AP Biology Guided Reading Chapter 22 Adapted from Mrs.

Miriello

Name: Samantha Babcock

1. What were the two major points of Darwins publication The Origin of Species? The two major points of Darwins The Origin of Species were that descent with modification explains lifes unity and diversity and that natural selection brings about the match between organisms and their environment. 2. Define the following terms: a. Natural selection: a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics b. Adaptation: characteristics that enhance organisms ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments c. Evolution: descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation d. Taxonomy: a scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life 3. How did the Voyage of the Beagle impact Darwins research? Darwins voyage on the Beagle impacted his research by allowing him to observe not only the geology hed read about in Lyells Principles of Geology, but more importantly because he found that many animals resembled those within close proximity, rather than those in far away regions with the same climate. Also during this voyage Darwin made his most famous discoveries in the Galapagos Islands where he noted the diversity and uniqueness of the species that inhabited the region. 4. How did Alfred Wallace impact Darwin in his work? Alfred Wallace presented similar findings to those of Darwin, and when he published his works on January 1, 1858, it quickly motivated Darwin to compile his research into a book. Consequently, the following year Darwin released his book: The Origin of Species. Due in part to Wallaces respect for Darwin and his deep analysis of evolution, Darwin was recognized as the discoverer of evolution and wrote his book in a way that convinced everyone else that his findings were valid. 5. What part did adaptation play in Darwins thinking? Adaptation played a huge role in Darwins thinking. He was able to explain evolution as an accumulation of adaptations. He claimed that as natural selection took its course adaptation increased to reproduce those characteristics that were first found attractive and desirable for the species survival. 6. What did Darwin mean by descent with modification? When Darwin explained descent with modification he was basically referring to his view of life that rooted itself on unity. He felt that over Page 1 of 2

time descent with modification (or evolution) led to the rich diversity of life we see today. 7. What did Mayr take from Darwins work summarize the observations and inferences.

8. How did the concept of artificial selection impact Darwins ideas? The concept of artificial selection led Darwin to conclude four observations from nature, and from those two inferences. He observed that members of a population often vary greatly in their traits, traits are inherited from parents to offspring, all species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support, and owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive. He inferred that individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals, and this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations. 9. Explain the evolution of Drug Resistance in bacteria in terms of natural selection. When a doctor prescribes antibiotics, a person has to take the full regiment to kill off all bacteria. Instead, people generally stop treatment when they start to feel better, even if they still have more antibiotics to take. This keeps the most resilient of the bacteria alive, those that had a natural resistance to the drug in the first place. If you were to finish the regiment, then the bacteria would be killed off fully because of overexposure, but if you do not finish the regiment, then those that stay behind get to reproduce and create more of the "super bugs." 10. Define the following terms: a. Homologous structures: structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry b. Vestigial structures: a structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism; vestigial structures are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors c. Analogous structures: having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology

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