m vi TO SIT Ex:Don't set the chocolate near the over or it will melt COMPARE: COME ANG GO 1.We use 'come' for movements to the place where the speaker or hearer is We use 'go' for movements to other places Ex: Whent did you come to live here?
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Can i come and sit on your lap? 2.We can use 'come ' for a movement to a place where the speak or the listener was or will be . Compare: What time did i come to see you in the office yesterday? About ten was it ? I went to your office yesterday, but you weren't in BRING AND TAKE 1.We use 'bring' for movements to the place where the speaker or hearer is . We use 'take' for movements ti other places Compare: This is a nice restaurant.thanks for bringing me here.(Not......thanks for taking me here) let's have another drink , anh then i'll take you home (not....and then i'll bring you home) 2.We can use 'bring' for a movement to a place where the speaker or listener was or will be . Compare: "can you bring the car to my house tomorrow?" "can you take the car to the garage tomorrow?" I.If only: gi m,c g. Dng t cc tnh hung nh hy vng,c ao,hi tic v vic g ...tu theo th m dng vi n. Cn nh: Mnh if only c th t mt mnh hoc c th t thm cc mnh khc theo sau tu ca cu. a)If only + will: Dng th hin ti din t nim hy vng. If only + S + simple present (mnh if only ng mt mnh) V d: If only he passes B level of English. (Gi m cu ta u trnh B ting Anh) If only + S + present tense, S + will + V V d: If only he passes B level of English, his parents will open a big party. (Gi m cu ta u c trnh B ting Anh th cha m cu ta s m tic ln. If only + S + will + V, S + will + V. V d: If only he will pass B level of English,his parents will open a big party. (Gi m cu ta s u c trnh B ting Anh th cha m cu ta s m tic ln)--->Ch s hy vng b)If only + simple past or past perfect.: din t mt nim c ao hi tic vic g,m vic xy ra trong qu kh ri. If only + S + simple past tense. hoc If only + S + past perfect tense. VD: If only he didn't drink too much wine.
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If only he hadn't said: "liar". II.Unless: tr phi,nu khng Unless l mt lin t,n ng trc mnh ph ging nh if.V ngha th c 2 ngha: tr khi,nu...khng...(if...not) a) Dng vi ngha tr khi:(khng t du "," gia hai v). S + will/shall + unless + S + V VD: You will not pass the examinations unless you are studious. b) Dng vi ngha: nu khng.( o ngc trng hp trn,c du "," gia hai v) Unless + S + V, S + will/shall + V VD: Unless he insists of her,she will not teach him. III.In case (if): trong trng hp (nu). Theo sau In case (if) cng l mnh chnh v ng t i vi in case (if) dng th hin ti n. In case (if) + S + present tense S + simple future. VD: In case (if) he steals your bicycle he will be in prison. IV.As if = as though: nh th din t s vic xy ra khng c tht trong qu kh,ng t t sau cu trc as if = as though phi l qu kh n hoc qu kh hon thnh, nu l "to be" phi chia l were cho tt c cc ngi. -t th qu kh n: S + present tense + as if / as though S + simple past tense. VD: He talks as if/as though he knew everything. -t qu kh hon thnh:Din t s vic c tht hoc tng tng ra. S + present tense + as if / as though S + past perfect. VD:He talks about London as if/as though he had been there himself. Ch : Cc ng t: talk, behave, order nu t qu kh n th vn c, ngha cu khng i. V.Phn wish xem li cc trang trc. VI.Any more = any longer; no more = no longer. 1.Any more = any longer: khng cn...na Thng dng th hin ti n k c hin ti hon thnh.ng t phi t th ph nh.Any more hay any longer t cui.
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VD: His mother doesn't live in VN any more. They have not worked for her company any more. 2.No longer = no more: khng cn...na Th cng dc dng nh trn nhng ng t phi t th khng nh.No longer hay no more phi t sau ch ng,trc ng t thng,sau ng t to be v cc tr ng t. VD: His mother no longer lives in VN. They have no longer worked for her company. Prepositions following adjectives (gii t theo sau cc tnh t ) I, Gii t to i vi cc tnh t sau: Acceptable Accustomed Agreeable Belong Close Contrary Engaged Equal Harmful Important Kind Likely Lucky Married Nice Open Pleasant Polite Preferable Rude Sensitive Similar Thankful=greatful Unpleasant Useful II, Gii t of i vi cc tnh t sau: Afraid Ahead Ashamed Aware Capable Certain
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Confident Envious = jealous Fond Full Independent Proud Short Sure Suspicious tired Notes It + be + adj + of+somebody+to do something Adj: kind, nice,rude, necessary,generous,polite,impolite,cruel,careless Nu ch ng xc nh th dng to Until : Cho n khi 1.Simple past + until + simple past : Khi hnh ng ca mnh chnh i trc ko di cho n hnh ng ca mnh i sau - I waited here until it was dark ( Ti li y n khi tri ti ) 2. Simple past + past perfect : Nhn mnh hnh ng mnh Until vi ngha l hon thnh trc hnh ng kia - He read the book until no-one had been there ( Anh ta c sch ti khi chng cn ai na c ) C ngha l khi mi ngi trong th vin v t lu ri th anh ta vn say m c sch. 3. Simple future + Until + Present simple/ Present perfect : Dng vi ngha l s lm g cho n khi hon thnh vic g - I won't go to bed until i have finished my homework. ( Ti s i ng khi lm xong bi tp ) = I will go to bed until i finish my homework. - We'll stayed here until the rain stops. After : Sau khi 1. After + past perfect, + simple past = Past perfect + before + past perfect : Sau khi kt thc vic g mi lm vic g ( QK ) - After i had finished the test, i went home ( Khi kim tra xong ti mi v nh ) = I had finished the test before i went home
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2.After + simple past, + simple present : S vic trong qu kh v kt qu hin ti - After everything happened, we are still good friends ( Sau nhng chuyn xy ra, chng ti vn l nhng ngi bn tt ) 3. After simple past, + simple past : S vic trong qu kh v kt qu trong qu kh - After everything happened, we quarelled over dishonesty. ( Sau mi chuyn [ khng tt ], chng ti ci v nhau v tnh khng trung thc ) 4, After + simple present / present perfect, + simple future : Sau khi lm vic g s lm tip vic khc ( HT / TL ) - After i come to the station, i'll call you ( Sau khi n ga anh s gi cho em Before : Trc khi . Cch chia th ca n th ngc li vi after. 1. Before + simple past, + past perfect : Tng t nh phn 1 ca mc II. 2.Before + simple present, + simple future / simple present : Trc khi lm g th s lm mt ci g - Before i leave, i'll give you a gift ( Trc khi i, anh s tng em mt mn qu ) - Before i leave, i want to make sure that no-one can know about this ( Trc khi i ti mun bit chc chn rng khng c ai bit c chuyn ny ) When : Khi 1. When + present simple, + simple future / simple present : Khi lm th no th (s )... ( HT / TL ) When you see it yourself, you'll surely believe it. ( Khi em thy tn mt, em s tin n thi ) 2. When + simple past, + past perfect : Din t hnh ng xy ra v hon tt trc hnh ng mnh when. When i just got out of the classroom, i knew that i had made some mistakes. ( Khi mi bc ra khi phng, ti nhn ra l mnh mc mt s li ) 3. When + simple past, + simple past : Din t hai hnh ng xy ra gn nhau, hoc l mt hnh ng va dt th hnh ng khc xy ra. - When the rock concert given by Erick Clapton ended, we went home ( Khi bui nhc rock ca ick Clapton kt thc, chng ti ra v )
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4. When + past continuous ( clear point of time - thi gian c th ), + simple past : Khi mt hnh ng ang din ra th mt hnh ng khc xy n When we were playing football at 5.30p.m yesterday, there was a terrible explosion ( Vo lc 5h30 chiu qua, khi ang chi bng th bn ti chi nghe thy mt ting n ln ) 5. When + simple past, + past continuous : Tng t nh phn 4, nhng ngh ch khc mt cht When we came, he was taking a bath ( Khi bn ti n th cu ta ang tm ) 6. When + past perfect, + simple past : Hnh ng mnh when xy ra trc ( kt qu QK ) When the opportunity had passed, i only knew that there was nothing could be done ( Khi c hi khng cn ti mi bit mnh chng cn lm g c na ri ) 7. When simple past, + simple present : Tng t nh mc 6 nhng hnh ng sau hin ti When the opportunity passed, i know there's nothing can be done. ( Khi c hi tut mt, ti bit l chng cn lm g c na ) MAKE--To make sth ( for sb) : lm/to/gy nn ci g ( cho ai ) - To make away with: che giu , m st - To make after: theo di - To make for: tin ln - To be made of: lm bng ...( cht liu ca sn phm khng thay i) - To be make from: lm bng ... ( cht liu sn phm thay i) - To make off: chy trn - To made out: phn bit, chng minh , hiu r , pht tho - To make over: sa cha, sang gia ti - To make up: trang im, b thng , gi , ba t - To make up one's mind: quyt nh - To make it up with someone: lm ho - To make it up to someone: n b , lm b - To make up to: nnh ht - To make into :chuyn i -DO-- To do: lm ,to - To do up: but cht , lm li, mt nhoi - To do down: la gt - To do for: sn sc , lo liu - To do away with : bi b
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- To do with : chu ng , mn nguyn , cn phi - To have nothing to do with : khng lin quan n - To do without : b qua , khng cn - To do out : dn dp , lau chi - To do over: lm li - To have done with : dt khot , t b - To be done : c hon thnh --STAND-- Stand apart (from): trnh xa - Stand by : ng h , gi li ha - Stand for :i din, chu ng - Stand over :canh chng , hon li - Stand out ( against) : ni bt, chng i - Stand up for :ng h , cng quyt u tranh - Stand up to : chu ng , chng chi - Stand back : li vo - Stand up : ng ln -GET-- Get about : lan tin , truyn tin - Get ahead : tin b - Get along : xoay s, hp tnh nhau - Get at :t c, khm ph - Get away : trn thot - Get back : tr v - Get down: p xung - Get in : vo , n - Get into : tin tng , vo trong - Get off : khi hnh, ri b - Get on : i ,mc , tin ti - Get out : thot ra , ly ra - Get over: tro ln - Get rid of : ui i , b i - Get through : hon thnh , tiu vung f - Get up : thc dy, gia tng , sa son .. --TAKE-- Take after : ging nhau - Take back : rt li - Take down : ghi , vit , ko xung - Take in : tip i , nhn - Take off: ct cnh ( my bay) - Take over: lnh nhn - Take up : rc n , tip tc, chim ly - Take to : nghin
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- Take care of : sn sc - Be taken up ( with): bn bu TO BE TO BE To be game: C ngh lc, gan d To be a bad fit: Khng va To be abashed: Bi ri, hong ht To be as bright as a button: Rt thng minh, nhanh tr khn To be at a loss for money: Ht tin, tng tin To be athirst for sth: Kht khao ci g To be badly off: Ngho x xc To be called away: B gi ra ngoi To be dainty: Kh tnh To be eager in the pursuit of science: Tha thit theo ui con ng khoa hc To be faced with a difficulty: ng u vi kh khn To be hard pressed: B ui gp To be in (secret) communication with the enemy: T thng vi qun ch To be incapacitated from voting: Khng c t cch bu c To be jealous of one's rights: Quyt tm bo v quyn li ca mnh To be kept in quarantine for six months: B cch ly trong vng su thng To be lacking in personality: Thiu c tnh, thiu bn lnh To be mad (at) missing the train: Bc bi v tr xe la To be near of kin: B con gn To be of a cheerful disposition: C tnh vui v To be off (with) one's bargain: Tht c trong vic mua bn To be on a bed of thorns: trong tnh th kh khn To be one's own enemy: T hi mnh To be paid a good screw: c tr lng hu h To be qualified for a post: C t cch nhn mt chc v To be raised to the bench: c ct ln chc thm phn To be sb's dependence: L ch nng ta ca ai To be taken aback: Ngc nhin To be unable to make head or tail of: Khng th hiu To be vain of: T c v To be wary of sth: Coi chng, phng vic g --COME-- Come about : xy ra = to happen e.g: Can you tell us how it came about that you decided to strike ? - Come across sb/sth: tnh c = to meet or to find sb/sth by chance, without having planned or thouhght of it. e.g: He's the most unpleasant man I've ever come across. - Come along : tin trin = to make progress e.g: Your French is really coming on.
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- Come apart : ri thnh tng mnh = to break or to fall into pieces. e.g: + The teapot just came apart in my hands. + (figurative - theo ngha bng) After the first act, the play begins to come apart at the seams (=have alot of problem) - Come back : tr li - Come between sb and sb, ~ sb and sth: gy cn tr e.g: + Nobody will ever come between them. + I don't want to come between her and her work. - Come by sth : kim c = to manage to get sth, to receive sth by chance. e.g: Jobs are hard to come by these days. - Come down : xung, i xung (gi c) e.g: The prices are coming down. - Come down to sb (from sb/sth): truyn li. e.g: The estate came down to her from her grandfather - Come down on sb: trng pht ai = to punish sb or criticize sb severely. e,g: The courts are coming down heavily on drug dealers NOTE: come down on sb thng c dng vi trng t nh hard v/hoc vi nhng cm t c ngha tng t nh th. e.g: + If it happens again, we'll come down on you so hard that you'll wish you'd never been born. + He came down on me like a ton of bricks. - Come down with sth : b bnh = to get an illness, often not a serious one. e.g: I came down with a bad cold. - Come into : hng c = to receive a large sum of money when sb dies. e.g.: She unexpectedly came into a fortune when her cousin died. - Come out : xut hin - Come over : gh qua - Come through : qua khi, thot nn e.g: He's very ill but his doctors expect him to come through the operation. - Come up : mc ln - come round : tnh li = become conscious again e.g: + When she came round, her sitter was sitting beside her bed. + He hasn't yet come round after the anaesthetic. - Come to : tnh li (= come round), ln ti e.g: + She looks young, but, actually, she has come to forty. + The bill came to $50. I T V TNH T CH NH 1/ Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) thay i theo s ca danh t.
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V d: - That boy is very agile (Cu b y rt lanh li) - These tourists come from Japan (Cc du khch ny n t Nht Bn) - What does this word mean? (T ny ngha l g?) - Those loaves are for the picnic (Nhng bnh m y dnh cho ba n ngoi tri) - At that time, she was singing her child to sleep (Lc y, c ta ang ru con ng) This/These/That/Those + danh t + of + yours/hers. .. i khi dng nhn mnh thay cho your/her... These words of yours are not convincing = Your words are not convincing (Li l ny ca anh chng c sc thuyt phc) That shirt of Ba's is always dirty = Ba's shirt is always dirty. (Ci o smi ca Ba lun lun bn) 2/ i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns) V d: - This is my room. That's hers. (y l phng ca ti. Kia l ca c ta) - These are the bright colours. Those are the dark ones. (y l nhng mu ti. Kia l nhng mu sm) - This is cng c th dng gii thiu. V d: -Ba (to An): This is my sister Hoa. (Ba ni vi An: y l Hoa, em gi ti) - Ba (to Hoa): Hoa, this is An. (Ba ni vi Hoa: Hoa, y l An) Those c th c mt mnh quan h xc nh theo sau: V d: - Those who don't want to come there will stay at home. (Ai khng mun n th nh) This/That c th ch mt danh t, cm t hay mt mnh c cp Trc: V d: - We are binding books. We do this every day. (Chng ti ang ng sch. Ngy no chng ti cng lm vic ny) - He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour? (Anh ta nhn li ca mnh. khng phi l li x s ng khen sao?) 3/This/These, That/Those dng vi one/ones Khng nht thit phi c one/onestheo sau cc t ch nh ni trn, tr phi sau This, that ... l mt tnh t. V d: - This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one ) (Ci o smi ny cht qu. Ti s mc ci kia)
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I like this red one /these red ones. (Ti thch ci mu ny/nhng ci mu ny) SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES nh ngha: subjunctive l dng nguyn mu khng chia ca ng t c s dng theo sau mt s mt t nht nh Xt cc v d sau 1/ The Presedent demands (that) we solve this problem 2/ The customer insisted (that) the money be repaid 3/ It is essential (that) he tell the truth Nhng t in m trong cc v d trn l cc subjunctive. Subjunctive c s dng nhn mnh li yu cu, i hi, tm quan trng...ca vn c nhc trong cu. Theo , mu cu m subjunctive thng xut hin c dng sau S + VERB + (THAT)+ S + SUBJUNCTIVE (non-finite verb) (ng t nguyn mu khng chia) Mt s ng t i vi subjunctive decree, demand, insist, advise, propose, suggest, recommend, request, move, ask... Mt s cm t i vi subjunctive It is essential/vital/desirable/necessary/imperative/fundamental... It is urgent/suggested/advisable/important/obliged that S + bare infinitive Ngoi ra ta cn c th s dng cm t nu vi cu trc It + be+...+ that + S+ should + bare infinitive. y l t liu v quy tc trng m mnh su tm c trn mng. Mi ngi xem v ng gp kin nh a s nhng t 2 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng bng : er, or, y, ow, ance, ent , en, on Ex: ciment/ si'ment/: ximng event /i'vent/: s kin. a s nhng t c 3 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng l :ary, erty, ity, oyr a s nhng ng t c 2 m tit , trng m nm m tit th 2 Ex: repeat / ri'pi:t/ :nhc li Trng m trc nhng vn sau y: -cial, -tial, -cion, -sion, -tion, -ience,-ient, -cian , -tious, -cious, -xious Ex: 'special, 'dicussion, 'nation, poli'tician( chnh tr gia) Trng m trc nhng vn sau: -ic, -ical, -ian,-ior, -iour,-ity,-ory, -uty, -eous,-ious,-ular,ive Ex: 'regular, expensive/ isk'pensive/, 'injury. Danh t ch ccc mn hc c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit Ex: ge'ology, bi'ology T c tn cng bng -ate, -ite, -ude,-ute c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit Ex: institute / 'institju / (vin) a s danh t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit u Ex: raincoat /'reinkuot/ :o ma
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 Tnh t ghp trng m ri vo m tit u Ex: homesick/'houmsik/( nh nh) Trng t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit th 2 Ex: downstream/ daun'sri:m/( h lu) Tnh t ghp c t u tin l tnh t hoc trng t th trng m ri vo t th 2, tn cng bng -ed Ex: well-dressed/ wel'drest/( n mc sang trng) Cc hu t khng c Trng m ( khi thm hu t th khng thay i trng m) V+ment: ag'ree( tho thun) => ag'reement( s tho thun ) V+ance: re'sist( chng c ) =>re'sistance ( s chng c ) V+er : em'ploy(thu lm) => em'ployer( ch lao ng) V+or : in'vent ( pht minh) => in'ventor (ngi pht minh) V+ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( ngi n xin) V+al : ap'prove( chp thun) => ap'proval(s chp thun) V+y : de'liver( giao hng)=> de'livery( s giao hng) V+age: pack( ng gi ) => package( bu kin) V+ing : under'stand( hiu) => under'standing( thng cm) ajd+ness : 'bitter ( ng)=> 'bitterness( ni cay ng) Cc t c trng m nm m tit cui l cc t c tn cng l : -ee, -eer,- ese,- ain, -aire,-ique,-esque Ex: de'gree, engi'neer, chi'nese, re'main, questio'naire( bn cu hi), tech'nique (k thut), pictu'resque (n tng) Adverbial Clause of Result 1)So + adj/adv +that+ clause 2)Such (a.an) + adj +N+ that + clause 3)So + adj +a/an + N +that +clause *(3)ch p dng cho danh t m c s t 4)S + be+ so + adj + that + clause <=>So +adj +be+S+that clause 5)S + V +so +little /few/many/much +N Ex: He has many books.He doesn't know where to put them ->He has so many books that he doesn't know where to put them 6)S +V + such that clause *So important/great = such that Ex:Her anxiety was so great that she broke the glass ->Her anxitety was such that she broke the glass 7)such +be +S+ that+clause PH T O LN U CU Trong ting Anh c nhng trng hp m ph t khng ng v tr bnh thng ca n m o ln ng u cu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng. Trong trng hp ng php c th thay i, ng sau ph t ng u cu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chnh (cng thc sau). hardly rarely
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seldom + auxiliary + subject + verb ... never only ... V d: Never have so many people been unemployed as today. Ph t tr T ch ng ng t (so many people have never been unemployed as today.) Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-away lands. Ph t tr T CN T (He had hardly fallen asleep when he dream of far-away lands.) Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven. Ph t tr T CN T (we have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven.) Seldom does the class let out early. Ph t tr T CN T Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task. Ph t tr T CN T (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.) MT S PH T C BIT NG U CU IN/ UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES : D trong hon cnh no cng khng. V d: In / under no circumstances should you lend him the money. (D trong bt c trng hp no anh cng khng nn cho n vay tin) ON NO ACCOUNT : D bt c l do no cng khng. V d: On no account must this switch be toughed. (D vi bt c l do no anh cng khng c ng vo cm ny) SO + ADJ + AUXILIARY + S + V + THAT. .... n ni m .... V d: So difficult did she get a job that she had to stay home for an year. (C y kim c vic lm mt cch kh khn n ni c y phi ngi nh mt nm tri) So sure of this were the owners that they provided lifeboats for only 950 of its possible 3,500 passengers. (Nhng ngi ch ca con tu qu tin tng n ni h ch trang b xung cu m cho 950 trong s 3,500 hnh khch m con tu c th ti c) ONLY IN THIS WAY : Ch c bng cch ny. V d: Only in this way could you solve the problem. (Ch c bng cch ny th cu mi gii quyt c vn hc ba ny) NAGATIVE, ... , NOR + AUXILIARY + S + V.... ( ... m cng chng/m cng khng...) V d:
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He didnt have any money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow. ( N chng cn ng no c m n cng chng bit ai m n c th hi vay)

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