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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & DEFINATION :-
Computer: the word computer comes from the Latin word compute which means to
calculate.
Computer is an Electronic device for storing, processing and analyzing the data followed by a set of instructions given by human being.
Block diagram of the Computer :ALU INPUT CU RAM
CPU
OUTPUT
Storage Device
Monitor Printer CPU Keyboard Mouse
Input unit: This unit has the following functions It receives the data and instructions from the user. It converts the data in to the machine-readable form, It sends to the CPU. 1. Key Board 2. Scanner 3. Mouse
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1. Key Board: This keyboard is a similar to the type machine keyboard. It contains different keys these are 1). Functional keys 2) Alphabetical keys, 3) Special Character keys, 4). Numerical keys, 5) Arrow keys. In olden 84 keys keyboards are used. Now a days 101 keys keyboard and 105 keys keyboard are used. It is used to the data in to the computer memory. 2. Scanner: Scanners are available in different sizes. Like Xerox any image can be scanned with this device and can be stored in the storage media such as hard disk or floppy disk. The image so scanned can be edited or retrieved or printed out suitably in any size whenever required. 3. Mouse: The mouse can be used to move the courser to the specified position on the screen and also used to select the particular object on the screen. 4. Joy stick: The joystick is also similar to the mouse. It is mainly used for computer games. 5. OCR: The optical character reader is used to store the printed with pencils or pens. The MSR is used in the valuation of competitive exam papers. 6. Graphic Tablet: The graphic tablet contains a magnetic plate and electric pen. It is used to drawing figures on the screen. 7. Light pen: it is also used to draw the figures on the screen. We can directly draw the figure on the screen but special monitors are required. Out put unit: Receives the formatted results from the CPU. It converts into user readable form and Send to the screen or printer. The output devices are used to send the information to the out side. These are three types. 1. Monitor 2. Printer 3. Plotter
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1.Monitor: It is same as the TV screen. It contains internally CRT. Generally screen contains two modes. a) a) b) b) Text mode. Graphic mode
The computer screen contains dialectically in text mode. In this mode. In this mode the screen format is rows and columns (24 rows and 80 columns). In this graphic mode screen format is graphic of pixels (Pixel is word taken by pi_cture el_ments). It contains a courser. It is always blinking the courser indicates the present character position. The monitor is available in two sizes (12 and 14). These are also available in two colours, 1. Black and white, 2. colour 2. Printers: - Printers are of different types. Their usage depends upon the nature of application. Printers can be broadly classified as line printers. Daisy wheel printers or letter quality printer. Dot matrix printer with near better quality facility, laser printer, inks jet printers etc. a) Daisy wheel printer or letter quality printers: In this printer, the type of prints and size of font can be selected. Unlike in typewriter the head moves along the carriage. The alphabets (A to Z upper and lower case) and numerals with standard characters move round in such away that the right character is positioned towards computer stationery. It is hammered from front and the character is struck on the stationery. The head moves forward to next position. The quality of printout will be clean and sharp. Due to this deign, letter quality printers are generally slow and have range between 10 characters per minute to a maximum of 60 characters per minute. b) Dot Matrix Printers: These are most commonly used printers today. The head has either 9 pins or 24 pins. The font or typeface and size are generated by combination of dots. Hence, it is called dot matrix printer. By repeated over striking it generals font face, which can be near letter quality prints. Matrix being made up of dots, it is capable of printing graphic images or pictures on the printer which is not possible in LRs or LPs. dot matrix printers are available in two sizes.
c) Line printer: There is glant printer who is used for massive dumping data, processed data or e prints printing jobs. This printer is called line printer because it prints on line at a time. Thus, the speed of printer is measured in terms of lines per minute. Generally the speed varies from 300 lines to 2500 lines per minute. d) Laser printer: Laser printers are non impact printers. These work on the same vase principal as office photocopying machines. Static charge is applied to a photoreceptive drum. A laser beam exposes e) Ink Jet Printers:- Liquid ink jet printers create A colour image by ejecting drops of liquid ink through a number of small offices. A shutting printed sprays dots of ink to form line of colour. All colours are placed in a single pass. For best results a specially coated, less absorbent paper Learn More topics @ Less Fee Contact No: +91 + 040-40203788, 9441088048 Page No 3 th
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can be used. Plain paper, when used tends to wick the inks into paper fibbers, which negatively affects the colour print quality by reducing sharpness and saturation of the printed dots. Also plain paper allows the ink to spread out before it dries, results in a fuzzy image. The speed of ink jet printers is smaller than the laser printer. f) Plotters: - The plotters have different coloured pens. A penholder picks up a pen and moves in a direction across a paper present on a flat bed. The paper is moved in a direction orthogonal to the movement of the pen with the help of rollers. These two movements make it possible to plot any drawing on the paper. The movements of the penholder and the paper are controlled by the drawing image sent by the computer. Plotting in different colours is possible. 1. Memory unit: 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. It stores the data and instructions temporarily Transfers the data to the ALU Sends the formatted results to the out put unit It controls the transfer of data between different units It initiates the data to the functions to the ALU
CPU: It contains three units 1. Memory unit, 2.Control unit, 3. ALU
2. Control unit:
3. It fetches out instructions from memory unit then controls or other units according to our instructions 3. ALU: This unit can perform each and every thing calculations of the computer it contains internally 2 units 1. Arithmetic unit, 2. Logical unit 1. Arithmetic unit: This unit can perform all arithmetic calculations such as additions. Subtractions, Multiplications and Divisions 2. Logical Unit: This unit can perform all logical Calculations such as <, >, <=, >= not equals (comparisons)
Memories
Memories are two types 2. Internal memory or primary memory 3. External memory or secondary memory 1. Internal memory: - It contains two memory units. These are a). RAM (Random access memory) b). ROM (Read only memory) a) RAM: - RAM is used form writing into the memory, read when needed to the memory. The information stored is lost once the processor is put off. Storage capacity in RAM ranges from 256KB depending on the configuration and expandability provided for in the motherboard Learn More topics @ Less Fee Contact No: +91 + 040-40203788, 9441088048 Page No 4 th
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b) ROM: - ROM is used for Read Only Memory. It cant be used for writing information it. The hardware manufactures store information and instruction, which is generally vital to the computer. The end user never changes this. The information stored in ROM is retained even when the power is put off. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) EPROM (Electrically EPROM) 2. External Memory: - it can store user data permanently at any time we can read the data from the external memory 1. Floppy Disk, 2. HDD, 3. Magnetic Tape, 4. CDs, 5. Zip Drives.
Diagram of Front Panel of CPU :
Diagram of Back Panel of CPU:
CPU: (system Unit (or) System Case) System Case: System case is a Box that made of Plastic metal it Provide a covers all the maintain main components of computer it play an important roll in the function of the Computer. Uses of System Case: Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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1) Production 2) Expandable (or) abrading 3) Cooling 4) States display (to Display Power Hard disk Lighting) Types of Computers: 1) Mini Computer 3) Main frame Computer 2) Micro Computer 4) Super Computer
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Components of PC :
INTERNAL COMPONENTS ::1) 2) 3) 4) Mother Board Processor Floppy Disk Hard Disk
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5) CD ROM/Writer/DVD
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EXTERNAL COMPONENTS :1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Key Board Mouse Monitor Internal Modem With cabinet (system unit) With SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS :1) 2) 3) 4) Speakers Printers Scanner External Modem
MOTHER BOARD: 1) Introduction of Mother board 2) Types of Motherboard 3) Components of Mother board 4) BUS Architecture 5) CHIPSET 6) Trouble shooting of Mother Board 1) Introduction to Mother Board :Mother Board is the main circuit Board of a PC it Contains the interface for the Micro Processor, BIOS ( Basic Input Output system), Memory and storage device the serial parallel ports and all the controllers needed to control peripheral device such as the Monitor, Keyboard, and Mouse. It also Expansion slot for facing additional board to the mother board chipset is very important to the operation to system Sackets, slots, and connector and jumpers. 2) TYPES OF MOTHER BOARDS :Mother Deferent according to the type of system you use the Capacity and efficiency of mother board different base on the system type you can classify Mother board are 3 types.
1) 2) 3)
Desktop Mother Board Server Mother Board Laptop Mother Board
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1) DESKTOP MOTHER BOARD :
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The Desktop Mother Board is used in personal Computer and desktops. As it is used for applications at home in offices this type of Mother Board is a Most basic Type. 2) SERVER MOTHER BOARD : Server Mother Board are more Advanced then Desktop Mother boards and designed to offer high end services. This mother boards also offer improved graphics and it can used only support deferent types of memory technology. 3) LAPTOP MOTHER BOARD : Laptop mother boars connect to all the different parts of a laptop system. It is the most Important part of the laptop this mother Board Generally have very advance futures as compare desktop mother board. 3. On Board Components of Mother Board :1). 3) 5) 7) 9) 11) 13) 15) 17) 19) 21) 1.CPU Socket : CPU Socket provides the place for the CPU (Micro Processor) on the Mother Board this Socket a O insertion Force 2 North Bridge : North Bridge is most Important component in the Mother Board it is a chip it Handle the Communication between the CPU & Main Memory. 3.South Bridge : It handles all the operation of the device and Busses that are not control by the North bridge. 4. RAM Slots: It provides support for the memory using the DDR DIMMS 5. Flash ROM : It contains programmable BIOS. (Basic Input Output System) 6. Super Input / Output controllers : Learn More topics @ Less Fee CPU South Bridge Flash ROM Standard Power led LAN Controller Key Board Port USB Port Parallel Port Line-in-jack Micro phone jack CPU Slot/ Socket 2) 4) 6) 8) 10) 12) 14) 16) 18) 20) 22) North Bridge RAM Slots Super I/O Controller Audio Code VGA Port PS/2 Port Serial Port NIC Port Line-out-jack I/O Slots Jumpers
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It provides the Super Input / Output functions 7. Standard Power Head : It indicates there is stand by power on the motherboard. 8. Audio Port : Enables Audio play back channels 9. LAN controller : It support networking functions. 10. Video Port : It connect the video (Monitor). 11. Keyboard Connector : It connect the PS2 Motherboard. 12. Mouse Connector : It connects the PS2 Mouse. 13. USB : ( Universal Serial BUS) Enables Connection to USB Device. 14. Serial Port : It connect the serial devices (Mouse) 15. Parallel Port : It connect the Parallel devices like Printer, Scanner. 16. RJ-45 Port : It Enables Connection to LAN through HUB. 17. Line-in-Jack : It Connects the audio device. 18. Line-Out-Jack : It Connecting the Speaker (or) Head Phones. 19. Micro Phone Jack : Connecting the Micro Phone. 5) CHIPSET :-
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The term chipset means a set of chips it is a group of integrated circuits and Micro Processor. The chipset controls the data transfer between every component of the system Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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A modem chipset congests of north bridge and South bridge.
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The CPU interface can be socket7, slot1, (or) socket 370 show the chipset that you close must support the interface required by you CPU Some of the leading manufacture chipset are INTEL,AMD,VIA. You must choose the operate chipset depending on your needs. Intel Chipset :Intel is the leading manufacturer of chipsets worldwide you can from a wide range of Intel chipset for your system.
CHIPSET Intel 820 E Intel 815 P Intel 915 G Intel 925 X AMD :
PROCESSOR Pentium II & III Celron Pentium III Pentium IV Pentium IV
MAX MEMORY 1 GB 512 MB 4 GB 4 GB
USB PORT 4 2 8 8
AMD manufactures a wide verity of chipset that are very popular some of AMD chipsets CHIPSET AMD 750 AMD 760 AMD 760 MP VIA : PROCESSOR Socket A Duran /Autholn Autholn MAX MEMORY 768 MB 2 GB 4 GB USB PORT 128 MB 512 MB 512 MB USB 4 4 4
VIA is other leading Manufacture of Chipset PROCESSOR Socket A Duron /Authlon Socket Duron/ Authlon Socket A Duron / Authlon MAX MEMORY 1.5 GB 2 GB 4 GB MEMORYModel 256 MB 256 MB 512 MB USB PORT 4 4 6
CHIPSET VIA KM 133 VIA KLE 133 VIA KM 266
BUS ARCHITECHURE : The bus on a system are the paths through which data is Transferred between components on the system all the components of the system received and send the data Through Busses The busses on the system can be classified in to Main categories 1. System BUS 2. I/O BUS 1. System BUS : Connect the CPU and RAM
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2. I/O Bus : Connect the CPU with other device such as the peripheral device.
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The system BUS is located on the CPU. The other I/O Busses branches out from the system bus. In new system the bus system is also called the front side Bus (fsb). Bus with refers to the amount of data that a bus can carry / transfer at given instant. Bus with measured in bits. Bus speed is measured in Mega hertz (MHz). Bus speed is the speed at which data can moves across the bus. BUS STANDARDS : There are different types of I/O Busses. The transfer data across components of the system. The different busses have different speeds. The common Bus standards are (6) types. 1. VESA (Video Electronic Standard Association) 2. PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect (or) Interface 3. AGP (Accelerated Graphical Port ) 4. ISA ( Industrial Standard Architecture) 5. EISA (Extended Industrial Standard Architecture) 6. MCA ( Micro Channel Architecture VESA : VESA was the first local Bus used it PC it is a 32-bit bus that runs at a Speed 33 MHz. PCI : PCI is the Most Popular IO Bus it as the same speed and width as VESA Local Bus Some PCI Buses have a width 64bits it provides Much better performs as compare VESA Local bus it have suppurate Circuit that control of PCI Generally support slots 3064 you can connect Video cades and Network cards and Sound cards to the PCI slots. AGP: AGP Provides high Performance Graphics capabilities in a System the AGP Bus Enables creation of 3d Graphics ISA: Is a widely used stranded even it as remained on changed ISA bus with 8 or 16 bits EISA: Compatible with EISA card with a bus with of 32 bits this Standard is really found on desktop system MCA: )
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The compatible with older card in as a bus speed 16 or 32 bits so IBM created this standard in 1980 this standard is not used now a days Introduction of Microprocessor: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The CPU Comp race of the microprocessor The microprocessor accept input from the use in the form of the data and instructions It processes the data using the instruction and sent the processed information to the output device. The micro processor controls the system there fore important to under stands it working The choice of the microprocessor also depends on computing needs The speed of the microprocessor also depends on the No of the transistors built into the processor The transistor in the Microprocessor boost the data signal on the processor The more than Transistors built on the microprocessor the faster is the speed of the microprocessor The advancements in Technology have reduced the size of the transistor and have in crazed the processing speed of the processor 10. Microprocessor may also have a Cache to store information faster from the cache then from the RAM. History of Microprocessor : Intel created the first Microprocessor in the year 1971 Intel modify the Microprocessor to make it faster efficient and reliable Intel Microprocessor created between 1971 to towards. YEAR 1971 1972 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 onwards 1) The socket on the mother board connects Micro Processor 2) The Microprocessor have pins that enter the mother board using which the communicates the system 3) To use 0 insertion force (ZIF) or Low insertion force (LIF) 4) ZIF is a lever to install or Remove the micro processor the microprocessor can be without using any force 5) You must use force to push the microprocessor in the LIF socket you must use screw driver or chip puller to remove the microprocessor Learn More topics @ Less Fee specify tools such as Install and removing microprocessor MICROPROCESSOR 40004 8008 4004/8080 8008 20286 80386 Series 80486 Series Pentium Family Pentium II Family Celron / Xenon Pentium III Family Pentium IV family Sockets :
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SOCKETS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 370 Pins
ROWS 3 rows 4 rows 4 rows 4 rows 5 rows 4 rows 5 rows 5 rows 6 rows
SOCKETS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 370 462 Socket A 478 Slots :
PINS 169 238 237 273 320 235 321 387 370 462 478
MICRO PROCESSOR 80486 80486 Pentium 80486 AMD Pentium Pentium 60-66Mhz Pentium 75-133Mhz 80486 Pentium 75-200Mhz Pentium pro Celron & P-III Athlon / Duron Pentium IV
VOLTS 5V 5V 3.3 V to 5 V 5V 3.3 to 5 V 3.3 V 2.5 to 303 V 3.1 to 3.3 V 3.1 to 3.3 V 3.1 to 3.3 V L2 cache memory 1.4
1) Microprocessor such as the Intel Pentium-II, III celron and AMD athlon are 2) The card with the micro processor to install on the Mother Board 3) The card is built in with the L2 cache memory SLTOS 1 2 A PINS 242 330 -Support Micro Processor Pentium-II,III ,celron Pentium Xeon AMD athlon
installed on cards
Volts 2.8 to 3.3 V 2.8 to 3.3 V 2.8 to 3.3 V
NOTE:- Intel planned slot 1 and slot 2 allowed by only Intel manufacture AMD created the slot A to Support Athlon Processor. Use EV6 protocol that enables the
microprocessor and the RAM to communicate at an increased speed.
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Working of Microprocessor:
Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) : Perform the all arithmetic calculation such as addition subtraction, Multiplication division and the logical calculation such as the AND and OR Operators. Control unit : Controls the flow of the data and information to other units of the microprocessor. Memory Cache : Stores the data and instructions required the microprocessor. Step1: The data and instructions required the microprocessor enter the micro processor from the input device such as keyboard the control unit stories the data and the instructions in the memory/cache and send the instructions process the data to the ALU. Step2 : The Control Unit retrieves the data required by the instruction in the ALU from the memory / cache and sends it to the output device such as the monitor or printer. IMPORTANT POINTS IN MICROPROCESSOR :-
1. Laptops and notebook computers use the Intel Pentium M(mobile) processor. Celeron D processor.
2. Intel xeon Microprocessor powerful servers and workstation on a networking. 3. Data and information flows from the Microprocessor to the different device connected to the system using the BUS. 4. The speed of the Microprocessor depends on various factors such as the number of instructions it process the band width clock speeds. 5. Configuring the Microprocessor is possible by adjusting jumpers on the mother board are using the system BIOS. 6. The Microprocessor increases the speed is called over clocking. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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7. The Microprocessor problems like overheating and slow processing. HOW TO IDENTIFY PROCESSOR Processor Pentium-I Pentium-II Pentium-III Pentium-IV Intel Pentium Intel Celeron Intel / Xeon Clock Speed MHz 60 to 233 MHz 233 to 450 MHz 450 MHz to 1GHz 1.40 to 3.40GHz 1.3 to 2GHz 266MHz to 2.80GHz 1.40GHz to 3.06GHz No of Transistor (Millions) 3.1 to 4.5 L2 cache memory 512kb, Bus speed 100
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28, 256 cache Bus speed 100 to 133. 178, 2mb L3cache, Bus speed 800. 77, 2mb , Bus speed 400 128, 256kb,100, 400 Bus speed. 169, 4mb integrated L3 cache
MEMORY Introduction Memory : Memory is one of the functions of the brain that enables to store and remember the port events in computers the term memory refers to a chip that stores the data. It also enables use to retrieve the store data, the processor retrieves the information stored in the processing the data. The storage capacity of a memory depends on the types of the memory package used.
Types of Memory : Memory can be categorized in Two types. 1. Volatile memory. 2. non-volatile memory. 1. Volatile memory: Volatile memory loss of the data as soon as the system is turned off. Ex:- RAM.
2. Non-Volaile memory: Non- Volatile memory doesnt lose of the data even after the system is turned off. A part of this classification the memory in to 3 types. 1. Physical memory. 2. Virtual memory. Learn More topics @ Less Fee Ex:- ROM.
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3. Flash memory. 1) Physical memory:
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Physical memory comprises of memory chips physical memory stores programs and data that the microprocessor requires. To different types of physical memory are 3 types. 1) RAM Random Access Memory 2) ROM Read Only Memory 3) HYBRID 1.RAM :The Micro processor can read and write programs and data to the RAM. It is a type of a volatile memory and there fore it is referred to as a temporary data storage area. 2.ROM :ROM that programs and data can only be need from it , therefore programs and data can not be written most PC contain small amount of ROM to stores programs that enables the computer boot. It is nonvolatile memory to as a permanent memory 3.HYBRID :It is a type of memory that reads and writes data like the RAM and maintains data even the system is turned off like the ROM. PHSICAL MEMORY
RAM
ROM EPROM PROM
HYBRID
DRAM
SRAM EDO RAM SD RAM RD RAM
VRAM
NVRAM
FLASH
EEPROM
DDR-SD RAM
DRAM :- (Dynamic Random Access Memory) Retains data for a few million seconds the different types of DRAM.
EDORAM:- (Extended Dynamic Random Access Memory) Faster than DRAM.
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SDRAM:- (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory)
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Twice as fast as the EDO,DRAM, DDR-SDRAM is a type of SDRAM, commonly known as Double Date Rate Synchronous DRAM.
RDRAM:- (Rambus Dynamic RAM) DRAM it is used servers.
Faster
type
of
SRAM :- (Static Random Access Memory) the DRAM because it is not refreshed.
Faster than
VRAM:- (Video Random Access memory) hardware device contain (VGA,LAN) VRAM
Every
ROM :- (Read Only Memory) PROM:- (Programmable Read Only Memory) Stores the programs per mentally data can only be written once to the PROM, a prom is a non-
volatile memory. EPROM:- (Erasable programmable Read Only Memory) Cleans the program when exposed to the ultraviolet rays, there fore the EPROM can be
reprogrammed after the program has been erased. 3. HYBRID :-
NVRAM:- (Non-volatile RAM)
Types of SRAM that does not lose the data when the system is turned off. EEPROM:- (Electrical programmable ROM)
Cleans the program when exposed to the Electrical voltage there fore the EEPROM can be reprogrammed after the program has been Erased. FLASH:Types of EEPROM that can be Erased and reprogrammed in blocks. VIRTUAL MEMORY:Virtual memory enables the computer to work as it has more Ram than it actually it helps to increase the speed of the PC. FLASH MEMORY:This memory performs the action in a flash and as a result it is turned, as the flash memory flash memory is a non-volatile memory.
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PAGE FILE:-
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In the Ram all the programs are divided to page files in the Ram all filed or page files divided into small pages these files are called page files. UV ROM:Using Ultra violet rays if you erase it is called UV ROM.
DIFFERENT BETWEEN S RAM & D RAM 1 2 3 4 5 6 S RAM Stores data till the power is Switched off. Uses a set of transistor for each memory cell. Does not refresh the memory cell after each reading of the transistors. Data access in faster. Consumer more power. More expensive than D RAM 1 2 3 4 5 6 D RAM Stores data only for few milliseconds. Use single transistor and capacitors for each memory cell. Needs to refresh the memory cell after each reading the capacitor. Data access is slower. Consumer less power. Less expansive than S RAM.
CACHE MEMORY:- It is placed in between processor and RAM. Ex:- Level1, Level2, Level3 Level1& Level2 are placed beside processor L1 is Internal Cache L2 is External Cache L3 is External Cache L3 is used in only Servers. MEMORY BANK: Older mother boards having memory banks memory chips are directly placed on the motherboard. MEMORY MODULE:This is recent are on the PCB memory chips are placed. DRAM was the first memory module place on the PCB.
1. D-RAM:- It has no notch

30 Pins
2. EDO-RAM:- Single notch

72 pins
3. SD RAM:- Double notch

Left + middle notch 168 Pins
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Center + Right notch DDR-DDR1--------184Pins DDR2--------------- 240Pins
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5. RD RAM:- Double notch

Center + Left notch 184 Pins
PACKAGE:Putting in proper order memory modules are comes in different companies.
1. SIMM:- Single Inline Memory Module 2. DIMM:- Dual Inline Memory Module 3. RIMM:- Rambus Inline Memory Module 4. SO-DIMM:- Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module 5. MICRO-DIMM:- Micro Dual Inline Memory Module
MEMORY MODULE IS DESIGNED PCB + MEMORY CHIPS MODULES SIMM DIMM RIMM SO DIMM Micro DIMM MEMORY TYPE DRAM,EDO SD RAM/DDR RD RAM LAPTOP Notebook/plamtop PINS 30/72 168/184 184 144/200 144/172
POWER SUPPLY Introduction of power supply: Energy stores which provides different voltage to all the components. Ex:- 12v,5v,3.3v. +12v for HDD, Floppy, CD Rom +5v for Expansion slots +3.3v for Motherboard 1.4v Pentium IV 2.5v DDR Power supplies are two types : 1. AT Power Supply 2. ATX Power Supply Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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1. AT Power Supply :-
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6
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
6
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. GND GND -5 V +5 V +5 V +5 V 2. ATX Power Supply :7 17 8 18 P. No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 9 19 10 20
Power Good Signal +5 V +12 V -12 V GND GND 1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 P. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 5 15
6 16
P. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Voltage +3.3 V +3.3 V GND +5 V GND +5 V GND Power Good +5 V +12 V
P. No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Voltage +3.3 V -12 V GND Power On GND GND GND -5 V +5 V +5 V
Colour Orange Orange Black Red Black Red Black Violet Red Yellow
Colour Orange Blue Black Green Black Black Black White Red Red
VOLTAGE REGULATOR MODULE (VRM): This VRM reduces the Motherboard voltage to 1.4v-2.5v respectively adjust the voltage in away it is always 3.3v or 5v or 12v. Parts of Power supply :: 1,Rectifiers 2,Filters 3,Voltage regulator 4.Switching circuit switching circuit in the SMPS
SMPS:- (Switch Mode Power Supply) SMPS are two types 1, Normal/Linear power supply 2, SMPS Normal power supply Rectifier Learn More topics @ Less Fee SMPS Switching circuit
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Filter Voltage From factor :Rectifier Filters Voltage
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The from factor of the power supply represents the size and the shape of the Power supply. The different from factors are
1. PC/XT: - (Personal Computer / Extended Technology) 2. AT:- (Advanced Technology)

3. BABY AT:-
4. LPX:- (Low Profile Extended) 5. ATX:- (Advanced Technology Extended) 6. SFX:- (Small From Factor) 7. WTX:- (Work Station Technology Extended)
The power supply unit from factor must match the from factor of the system.
PC / XT:- The PC/XT power supply case is used by the IBM PC/XT systems. The placement of the PC/XT
power supply is at the top right side of the back end of the system case, this power supply case has a toggle switch placed on the power supply switch the power supply unit on and off. It is also voltage selection switch controls the Input voltage can supply use the AT connector to connect to the motherboard. accepts 130Wa power
AT:- The PC/AT system uses the AT from factory of the power supply along with the AT motherboard it
accepts 192Wa of power supply voltage. The PC/AT system use the AT connector to connect the motherboard.
BABY AT:- The Baby AT system use the Baby AT from factor of the power supply along with the baby AT
motherboard. The input power voltage for this system is 192Wa it uses the AT connector to connect the motherboard.
LPX: - The LPX power supply units is used in LPX system case with the LPX motherboard it is small in
size and is also called as the slim line power supply this power supply unit uses the AT connector to connect to the motherboard.
ATX:- The ATX form factor does not have a power outlet to connect the power card the monitor to the
power supply unit this power supply units use the ATX connector to the motherboard.
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Difference between AT&ATX AT AT will have two 6-pin connector P8,P9 connectors keyboard will have 5-pin Din (Doutch Industry Norms) Color Yellow Black Red White Gray Orange Blue Purple Green ATX
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20pins and additional 4pins and mother board For keyboard & mouse PS/2, 6-pin connector.
Pins +12v 0v +5v -12v Power good cable +3.3v -5v +5v Power on cable
POWER GOOD CABLE:-When you turn on the power supply it automatically check the voltage it very
thing is proper it will send a signal called power good signal to motherboard, motherboard will work only if the power good signal in present.
POWER ON CABLE (GREEN):- This one helps is use to find out whether the power supply Is working or
not. UPS (Uninterrupted power supply) :Brown Out: - Less power is there it is called brown out Black Out: - When for providing power, when there is no power to the UPS are Three types 1. Off line stand by UPS 2. Line interactive UPS 3. On line interactive UPS POWER SURGE: - Increasing the voltage. POWER SPIKE: - Sudden raise and sudden drop. HARD DISK Introduction Hard disk: A Hard disk is the secondary storage device or permanent data storage device that is placed in the system; it is similar to a human brain where all the past &present events are stored. system.
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It is made up of a magnetic material that helps in storing data for the system by following the magnetic recording techniques, a hard disk store data from 270mb to 160Gb even more depending on the capacity of the hard disk. A hard disk consists several circular platters has read write on both side. The platters are divided into concentric rings called as tracks and each track is divided in to number of sectors. The read/write Heads examines and then records the data in these sectors. Types of Hard disk:The different hard disk specify the speed at which the hard disk transfer data and the reliability the hard disk of the hard disk in storing the data it the hard disk crashes. 1. ATA (Advance Technology Attachment): The SATA transfers data between the hard disk and the system using only 1bit at a time with the speed of Up to 600mb per second. You can connect two Hard disk to a single controller on the system You must set the Hard disk to master or slave using the jumper on the Hard disk. The Hard disk uses a 40-pin connector to connect to the system.
2. SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment):-
The SATA transfers data between the hard disk and the system using only 1bit at a
time with the speed of up to 600mb per second. You can connect only one serial SATA Hard disk to a single controller on the system this hard disk does not have setting such as master slave or cable select.
The SATA Hard disk uses a 7-wire cable to connect the system.
RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk):Raid combines two or more hard disk in an array resulting in the increases in the speed of data storage and retrievals. This provides security for the data stored on the hard disk so that if one hard disk fails the data can be retrieved. Types of RAID: 1) Raid level 0 2) Raid level 1 3) Raid level 4 4) Raid level 5 5) Linear Raid Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Raid level 0: -
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1. The level enables you to treat a collection of two or more hard disk as a single unit. 2. The data be saved is spread out on the hard disk collection. 3. The speeds up the process of reading and writing data as multiple disks are to store data. Raid level 1:The level uses disk mirroring one disk storage the data where as the mirror disk stores a copy of the data. It ensures that if one disk the data can be retrieved from the mirrored disk. Raid level 4:The level stores the data on multiple disk and stores the sum of the data on a parity disk. If one of the disk crashes the parity disk can be used to recover the data. Raid level 5:This is frequently used method to Raid disk, this level stores the data on multiple disk. The parity information is not stored on a single hard disk but on different hard disk. Linear Raid:Linear Raid combines the multiple hard disk together to from one drive while storing data it first fill the first hard disk in the series and after the first hard disk is full it stores data to the next disk in the series. Types of Hard disk Interfaces: 1. ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface) 2. SCSI --(Small Computer System Interface) 3. IDE --(Integrated Device Electronics) 4. EIDE (Enhance Integrated Device Electronics) Introduction Interfaces:The Hard disk interface specifies the method used by the Hard disk to send and receive data to the system using a data cable. The type of interface specifies the data transfer speed between the hard disk and system. ESDI: This Hard disk interface is a standard interface for personal system, it connects the Hard disk device and other removable disk dives to the system. The ESDI interface enables the hard disk to communicate with the system at a speed of 10mb per second.
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SCSI:-
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The SCSI interface enables the hard disk to communicate with the system at very fast speeds, this interface is used on network servers that perform a lot of processing, the SCSI supports up to 8 devices on a single cable and is used with Raid. IDE: The IDE interface specifies that the hard disk controller is built on the hard disk that the data communication between the Hard disk and the controller is fast IDE inter face also provides for a high data transfer rate between the hard disk and the system. EIDE: The EIDE interface supports hard disks that have sizes from 504mb to 8.4gb, the EIDE interface supports a maximum of four hard disk drives on a system the EIDE hard disk is plug and play device thus to use this device you must just plug the device to the system and use it. Components of Hard disk 1. platters 2. Recording media 3. read/write head 4. Head actuator mechanism 5. Air filters 6. Spindle motor 7. Logic board File system :The file system determines the way that the files and folders are stored on the hard disk that type of the file system that you want to format the disk with depends on the operating system that you want to install and the features that file system stores. Types of file system: 1. Fat (File Allocation Table) Fat 16 Fat 32 2. NTFS (New Type file system) 3. EXT (Extended File System) FAT: The file system stores the pieces of the file data known as clusters on the hard disk. The clusters are stored on deferens locations of the hard disk.
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FAT 16: FAT 16 uses a 16bit binary number to identify the cluster number that stores the data on the hard disk medium storage capacity it can be used on hard disk capacity up to 2GB Operating system such as Disk Operating system (DOS) Windows 3.x and 95 makes use of the fat file system. FAT 32: FAT 32 uses a 32 bit binary number to identifies the cluster number that stores the data on the hard disk FAT 32 file system is used on hard disk that have a very large storage capacity it can be used on hard disk capacity up to 2tb(Tetra bytes) operating system as win98/2000/xp/me makes use of the fat file system. NTFS: The NTFS file system offers a high level of security for the stored files The NTFS file system is reliable. When you save data to a file or none of the updated data is saved. That files does not get corrupted when it is saved due to any physical or technical problems such as power failure. Operating system such as windows NT/2003/2000 makes uses of the NTFS FILE system. EXT: The EXT file system has a root directory and all the files and folders are stored in this root directory. EXT2, EXT3operating system such as Unix and Linux makes uses the EXT file system. FLOPPY DISK Introduction of floppy: Floppy means Flexible media/Flexible disk. Floppy is made up of Mylar material It is plastic material It is thin flexible strong Depend is a company which produces this plastic &flexible material. IMP. The Floppy is an External storage device. It is magnetic round disk Enclosed in a plastic jacket The data stored on the magnetic surface of the floppy disk
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You can transfer data from one computer to another using a floppy disk The floppy disk drive reads and writes data to a floppy disk
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History of Floppy o o o o Alan shugart Alan shugart created the floppy disk drive in the year 1967. The floppy disk size 8inches. First floppy used in mainframes produced by IBM
Single side double density ---360kb (SSDD) Single side high density ---720kb (SSHD)
Double side double density 1.2mb (DSDD) Double side high density --1.44mb(DSHD)
DSDD -----360rpm-----mini-----5.25inch DSHD -----300rpm-----micro---3.5inch **Manufactured by SONY in 1983
Types of Floppy Disk drives:-
A. 5.25 inch Floppy:- older system used the 5.25 inch floppy to read and write data to the 5.25 . B. 3.5 inch Floppy: - The 3.5-inch floppy driver spins the floppy disk at speed of 300 rotations
per minute. This enable the floppy to be formatted with 80 tracks on each side of the disk each track is divided into 18 sectors. The sector can hold 512 bytes. Components of Floppy disk drive:1) Read Write Head: Consists of Read Write Erase. The floppy disk drive has a read write head. This part performs the work of reading and writing data on the floppy disk converting the binary signals to electromagnetic signal. 2) Head Actuator:- To allows read and write. 3) Spindle motor:- Used for spinning the platter. 4) Stepper motor:- To move head slider. 6) Platters:- Made up my lar it consists of ferric oxide (Fe2o3) 7) Tracks:- Floppy disk is divided into many circles called tracks. 8) Clusters:- Each track is divided into sector is called clusters. 9) Sectors:- Each cluster is divided into sectors one sector consists of 512bytes. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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10) Bytes:- Each sector is divided into bytes. Formatting: The process of creating tracks &sectors are called formatting Formatting are divided in to (2) types 1. Low level formatting 2. High level formatting Low level formatting: - Divided into tracks and sectors clusters. High level formatting: Divided into tracks, sectors, clusters and also into files directory. Sector:- 80*2*18*512=1.44mb CD ROM CD WRITTER AND DVD ROM Introduction CD:The data stored on the CD can last for many years
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The CD can store lodge amount of data and is used to distribute software music & movie. The CD Rom drive can only read the data from a CD. Now days CD RW drives are available that can read also burn data on a CD. CD is a removable storage media. 3.5-inch floppy disk stores about 1.44mb of data. The enables users to only copy files of small size on the floppy disk, the CD stores more data than the floppy disk CD holds about 650-700mb. The CD is made out of a clear piece of poli carbo net plastic. The CD has different layers that enable, the CD drive to read from the CD. The layers that make up the CD depend on the type and the number of times that you can write data on the CD. Basic layers for the CD: Polycarbonate plastic: - hard-transparent plastic layer of the disk Aluminum: - Reflects the laser beam from the CD drive like a mirror the reflector light. Acrylic: - protects the CD layers. Label: - enables you to name the CD for identification 1. Audio compact disc 1.5 CD read only memory (CD-ROM) 2. Compact disk --- Record able (CD-R) 3. Compact disk --- Re-writable (CD-RW) Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Types of CD Drives: 1. CD-ROM Drive 2. CD-R Drive 3. CD-RW Drive Structure of CD: Working with CD writer software:Optical head Head actuator Spindle motor Loading mechanism.
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The CD writer comes with software that enables you to work with the CD writer you can down load the required software. CD writing software enables you to convert the files such as music file from on format to another burning it on the CD Ahead Nero. DVD ROM AND COMBO DRIVES The Digital versatile disk stores data digitally. A single DVD can store more data than seven CDs. Types of DVDs o o o o o o o DVD-Rom DVD- Video DVD- Audio DVD +R DVD +RW DVD- Ram DVD- VR and DVD + VR
Different parts the DVD-Rom:I. Motor II. Laser III. Lens IV. Tracking mechanism Combo Drive :A combo drive is a CD writer drive that can play DVDs, this type of drive can play back DVD and CD. It can also write data in CD-R and CD-RW disks. KEY BOARD AND MOUSE Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Introduction keyboard:-
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keyboard is the primary input device of the PC, you use the keyboard to enter commands and type text. The keyboard on computers are similar to type writers. Types of Keyboards:Now a days keyboards have 101 or more keys each of these keys performs a different operation. The main types of keyboards: 1. 101 key Enhanced keyboard 2. 102 key Enhanced keyboard 3. 104 key windows keyboard 4. Ergonomic keyboard 5. Programmable keyboard 6. Cordless keyboard 101-keys:IBM introduced the 101-key enhanced keyboard in 1986 Present days fancy versions of computer keyboard based on this layout. 102-keys:The 102-key enhanced keyboards were introduced the make the usage of keyboard. 104-keys: Microsoft introduced the 104-keywindows keyboards as an improvement over the 101- keyboard. The 104key windows keyboard only had an addition of three special keys windows related functions. These three keys included two identical keys to open. The start menu and one key to perform the right click operation using the keyboard. Ergonomic keyboard:A regular keyboard does not offer a user total comfort of use, this is because the shape of a regular keyboard doesnt properly align with shape of the human hand. Programmable keyboard:A programmable keyboard is one whose functions and operation can be modified by the user type of keyboard has additional keys that controls the operation of other keys programmable keyboards are not very popular. Cordless keyboards:Cordless keyboards are the latest addition to the family of keyboards. The usage of cordless keyboards has a lot of advantages you can place the keyboard according to your convenience and comfort.
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Cordless keyboards run with batteries. Keyboard connector: -
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The keyboard can be connected to the keyboard the communication between the keyboard and the computer carries power to the keyboard. Different types of connectors: -
1. 5-pin Din connector:- the 5-pin din connector was widely in use in the past, the din stands for
dinstche industry norm. this type of connector is rarely used nowadays.
2. 6-pin PS/2 connector:- IBM introduced the PS/2 port on the back of Pcs the PS/2 port supports the
6-pin PS/2 connector. Which is very popular in the present it has replaced most of the 5-pin Din connectors PS/2 6pin connector is also 6-pin mini din connector.
3. 4-pin USB port:- The 4-pin USB connector for keyboards is fast replacing the 6-pin port as the most
widely used connector for keyboards, the USB keyboard is connected to the USB port on the back of the computer and fastest. MOUSE Introduction mouse: Douglas Engel Bart invented the computer mouse in 1963. It is a device that enables a computer user to move the cursor or painter to specific point on the screen mouse can have one to three buttons each of which performs a different function, modern particularly important for graphical user inter face (GUI) you can also use the mouse for drawing objects on the screen by using the mouse as a pencil or paint brush. Types of mouse device:There are different types of mouse device that are widely in use at present. The mouse connected replaced cordless and optical mouse device.
1. Mechanical mouse:- a mechanical mouse is the oldest type of mouse available today this
type of mouse consists of rubber or metal ball on the under side the mouse placed on a mouse pad as the mouse is moved the ball rolls in appropriate direction. The mouse and send signals to the computer to move the pointer.
2. Opto mechanical mouse:-The opto mechanical mouse is similar to the mechanical mouse.
The opt mechanical mouse is more accurate than the mechanical mouse.
3. Optical mouse:- An optical mouse uses laser technology to detect the move ment the mouse
the optical mouse has no moving parts the optical mouse must be moved along a special mouse pad that has girds on its surface the girds on the mouse pad provide a frame of reference for the working of the mouse.
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4. Cordless mouse:- A cordless mouse establishes an in frared or radio link with a transceiver
that is connected to the computer through a cable cordless mouse are very convenient and easy to use cordless mouse operate on batteries.
5. Mouse connector:- you can connect the mouse to the computer through the serial port PS/2
port or the USB port there are different types of mouse devices available for connection to each of these parts.
6. Serial port:- The serial mouse connects to the serial port on the computer, this type of
connection offers low speed and hence it is being replaced with other connections like PS/2 and USB ports.
7. PS/2 connector:- the PS/2 mouse port on the back of the PC connects to the mouse, this
port was originally invented so that other devices like modems called use the serial port this PS/2 ports was also known as the mouse port.
8. USB port: - some types of mouse device connected to the computer through the USB port,
this USB connection offers good speed. MONITORS Introduction video adapters:Video adapters are responsible for delivering the images to the monitor the enable the monitor to display images using a verity of colors, the also given images a realistic feel and look the monitor is like a television that displays text and graphics on the screen the monitor is an output device. Video adapter:The video adapter is a chip installed in the system video adapters display both 2 dimensioned (2D) images such as textual information and 3 dimensional (3d) images such as those required for movies and games. The microprocessor sends the display images to the video adapter the video adapter drowns the required image and sends it to monitor for displaying. Microprocessor
Video adapters
Monitor Components of video adapters: The video adapters is made up of the video basic input output system (VBIOS), video processor the video Random access memory (VRAM) and the random access memory digital to analog converter (RAM DAC) these components work together to provide the processing need to display complex graphics.
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Video Bios:
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The video bios a read only memory (ROM) chip that is built on the video adapter. The video adapter the system talks to the V BIOS. The video bios communicate with the video processor uses the video bios to communicate with the system.
Video processor:the video processor is like a painter it draws th objects that must be displayed and sends them to the monitor high end video processor can also process and manage the objects that must be drawn on the monitor screen. Video RAM:The video ram is the memory that the video adapter use to hold the image displayed on the monitor screen the video ram is built into the video adapter card this fresh up the system memory the video adapter uses the system RAM. RAMDAC: - The RamDac converts the digital signal from the system to analog signals and sends them to the monitor. Standards of the Video adapters:- The video adapters standards specify the resolution that video adapter uses to draw the display image to the monitor, the monitor must support the video adapter standard the video graphics array (VGA) standard specify that the microprocessor. Controls the video adapter to draw the graphic to be displayed on the monitor. The extended graphics gray (XGA) standards specify that the video adapter controls and draws the graphics to be displayed on the monitor the different standards and the resolution.
TYPES OF MONITORS STANDARD Video Graphics Array (VGA) Super Video Graphics Array (SVGA) Extended Graphics Array (XGA) Super Extended Graphics Array (SXGA) Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA) Learn More topics @ Less Fee RESOLUTION 640 X 480 800 X 600 1024 X 768 1280 X 1024 1600 X 1200
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1. Cathode ray tube monitor:- the cathode ray tube monitor is an economical monitor used on most
system, the CRT monitor displays images with colors than are consistent can be viewed comfortable from different angles, the CRT monitor is useful for displaying and working with graphics and photographs color plays an important role CRT monitors are available with screens that are curved or flat. CRT monitor can be further classified on the number of colors. 1.Monochrome monitor 2.Gray scale monitor 3. Color monitor Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor:- The LCD monitor are thin and they use little space, they are light in weight consumer less energy and use in laptops, the picture on the LCD monitor does no flicker and they reduce eye strain because the whole image is draw at once on the LCD screen. Features of Monitors The features of the monitor specify the additional qualities of the monitor the better the features of the monitor, then the monitor more cost. This feature provides a better view of the display picture on the monitor. 1) Size:The size of the monitor specify the length of the monitor in inches monitors are available in the size range is 14 inches to 22 inches. The size of the monitor is measured diagonally. 2) Resolution:The monitor screen also displays the text and graphics the more the dots, the higher the resolution of the monitor is measured using two numbers. The first number specifies the number of dots displayed on a single line of the screen. The second number specify no. of lines on the screen. For example of the resolution is specified as 640 x 480 this means that monitor can display 480 lines on the screen. 3) Antiglare screen:The monitor screen gives out bright light and also acts like a mirror that reflects lights Antiglare screen reduce the glare and eyestrain. Monitor settings:The monitor has settings that enables you to adjust 1.Brightness 2. Contrast 3. Horizontal size Learn More topics @ Less Fee the
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4.vertical size 5. Horizontal position 6. vertical position 7.Degauss 8. Language 9. corner/trapezoid correction How to Testing the Monitor: Check that the monitor power card is connected to the power supply
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Check if the signal cable is connected to the system if connected disconnect it. Switch the power supply on Switch the monitor on, A message will appear on the display screen to show that the monitor is working but not receiving signals from the system. Switch the monitor and the power supply Off Reconnect the signal cable to the system
Trouble shooting the monitor:Trouble shooting the monitor solves the problems associated with the monitor. The monitor has a light emitting diode (LED) that glows continuously when the system is on. The led blinks when the system is in the stand by mode or is shutdown. :: PRINTER :: Introduction printers:The printer is a device that prints text documents and images on paper, it is a peripheral output device, it prints the data that is processed by the computer, printer are bordly classified in two groups , Impact printers and non-impact printers. Types of printers:Printers are two types 1. Impact printer Ex: - Data matrix printer 2. Non- Impact printer Ex: - Inkjet, Laser printer.
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Impact printer:-
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Impact printers are used for printing documents as well as graphics the working of impact printers is very similar to type writers. A print head is brought in contact with an ink ribbon, the impact results a printing on paper under the ink ribbon the dot matrix printer is an example of impact printer. Dot-matrix printer:Dot matrix printer uses a matrix of metal pins on the print head to create dots, an ink socket ribbon is placed between the paper and the print head the impact causes in print of text on the paper, as a result dot matrix printers are nosily. 1. This printers do not produce high quality documents or graphics 2. This printers produce only low quality applications use dot matrix printers 3. This type printer useful in creation of multi-peer documents like invoices and receipts. Dot matrix printer are used in carbon copy printing. 4. The number of metal pins in the dot matrix printers varies from 9 to24, the best quality dot matrix printers have 24 metal pins 5. The dot matrix printer use the matrix of dots to create individual letters or images. Dot matrix printers have a speed of 30to 550 copy NON-Impact printers Non-impact printers are characterized by quiet operation, non-impact printers do not function by mechanical striking of the print head on the paper, inkjet, laser printer example of non-impact printers. Inkjet-printer 1. Inkjet printers use color as well as monochrome cartridges this type of printer provides high quality printing. 2. The power supply of the printer provides electrically to function it is usually a part of the printer it self. 3. A circuit board controls the operation of the printer the circuit board contains the micro processor and memory 4. Most computers connect to the printer parallel port, some printers nowadays use the serial port USB port and SCSI port for connecting to the computer. 5. Inkjet printer other model bubble jet printer, the creation of the bubbles leads to expansion of the ink inside the cartridge and a drop of ink is ejected Laser printer:1. The laser printer uses a beam of laser for the purpose of printing 2. The laser printer uses this properly to combine ink powder and paper
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3. The laser printer consists of revoluing ellyinder that is made up of photo conductive material, the drum is charged with the help of a charging wire called the charge corona wire the wire has electric current passing through it. 4. The photoconductive drum is giving a positive or negative charge by the charge corona wire. 5. When the drum starts to revolve a laser beam is shone on it , this laser beam consist of light photos, the laser assembly shines the laser beam on a mirror the beam is then reflected off the mirror as a result the drum that is made up photo conductive material. 6. The fuser rolls on the paper to the output tray the printing process is thus complete. Attributes of a printer: Characteristics like speed and qualities of output printers on the basis of the following.
1. Speed:- Defines the speed at which a printer prints documents the speed of a printer is measured in
characters per second (cps) or pages per minute (PPM) printer speeds vary widely from type to type printer can print up to 20 PPM.
2. Dots per inch: - Specifies the number of pixels or dots of ink that the printer uses while printing an
image or document. A dot per inch (DPI) is a print setting that the printer uses while transferring an image or document from the computer to paper. A 300 DPI printer will use 300 dots of ink across an inch vertically as well as horizontally. As a result a square inch will have 90,000 pixels or dots of ink, the DPI provides a measure of th quality of a printed document or image a higher DPI measurement indicates a higher quality printer. Structure of printer:The printer consists of various ports that accept support and move the paper during the process of printing all these ports have to work in co-ordination so that works properly.
1. Feeder:- Accepts the paper and forwards individual sheets as printing progresses 2. Support:-provides as support for the paper that is loaded in the folder 3. Edge guide:- provides proper adjustment according to the width of the paper there are two such
edges guides this left guide can be shiftier according to the width required.
4. Cover:- Covers the printing process the cover is opened only while replacing ink cartages. 5. Output tray: - Accepts the paper that comes out 6. Output tray extension:- Holds the paper that comes out of the printer 7. Cartridge: - Contains the ink printing 8. Print head: - Delivers the ink to the page that is being printed 9. Cover of cartridge: - Provides a cover for the ink cartridge this cover is removed only when a
cartridge has to be replaced.
10. Adjustable lever: - Provides adjustment for distance between print head and paper, this adjustment
is essential for avoiding SM caring of ink on the paper. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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11. Control panel: - Provides control for various actions of the printer the control panel consist of the
following buttons.
12. Power: - Turns the printer On/off 13. Paper: - Accept or ejects paper this button is pressed to resume printing afterning an error in the
process
14. Roll paper: - Used for roll paper button prints a guideline for cutting roll paper.
Installing printer:The printer must be properly connect to the computer the printer software must be installed correctly the printer is first connected to the computer through cables then the printer driver is installed. Install printer driver:Start Settings control panel Add printer Click Next to ask printer name or number to installed printer driver software completed. MODEMS Introduction modems:-
1. The process of converting the binary information into analog signals is called modulation. 2. The conversion of analog signals back to the binary information is called demodulation. 3. Modem is communication device that enables a computer to transfer data over the telephone
called lines. 4. The word modem is the short form for modulation demodulator. Types of Modems :There are two modems 1. Internal modems 2. External modems Internal modem:- An internal modem is a modem card that you can plug into an expansion slot on mother board, they are fixed on mother board. External modem:- An external modems is connected to the pc through a cable which is plugged into a port on the back of the system unit, external modems have their own power cords. Before establishing the connection you must switch on the modem. A modems are further classified 5 types:1. X2 modem 2. V.90 modem Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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3. ISDN modem(Integrated Service Digital Network) 4. DSL modem (Digital Subscriber Line) 5. Cable modem I. Internal cable modem II. External cable modem Important point in modem
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Modem is commonly features data transmission speed data compression data or voice communication far capability. X2 technology of a modem session has a pure digital connection to the telephone line. V.90 technology of a modem session has a pure digital connection to the telephone line. ISDN is a set of international communications standards for transmitting digital data over a telephone line. DSL needs a device called DSL modem to convert digital signals to anlog signals and analog signals back to the digital signals A cable modem is device that enables to connect a pc to the cable TV line, HOW TO TESTING A MODEM 1. Open the phone and modem dialog box 2. Click the modem tab 3. Click the properties 4. Click the Diagnostics tab 5. Click the Query option How to Configure modem:Start Setting control panel click the modem phone
SCANNERS Introduction of scanner: A scanner is device that translates the data on a sheet of paper to a form that can be stored on a computer. Types of scanners:The basic function of a scanner is to convert a document to a digital format. You can this convert data on a paper to files on your computer The data can be in the form of text message or graphics in the absence of scanners.
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Different types of Scanners are used for different applications the capabilities and cost of scanner different type to type. 1. Flatted scanners 2. Sheed fed scanners 3. Slide scanners 4. Drum scanners Important points of Scanner 1. The front of a scanner consist of a power indicator light and a power on/off button. 2. The back of scanner has ports for connecting the scanner to the power outlet and the computer. 3. The cover of the scanner protects the interior from dust and other particles. 4. The image is document to be scanned must be placed face down on the scanner glass. 5. A lamp is the scanner illuminates the image or document to be scanned. 6. A scanner can be connected to a computer through the parallel USB or SCSI port 7. You must disconnect any other parallel port device connected to the computer before installing a parallel scanner. 8. You can use a USB scanner and a printer simultaneously
How to Configure Scanner Start settings control panel
Double click Scanner and camera Click the properties select scanner Click the test scanner or camera button to test the scanner. Booting Process:Booting:Booting is the routine task which get perform whenever you turn on the computer system. After booting only the users get the working environment. Booting is the process of loading the system files from the hard disk to RAM. Booting are 2 types. 1) Hot Booting (or) Warm Booting 2) Cold booting (or) soft Booting 1)Hot Booting (or) warm Booting:When the you forcefully booting the system by Pressing ALT+CTRL+Del (or) restart button. Is called hot booting. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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2) Cold Booting (or) Soft Booting:When even you turn on your computer is get booted automatically. :OPERATING SYSTEM: Introduction of Operating System:
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All computers need basic software known as an operating system funtion. The O/S act as an interface between the user application programmes hardware and system peripherals. Application programmes are loaded after the O/S Eg:- Ms-office, Java, Oracle, C, C++. The O/S is a first software to be loaded when a computer boots up. An O/S is take input from input device and give to the Processor to process and store the result memory.
Feature of Operating System:O/S are two types 1) GUI (Graphical user Interface) 2) CLI (Common Line Interface) Eg:- Windows Eg:- Dos
All the GUI multi Processing and Multi Tasking. 1) Multi Tasking 2) Multi Programming 3) Multi Processing 1) Multi Tasking:- Many task at a time. 2) Multi Programming :- Many task at the same time 3) Multi Processing:- More than one process Multi Tasking are two types. 1) Preemptive Multi tasking 2) Co-operative multi tasking 1) Preemptive Multi tasking:O/S use some certain areas allocate time before giving another tasking to use the O/S. 2) Co-operative multi tasking:Each programme can control the CPU for as long as its needs Virtual means Logical exist but not physically Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Types of Software :Software are two types. 1) System Software Eg:- win98, Linux, device Drivers 2) Application Software Eg:- Ms-office SOFTWARE
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System Software Eg: All Os (win2000, Linux) Device drivers
Application Software
Package Eg:- Ms-office Page maker Photo shop Corel Draw DOS Word Star Lotus Dbase Fox pro C,C++ Basic Cobal Pascal Basic:- Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code. Cobal:- Common Business oriental Languages An O/S is a system software which act as the platform to run application and enable the user to interact with the system. O/S was first invented by IBM and names as PC-DOS (Personal Computer Disk Operating System) and it was running only in IBM systems. O/S are two types:1) DOS 2) Windows WINDOWS Word Excel Ms- Aces Fox pro Visual C++ Visual For pro
In network line operating systems are two types 1) 2) 1) NOS :Networking Operating System is use only server side in networking. Learn More topics @ Less Fee Networking Operating system (NOS) Client Operating System (COS)
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Eg:- Win NT 4.0, Win 2000 server, windows 2003, Linux, Unix, Novell Network 2) COS :Client Operating System is only in Client Side. Eg:- DOS, Win 3.11, Win 95, 97, Win CE (Compact Edition), Windows me (Millennium edition), Win 2000 professional, Win XP, Linux Work station. Note :- Win 97 is released in 1997. In windows 97 display the logo as Win 95 with caption Internet Explorer. Introduction to DOS : DOS is the Disk Operating System provides a text based interfaces called the command prompt (c:\>) From the Command prompt commands can be issued to perform file & Disk Management and to run programmes. The result of these commands are presented to the user as a text message. DOS provides a no. of utility programmes (.exe, .com extension in the DOS director) DOS utilities are format, edit, msd (Microsoft diagnostics) an scan disk. DOS is a single user and single tasking. Version MS-DOS 1.0 MS-DOS 1.1 MS-DOS 2.0 MS-DOS 3.0 MS-DOS 3.1 MS-DOS 3.2 MS-DOS 3.3 MS-DOS 4.0 Year Aug 81 May 82 May 83 Aug 84 Mar 85 Jan 86 Apr 87 Feb 88 Feature Distributed on one floppy required 8 KB RAM Supported 106 KB single side and 360 KB double side disk Supported Hard Disk background printing and additional device drivers Supported Hard Disk / 22 MB floppy Supporting network and file sharing Supported 3.5 inch (1.44 ) MB floppy Provides new commands and international support Supported hard disk partitions greater than 32 MB provided the memory command and DOS shell Provided Extra Memory management tools help undelete, un format added tasking swapping DOS Shell Multiple boot configuration virus protection and backup Provided scan disk
MS-DOS 5.0 MS-DOS 6.0 MS-DOS 6.2 MS-DOS 7.0 Learn More topics @ Less Fee
May 91 Mar 93 Oct 93 Latest
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Version MS-DOS 8.0 Year Feature
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DOS COMMANDS DOS commands are two types 1. 2. Internal Commands External Commands
1. Internal Commands :Which get loaded automatically at the time of booting. 2. External Commands :Which needed to be present at the directory from where it is a being executed. Internal Commands ::How to Enter into DOS ::- start run type cmd press OK It will display like this ::- c:\> It will display like this c:\windows\documents and settings\> type cd\ press enter 1. cls :- (Clear the Screen) syntax :2. DATE :c:\>cls
It will display the system date and we can change the date
syntax :- c:\>date 3. TIME :It will display the system time and we can change the time
syntax :- c:\>time 4. Version :To display present your working operating system
syntax :- c:\>ver 5. Volume :To display system volume label (drive)
syntax :- c:\>vol 6. DIR :This command is used to display the files and directories information in present working directory. Syntax :1. c:\>dir (It will shows all files and directories) 2. c:\>dir\p (It will shows all files and directories page wise) 3. c:\>dir\w (It will shows all files and directories width wise)
7. Copy con :- This command is used to creating a new file. Syntax :- c:\>copy con <file name> Eg:- c:\>copy con ECS Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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********** type the message *********** press control+z or F6 to save the data in ECS file Note :- File Name maximum length is 8 characters. 8. Type :This command is used to see the contents of the file which are the current drive. Syntax :- c:\>type <file name> Eg :c:\>type ECS ************display the message************
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available in
9. Rename :- This command is used to change the file name. Syntax :- c:\>ren <old file name> <new file name> Eg :10. Copy :c:\>ren ECS DCS This command is used to copy the contents from source file to another file.
Syntax :- c:\>copy <old file name> <new file name> Eg:11. Delete :c:\>copy DCS Ayyappa This command is used to remove a file.
Syntax :- c:\>del <file name> Eg :- c:\>del Ayyappa 12. Prompt :- This command is used to change the DOS prompt. Syntax :- c:\>prompt $P <name> c:\>prompt $P$gG (to come out from new prompt mode) Eg: - c:\>prompt $P ayyappa c:\ayyappa> (it will display like this) c:\ayyappa>prompt $P$G (to come out from ayyappa mode to c:\>) 13. Move :This command is same like rename command
Syntax :- c:\>move <old file name> <new file name> Eg:- c:\>move ECS ayyappa 14. MD :contains files. This command is used to create a directory same like as folder. The folder
Syntax :- c:\>md <directory name> Eg :- c:\>md ayyappa 15. CD :This command is used to change director (enter into director)
Syntax :- c:\>cd <file name> Eg :- c:\>cd ayyappa c:\ayyappa> (it will display like this) Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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16. RD :This command is used to remove a directory (or) folder.
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Syntax :- c:\>rd <directory name> Eg :c:\>rd ayyappa
External Commands :Format, Del tree, Disk copy, disk compare, fdisk, Dos key, tree, chkdsk Disk Management :Introduction to fdisk :Hard Disk is the permanent data storage device. Hard Disk connect IDE1 cable primary (or) connect IDE2 cable secondary each cable connect two hard disks. Master, Secondary Slave. SATA Hard Disk can connect only one. If Hard Disk is not detected check the BIOS setup. Partition the Disk : Partition is used to devided the Hard Disk into sectors known as the drives. Partition makes your system start faster and if also enables you to install multiple Operating system on the different partitions. Such as you can have win 98 on the first partition windows XP on the second partition The different partitions on your Hard Disk are assigned drive letters to enable you to access the drive. We can have upto 4 partitions on a single Hard Disk. You can create partitions using the fdisk(fixed Disk) utility. The fdisk utility enables you to specify the size in MB (Mega Bytes). You can also enter a percentage value that specify the size of the partition on the Hard Disk. For example suppose you have a Hard Disk capacity of 10 GB and you specify the partition size as 25% then fdisk will create a partition of the size 2.5 GB. Important Points of Disk Managements:o Hard Disk maximum create 4 Portions. 3 Primary Partition 1 Extended partition 2. Extended Partition create one is possible only extended partition base logical partitions will be created. Primary Master, Primary Slave, Secondary
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3. Partitions process of making physical disk to be a logical disk 4.it provides as to have many logical over single physical disk You can create two type of partition 1) Primary Partition 2) Secondary Partition Primary Partition is used for installed O/S
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Extended Partition is used to create logical partitions use to store users and programmes data
MBR Mater Bootable records 7)MBR:- MBR maintain always booting files information How to Create Partions using fdisk tool :o o o To start th PC put on the win98 bootable CD in Cd Drive Boot the System with a win98 bootable CD first Change the BIOS and CMOS Setup got ot BIOS Setup
How to enter BIOS & CMOS Setup:To start PC press del key (or) F2 key go to BIOS Setup Change the boot Sequence Choose the Advance BIOS Feature setup 1st Boot CD ROM 2nd Boot HDD-(or)- IDE-0 3Rd Boot - Floopy Press ESC Key (or) F10 Select Save &Exit Press (Y/N)- Y To Restart your system. System boot with 98cd To display message boot from CD 1 .Starting Computer with CD-Rom support 2. Starting Component without CD-Rom Support 3. 5View the Help Select Choice (1) A:\> dir A:\>fdisk Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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To support large disk (Y/N) : Y Open Fdisk Menu:o o o o Create Dos Partition Set active Partition Delet Partition Display Partition
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To Create Partition select Choice (1) Open Create DOS Partition Menu :1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical drive Partition 4. Create Non-Dos Partition
First you create Primary dos Partition select device (1) Maximum disk support (Y/N) : N Select (Y) you create only one pation (100%) Select (N) you create no Partition (only partition size Eg: 25% 1000) Select Disk Space 25% (C Partion) Press ECS key Get back fdisk menu Select choice (1) ( display create DOS Partition menu) Select Choice(2) (Select Extended partition) Select disk Space 75% Press ESC Automatically logical partitions will be created To display total logical disk space 100% First select Logical Partition 33 % (D- partition) Second Select Logical Partition 33 % (E- partition) Third Select logical Partition 34 % (F- partition) Press ESC Key Select Choice (2) (set active Partition) To ask which partitions active (display 1. Primary & 2. Extended) Select (1) (Primary DOS Partition) Primary DOS Partition active Press ESC key Press ESC Key Press CTRL+ALT+DEL Key restart your PC Learn More topics @ Less Fee Contact No: +91
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HOW TO FORMATING DISK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Format is process of creating tracks & sectors You cannot use disk without formatting it. If we some data over it. Again it will create the tracks and sectors by distorting the previous data. Boot the System Cd-Rom. Select choice (1) (Start computer with Cd-Rom support) First format C\> Data will loss process (Y/N) : Y A:\> Format C:\>s/u/q Second format D:\. A:\> Format D:/s/u/q Third format E:\> A:\> Format E:\>s/u/q Fourth Format f:\> A:\>Format F:/s/u/q Cluster is combination of sectors To complete formatting you create all disk Windows Operating System 1) Microsoft windows 3.1X was the 16-bit O/S run over OS. 2) Windows is the multi user multi tasking 3) Windows 95 replace both of this versions 4) The previous versions had a similar user interface but windows 95 display a different type of interface 5) Windows 98 replaced Windows 95 and they have similar interface. 6) The next version with several new enhancements was windows me (millennium edition) shipped in 2000 7) Microsoft later shipped the use windows 2000 family of operating system for network centric computing. 8) The Microsoft 2000 family compares windows 2000 professional for client side And windows 2000 server for network server (server Side) 9) The latest windows product in the market is windows XP which lunched in 2001 Windows first developed interface manager in sept 1981 Interface was changed in 1982 as used in the Xerox start Windows Version Windows 1.0 Released Data It has easy to use Nov 1985 Graphics interface It is a device Independent Graphics. Feature S System files U UN conditional Q Quick
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It Has multi tasking Support For consisting Microsoft Renamed win 2.0 to windows / 286 It is similar to win / 286 It has capability to run multiple dos Applications Simultaneously in extended memory It has address memory beyond 640 k It has no added features It has peer to peer file and printer sharing capabilities This files can than be accrued from other Machines running either windows dos Windows for work group, also includes two Additional applications Microsoft mail Network Mail package and schedule in work Group Scheduler It is 32-bit system It provides full pre-emptive multitasking Win 95 Aug 1995 Advance file system It introduces MS-Dos 70 Windows CE It has look the feel windows 95 and NT Sep 1996 (Compact Edition) Windows CE use handle Pcs and palm size With integrated web browsing features Win 98 June 1998 You can browse every thing including stuff on your local computer Win NT 5.0 June 1998 Like win98, If Integrates internet explorer 4.0 in to the O/S Win 2000 Feb 17-2000 You can access gives user consistent to Network Features Win XP Oct25-2001 It contains 32-bit kernel and driver set from windows NT and windows 2000 Win 2003 2003 It Contains Administration purpose (Entrolizd Administration and more security) Microsoft finals announced windows in Nov 1983 Windows for Work groups 3.1 Oct 1992 Windows Windows 2000 Windows XP Flowers Server Professional Home Professional Service Pack 1 Service Pack 2 Service Pack 3 Standard Edition Enterprise Edition Web Sever Edition Data Center Edition How to Install 98
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Windows 2.0
1987
Windows / 386 Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 Win 3.11
1987 May 1990 April 1992
Windows 2003
First install win 98 to be take backup CD to hard Disk (D:\>(or)E:\> (or) F:\>) (C:\> Driver is install win 98) Requirements of win 98 : PC with microprocessor 486 (or) higher Learn More topics @ Less Fee Contact
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16 MB RAM 250 MB Hard Disk Space (250MB to 270MB) Win 98 bootable CD CD Rom Drive How to take Backup (CD to Hard Disk):1) Boot from CD 2) Select choice (1) (Starting Computer with CD-Rom Support) A:\> 3) Go to CD Drive A:\>H: H:\>dir (you create one win98 directory in D:\> (or) E:\> H:\> CD win98 H:\ win98> md D:\ win98 H:\>win98> Copy *.* d:\win98 (to copy in win98 CD all files D:\win98) H:\> win98> D: D:\> dir D:\> CD win98 D:\> win98> Dir How to Install Through CD win98: H:\>win 98> dir (to run setup.exe file) H:\> win98> setup It will check all the drives (C:,D:,E:,F:) Scan Disk To Press ESC key To Click Continue To select directory Display the directory path c:\windows O other directory Click next
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.Exe Executable file .Txt Text File .Sys system files .Bat batch files
Note :- To install win 98 in other directory select d:\> or e:\> if you do not select other default the O/S can select c:\windows It will display four options (any option you can select) Typical O Portable Learn More topics @ Less Fee
directory by
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O Compact O Custom Typical : This is the default option that will be install the most common component PC Portable : This is recommended option for portable computers (Laptop, note book) Compact : Recommended few have limited disk space (Plamtop) Custom : Experienced users can have the total control over what windows installed on their system. click next It will asking startup disk Startup disk :-
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for a desktop
component will be
Win 98 provides facilities such as Win 98 startup menu and the startup disk (Emergency boot disk) to enable investigation problems. 1) To insert floppy click ok (created a bootable floppy) 2) Dont insert floppy click cancel 3) Copy windows 98 file (1 to 100%) 4) To asking restart your system Press Enter (or) click on restart then restart your PC Press Del button (or) F2 key (It will enter into the BIOS to change the boot Choose Advance BIOS feature setup in BIOS menu change the boot sequence First Boot device Second Boot device Third Boot device : HDD (or) IDE0 : CD ROM : Floppy or any disk sequences)
press Esc key (or) press F10 key It will show save & Exit (y/n) confirmation : press y restart your pc The system can boot from Hard Disk support Display win 98 logo and then check the total Hardware It display two option I accept the agreement O I dont accept the agreement You select first option win 98 will be install Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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You select second option dont install win 98 The operating system can asking product key GM2KK YHUJI M4JF9 R4RK9
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RTYYU
The Operating system can check the following peripheral one by one (or) settings Time Zone (Set the time GMT +5.30 calcutta & Chennai) Windows help Start Menu Control Panel MS-DOS program System Tools
It complete 100% then total install win 98 It asking device drivers of display (or) sound After install device drivers put on the mother Board CD in CD drive click next. WINDOWS 98 BOOT PROCESS :The windows 98 boot process is more complex than the DOS boot process. The Win 98 booting process in 4 steps 1. 2. 3. 4. Hardware :The BIOS tests whether the Hardware is working properly and many perform certain configuration steps. 1. POST (Power on self test) 2. Plug and Play (PNP) 3. Boot strap boot up the process 1. POST :Learn More topics @ Less Fee The post, plug and play boot strap operation performed operation performed during The Hardware stage occurs during on operating system boot up as well as a win 98 Hardware Real mode Protected mode Operating system loan on desktop initialization
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Check if the
The Power on self test routine recorded in the ROM chip on the Mother Board. Hardware is functioning properly or not.
The user attention is a drawn to any errors through documented beep codes through the speaker and message on the screen. 2. Plug and Play :If the BIOS of the PC plug and play enable it attempts to assign non conflicting system resources (IRQ, DMA, IO addresses and memory) to the Hardware devices in the system. The details of the configuration are stored in non volatile memory. 3. Boot Strap :The process of loading the Operating System into memory is known as Boot straping. It is also known as IPL (Initial program loader) and it is initiated by the BIOS. The Boot straping program looks at the boot device (usually A:\> (or) c:\>) in sequence for an area called the Boot sector which contains the code necessary for initialization the Operating system. Real Mode :The real mode components of Win 98 are loaded to provide the operating environment that replace DOS. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) IO.sys MSDOS.sys Config.sys Command.com Autoexec.bat
There are (5) files that are loaded into memory, during the real mode stage of the operating system. 1) IO.sys :An IO.sys is loaded, it takes control of the system from the BIOS which starts to load win 98 into memory. IO.sys also display the opening windows 98 graphics. The system.dat file (windows registry) is loaded after checking for integrity. 2) MSDOS.sys :After than MSDOS.sys is loaded the plain text hidden readonly system files in the root directory of the boot drive. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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IO.sys process, MSDOS.sys process and certain parameters in autoexec.bat files. 3) Config.sys :The config.sys file which is loaded next is used to overwrite the default IO.sys and loads DOS device drivers required by the user according to the Hardware configuration. 4) Command.com :This is followed by loading command.com which provides the command line interface used only to operate win 98 in DOS Mode (during the troubleshoot process) 5) Autoexec.bat :The instruction in the autoexec.bat file tell DOS to load programmes and defined settings for DOS applications. Protected Mode :Protected mode components load into memory take over the configuration of PNP devices and also loaded configure device drivers. In protected mode windows 98 loads the Hardware device drivers and other protected mode components. Three important file during the stage 1) win.com 2) VMM32.vxd 3) System.ini 1) Win.com :Win 98 automatically loads win.com One can also include a win instruction autoexec.bat file to load it with certain parameters that will be useful in trouble shooting 2) VMM32.vxd :VMM32.vxd is a virtual machine manager. It also loads its own device drivers and those specified device drivers parameters in the 386 enhanced section the system.ini file. 3) System.ini :System.ini is the file that contains windows Hardware configuration settings. Most of the Hardware used by windows is found here
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This is an important file because it contains maximum of the information on Windows configuration and most of the drivers windows used.
Operating system load and Desktop initialization :The windows 98 operating system loads, creates the users desktops and carries out, logon processing during the initialization of the Operating system. The core files loaded into the memory. 1) Kernal32.dll 2) Kernal386.exe 3) GDI.exe 4) GDI32.dll 5) user.exe 6) user32.dll The fonts required for Windows 98 menu dialog box and icons are also loaded. Programme and user configuration option in win.ini are loaded for backward capability. Desktop Initialization :A shell must be loaded initialization the desktop. The shell is the programme specified in the shell = parameters in system.ini. This is usually explorer.exe This can be to any appropriate shell programme such as programme.exe It is then followed by desktop components such as My computer, Recycle bin and Network neighborhood. Windows Components :Windows components are two types 1) Hardware components 2) Software Components Hardware components
Windows RAM HDD FDD

Software Components Shell Kernel Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Kernal :It is core of O/s it Manage all the managements like CPU, Memory, Interface management DOS Kernal IO Sys MsDos.sys Shell :Shell is interface between kernal and use it work like a interface Command :Command is also instruction. Trouble shooting for Win98 :There are two types of problem. 1) Booting Problem is 80% 2) Other Problem is 20% Possible causes :1) Hard disk not detecting 2) Missing of system files 3) Device drive Problem Other Problems :1) Hardware Problem 2) Virus Problem 3) Application related Problem How to solve the above Problems:1) Using startup disk 2) By using advance startup menu 3) At the time of booting press F8 Key Win98 Kernal Kernal32.dll Winxp Kernal NT Kernal32.Exe
Win98 Startup Menu :1) Normal Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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2) Logged.Txt (booting) 3) Safe mode 4) Step-by-step Configuration 5) Safe mode command prompt only. 1) Normal: - You install win98 perfect directly enter normal mode. 2) Logged.Txt:- It loads booting files perform all booting files. 3) Safe Mode :- This safe mode used to solve the problem related with device drivers. In safe mode no device drives will not work 4) Step-by-step Configuration :It Perform all process step-by-step 5) Command Prompt:-
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using this prompt to install without CD win98 (backup in D:\ (or) E:\) Backup will be there. C:\>D: D:\>dir D:\> CD win98 D:\win98> setup Normal mode in O/S 1000 files will be support safe mode in O/S 500 files will be support only. Convert From FAT to NTFS:Go to Run type CMDOK C:\> Convert D:/FS:NTFS
-:: WINDOWS XP :: Windows XP released in 25 oct 2001 Win XP are two favorite WIN XP
Home Edition (Standalone PC) Features of Win Xp:1) Advanced Graphics Learn More topics @ Less Fee
Professional Network Related Features are more
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2) CD Burning S/W is built in (with out third party tool / Nero) 3) Internet Printing 4) Advanced Security 5) System Restore 6) Remote Desktop (Access Other PC) Requirement for Win Xp :Processor Ram Hard disk CD Rom Monitor Pentium I with 233 Mhz 64MB (min) 128 MB (Recomnded) 2 GB 12X more
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VGA Type / SVGA
How To Install Win XP Procedure :1) To Start the pc put on the winxp bootable cd in CD Drive 2) Boot the system with a win XP CD 3) First change the BIOS and CMOS setup go to BIOS Setup 4) Press DEL key in with start PC (or) F2 Key press Choose the advance BIOS feature setup 1st Boot CDROM 2nd Boot IDE-0 (or) HDD-0 3rd Boot Floppy (or) any device Press ESC key (or) F10 key Select the save & Exit Press (Y/N) : Y 6) To Restart your PC Boot from Win XP 7) TO display Message Boot from CD.. ( two dots Below Press Enter) 8) To check the Hardware Configuration Windows Setup Press Enter Enter To Install WinXP Repair PressR to Repair F3 to Quit Install Press F8 To Install Win Xp in new Hard disk * Display un partitioned Space-38162 MB You Create Partition Press C- Create Partition Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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1st Partition space : 10,000MB (10GB)C 2nd Partition space : 10,000MB (10GB)D 3rd Partition space : 10,000MB (10GB)E 4th Partition space : 10,000MB (10GB)F Un partitioned space : 8MB To Install win Xp Select Partition Press Enter To Display Formatting Options : Format the C Partition With NTFS (quick) Format the C Partition With FAT (quick) Format the C Partition With NTFS Format the C Partition With FAT win xp Support the NTFS (or) FAT files System You can select the format the C Partition with NTFS (Quick) then format process complete Copy from the Win XP files Cd Rom to Hard Disk Then 100% Complete Your PC rebooted (restart) press Enter Go to BIOS Press DEL key (or) F2 key Change the BIOS Choose advance BIOS feature setup 1) 1at boot HDD-0 (or) IDE-0 2) 2nd boot CD-Room 3) 3rd boot Floppy Press ESC key (or) F10 key Select the SAVE & EXIT Press (Y/N) : Y Restart your PC boot from Hard disk To install the all Procedure in win xp asking the WIN XP Product key 7QVT6 YHT67 WRKJB YKRFQ XVK98 Eg: C
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Windows installation complete Configuring of Windows XP :Win xp there is two start menu Models Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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Start menu mode Classic Start menu Mode We can customize our startup menu in two ways 1) Right click over Task Bar Properties Start menu 2) Startsettings task bar & Start menu CTRL+ALT+ Direction keysreverse screen How Can You Create Users in Win Xp :1) Start Control panel user Account Click Create new Account 2) Right click over my Computer Manager Local Users Group User Click Create a new Account How to Remove the Well Come Screen at the Time of Login:ALT+CTRL+DEL+DEL Win Xp Main Feature Backup -: BACK UP: Introduction Backup:-
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It is a utility which provides of data, we must take backup of data which is important setting the data back from the backup is called restore Backup is 5 Types:1) Normal Backup 2) Incremental Backup 3) Differential Backup 4) Daily Backup 5) Copy Backup 1) Normal Backup :Complete Backup of all things 2) Incremental Backup :Incremental Backup will take the backup from first Normal Backup & Last backup day-1 is Normal backup (first backup Day-2 is added Normal Backup ( Last 4 backup)
3) Differential Backup :Modified file and newly created file from the last Normal backup Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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4) Daily Backup:-
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It is a temporary backup which dont clear the archive box. It is taken backup before incremental backup 5) Copy Backup:Copy of data in same form TROUBLE SHOOTING WIN XP How to using Backup tool:Start Programs Accessories system tools Backup Open Backup Wizard Click next To Display two Options Backup to Files Restores The Files First I am to take backup click the first option to display four option Document & Settings Every one Document All Drives Information Let Choose the Option You select the option can select let me choose option Asking your back up files Go to select in any drive (D:\,E:\,F:\) in your folder (or) files click the blue tick Mark then will be folder backup created The Select drive to take backup Click browse (floppy (or) Cd any data Drive) Click Next ( display Backup Wizard) Click Advanced. Normal Differential Daily Backup Copy Backup You need click advanced.
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No needed click finish then Backup Process begin
PC-HARDWARE
How to Restore The Data :StartprogrammersAccessories system tool backup Open backup wizard Click Next To Display two Options Backup Files Restoring Files I am restore the data backup select second option To select the path (or) drive (D:\,E:\) Click finish To complete restoring process
-: INTRODUCTION OF LINUX :In the year 1984 developed G.N.U ( genuine not unix) Richard strwman. In 1991 linus developed by kernal Combination of GNU and Kernal is called Linux O/S In the year 1984 start FSF ( free Software foundation) Hardware Requirements:1) Minimum Pentium pro. Pentium-III Processor preference 800 Mhz 2) Minimum required 128 MB (preference in 250 MB) 3) Hard disk Space (2GB to 6GB) 4) To Linux Install Required 4 cds Difference between windows and Linux:Learn More topics @ Less Fee Contact
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1) Windows used for small server desktop Windows Windows used for small sever Desktop Week kernal in windows work minimum 60 days without shutdown Windows support only one desktop Every application software are you must purchase Eg:- Ms-Office 6,000/Exange server 4,500/My sql server 2,500/Windows is completely property not possible view coding It is high cost It support only signed hardware Structure of Linux:Linux Linux used high and server Yahoo.com, hot mail.com Strong kernal linux work years and years without shutdown. Linux support 31 desktop (or) virtual consoles available Maximum application softwares are free Eg:- Open office.org Send mail My sql server, pPDF editor Liner is the open source project (general public licence0 It is low cost It support maximum hardware
PC-HARDWARE
M B R
HDA1
HDA 2
HDA 3
HDA 4 HDA 5
HDA 6
HDA1boot 100MB HDA2-- /Root -- 3 GB (300 Mb) Hda3 -- / 4 User 4 GB (400Mb) Floveres of Linux :RHL.4.0 (Red hat enterprises Linux) Desktop Home Side Purpose Work Station ( Client Side) Enterprise server ( Small Organization) Advance server (server side)
-:INTERNET:-
Internet: - Networks of network (public network) Intranet:- it is a private network Extranet:- Internet + Intranet Application of the internet :Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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1) email:- Electronic mail. Features:1) Fast 2) Security 3) Cheaper 4) send audio & Video Photos 5) easy to Manage 6) independent decisions
PC-HARDWARE
PC Hardware Troubleshooting Guide: Pc Boot problems:

IBM BIOS Indicator
No Beeps - No Power 1 Short Beep - Normal POST 2 Short Beep - POST error Continuous Beep - No Power Repeating Short Beep - No Power One Long and one Short Beep One Long and Two short Beeps One Long and Three Short Beeps Three Long Beep One Beep Loose Cord, or Short. Computer is ok. review screen for error code. Loose Cord, or Short. Loose Card, or Short. Motherboard issue. Video (Mono/CGA Display Circuitry) issue. Video (EGA) Display Circuitry. Keyboard / Keyboard card error. Blank or Incorrect Display Video Display Circuitry.
System status
Award and Phoenix BIOS:

Indicator
1 short beep: 2 short beeps 1 long and 1 short beep 1 long and 2 short beeps 1 long and 3 short beeps 1 long and 9 short beeps Long continuous beeps Short continuous beeps Normal CMOS error RAM error Video card error Keyboard error ROM error RAM not installed correctly Bad power supply or over heating
System Status
Problem with power supply or CPU chips:

Make sure the power connector is connected correctly and fitted firmly in the mother board socket, some mother boards require two connectors from the power supply, refer to mother board manual. If the problem persists try using a different power supply. Check CPU fan, remove chip and clear dust, make sure it is mounted properly.
Video card problem:

Remove video card and inspect for cracks or bad connectors. Make sure the video card mounted correctly in the slot, try using a different video card. Learn More topics @ Less Fee
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VIPULA Technologies Keyboard error:
PC-HARDWARE
Either the key board is not functioning or is not attached correctly, try a different key board, if its has a PS/2 connector then make sure its not plugged into the mouse connector.
RAM error:
Remove ram inspect for cracks, bad connectors or dust. Insert the chip back into the slot and make sure its firmly seated properly in the slot, if the mother board has more then one slot then make sure the chip is in the first slot (i.e. closest to the CPU). If the problem persists change ram.
No beeps and no POST

Pull everything out of the machine except for the CPU and power the PC up. The PC should now only consist of a power supply, a motherboard and a CPU/HSF. This means your PC should have no video card, RAM or IDE cables. You should have no PCI cards and that includes modems and sound cards. Have a power button and speaker hooked up to the board so you can turn it on and listen for beep codes. If you have the PC stripped down this much and you still do not get any beep codes, then you may have an issue with either the CPU, motherboard or power supply.
Problems after booting: Pc Freezes:

Check CPU fan, case fan and power box fan, make sure all are working and clean off dust. Check hard drive, CPU, power supply for over heating. Some video cards may also heat up and create excessive heat inside the case. Make sure that the case is kept cool, by maintaining good air flow. Scan hard drive for bad sectors. Make sure all devices are functioning properly are plugged in. Unplug any faulty device. Unplug any new devices or software installed.
Pc Restarts while in use:

One problem could be bad RAM, replace RAM and restart machine. Open up resource hungry applications like Office, Photoshop, many instances of internet explorer until all the ram is used up. If system doesn't freeze or restart then return old chip to manufacturer. Check capacitors on motherboard make sure that they aren't bulging, leaking, or burned. If they are - that's the problem. Scan for viruses.
Voltage problem or overheated components:

If the computer is actually functioning and the computer beeps continuously, then there is a problem with a voltage on the power supply being incorrect or the CPU overheating. Go into the BIOS and check CPU temperature, fan speed and voltages
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PC-HARDWARE
SOFTWARE COURSES
BASICS, MS-OFFICE C, C++ with DATA STRUCTURES, UNIX/LINUX DATA BASE ORACLE 10g / 11g ORACLE 10g DBA SQL SERVER DBA JAVA CORE JAVA ADV. JAVA J2EE STRUTS, SPRING, EJB, HIBERNATE etc. .NET VB.NET, C#.NET, ASP.NET PROJECTS
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JAVA Projects .NET Projects Testing Tools Projects C, C++ Projects TESTING TOOLS SILK, QTP, WIN-RUNNER, LOAD RUNNER, Test Director
PC-HARDWARE
HARDWARE & NETWORKING COURSES

PC-HARDWARE NETWORKING MCSE CCNA LINUX ADMINISTRATION
# 4th Floor, Sri Sai Arcade, Beside Adithya Trade Center, Ameerpet, Hyderabad. Contact No: +91 + 040-40203788, 9441088048
www.vipula.in
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER & DEFINATION :-

Block diagram of the Computer :ALU INPUT CU RAM

Monitor Printer CPU Keyboard Mouse

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CPU: It contains three units 1. Memory unit, 2.Control unit, 3. ALU

Diagram of Front Panel of CPU :

Diagram of Back Panel of CPU:

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ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS :1) 2) 3) 4) Speakers Printers Scanner External Modem

Desktop Mother Board Server Mother Board Laptop Mother Board

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PROCESSOR Pentium II & III Celron Pentium III Pentium IV Pentium IV

MAX MEMORY 1 GB 512 MB 4 GB 4 GB

CHIPSET VIA KM 133 VIA KLE 133 VIA KM 266

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SOCKETS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 370 Pins

SOCKETS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 370 462 Socket A 478 Slots :

Volts 2.8 to 3.3 V 2.8 to 3.3 V 2.8 to 3.3 V

microprocessor and the RAM to communicate at an increased speed.

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ROM EPROM PROM

SRAM EDO RAM SD RAM RD RAM

EDORAM:- (Extended Dynamic Random Access Memory) Faster than DRAM.

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RDRAM:- (Rambus Dynamic RAM) DRAM it is used servers.

reprogrammed after the program has been erased. 3. HYBRID :-

NVRAM:- (Non-volatile RAM)

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1. D-RAM:- It has no notch

2. EDO-RAM:- Single notch

3. SD RAM:- Double notch

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VIPULA Technologies 4. DDR RAM:- Double notch

5. RD RAM:- Double notch

PACKAGE:Putting in proper order memory modules are comes in different companies.

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Power Good Signal +5 V +12 V -12 V GND GND 1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 P. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 5 15

Voltage +3.3 V +3.3 V GND +5 V GND +5 V GND Power Good +5 V +12 V

Voltage +3.3 V -12 V GND Power On GND GND GND -5 V +5 V +5 V

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1. PC/XT: - (Personal Computer / Extended Technology) 2. AT:- (Advanced Technology)

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