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A ventilation system may be designed more or less according the following procedure: 1. Calculate heat or cooling load, including sensible and latent heat 2. Calculate necessary air shifts according the number of occupants and their activity or any other special process in the rooms 3. Calculate air supply temperature 4. Calculate circulated mass of air 5. Calculate temperature loss in ducts 6. Calculate the outputs of components - heaters, coolers, washers, humidifiers 7. Calculate boiler or heater size 8. Design and calculate the duct system
If air is used for heating, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as q = H / c (t - t )
h h p s r
(1)
t = supply temperature ( C)
s
t = room temperature ( C)
r
If air is used for cooling, the needed air flow rate may be expressed as q = H / c (t - t )
c c p o r
(2)
If the heat load is H = 400 W, supply temperature t = 30 C and the room temperature t = 22 C, the air flow
h s r
rate can be calculated as: q = (400 W) / (1.2 kg/m ) (1005 J/kg K) ((30 C) - (22 C))
h 3 o o
= 0.041 m /s = 149 m /h
Moisture
3
If it is necessary to humidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed may be calculated as: q
mh
= Q / (x - x )
h 2 1
(3)
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= Q / (x - x )
h 2 1
(3)
If it is necessary to dehumidify the indoor air, the amount of supply air needed may be calculated as: q
md
= Q / (x - x )
d 1 2
(4)
where q
md d
If added moisture Q = 0.003 kg/s, room humidity x = 0.001 kg/kg and supply air humidity x = 0.008 kg/kg, the
h 1 2
= 0.36 m /s Alternatively the air quantity is determined by the requirements of occupants or processes.
(5)
where H = heat loss (W) A = area of duct walls(m ) t = initial temperature in duct ( C)
1 o 2
k = heat loss coefficient of duct walls (W/m K) (5.68 W/m K for sheet metal ducts, 2.3 W/m K for insulated ducts) t = surrounding room temperature ( C)
r o
(5b)
where q = mass of air flowing (kg/s) c = specific heat capacity of air (kJ/kg K)
p
(5c)
7. Boiler
The boiler rating can be expressed as:
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B = H (1 + x) where
(6)
B = boiler rating (kW) H = total heat load of all heater units in system (kW) x = margin for heating up the system, it is common to use values 0.1 to 0.2 Boiler with correct rating must be selected from manufacturer catalogues.
8. Sizing Ducts
Air speed in a duct can be expressed as: v=Q/A where v = air velocity (m/s) Q = air volume (m /s) A = cross section of duct (m ) Overall pressure loss in ducts can be expressed as: dp = dp + dp + dp
t f s c 2 3
(7)
(8)
(9)
where R = duct friction resistance per unit length (Pa, N/m per m duct) l = length of duct (m) Duct friction resistance per unit length can be expressed as R = / d ( v / 2)
h 2 2
(10)
where R = pressure loss (Pa, N/m ) = friction coefficient d = hydraulic diameter (m)
h 2
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