BS5489 (1992): Design Basics

The British Standard for Road Lighting provides the lighting designer with a basis for specifying lighting quality for a given scheme. Here we discuss the basic principles and outline the various standards adopted.
The last ma jor revision was made in 1992 (at the time of writing), and it is this version that this Guide uses for reference. BS5489 is divided into ten different parts - each published separately - and covers different public street lighting situations: Part 1 provides a general overview and introduces some of the terminology used. Parts 2 to 10 give an insight into how to light various different schemes. The ones we are most concerned with in this software package are Part 2 (Luminance), Part 3 (Illuminance) and Part 10 (Motorways). However, useful information on basic street lighting is also provided by Part 4 (Junctions and roundabouts) and Part 9 (Urban areas).

BS5489: Part 2
This part of the British Standard covers recommendations for the lighting of all-purpose traffic routes up to 15m in width for single carriageways and up to 2 by 11m in width for dual carriageways, using a luminance specification. The recommendations are divided into three categories as shown in Figure (1).

Category Lav (cd/m2 ) 2/1 2/2 2/3 1.5 1.0 0.5

Luminance of road surface in dry condition Uo (%) 40 40 40 Ul (%) 70 50 50 TI (%) 30 or 15 30 or 15 30 or 15

Figure (1): Recommended specifications for luminance, uniformity ratios and threshold increment in BS5489 Part 2 (1992). The most stringent of these categories is 2/1, which is likely to be used on major trunk roads with a high traffic speed and capacity. The other two specifications are designed more for use where there is a lower requirement, for example on feeder or estate roads or in rural areas.

BS5489 describes how to construct the grid and the positioning of the luminaires for performing a Part 2 calculation, and TURBO Light adheres to these guidelines. If you are using Solution Finder or Quick Light, you can be sure of getting results accurately to comply with BS5489. However, in Super Light you have complete control of these parameters, so care is needed when setting up the grid from scratch in this module. Of course, if you copy a project across from Quick Light, then the grid and luminaire positions will be set-up for you automatically. The diagram in Figure (2) shows how the grid is set up correctly for a Part 2 calculation. Notice the following details about the diagram:

The carriageway is all that is included in the calculation; there are no footpaths or verges included. The grid is located inside the kerbs, by a distance of W/20 on both sides. The gap between the grid points in the Y direction is W/10, so there are 10 points vertically in total. There are also ten points spaced S/10 apart in the X direction, (where S is the standard spacing between columns), with a total of 10 points. This means that the grid does not stretch completely between adjacent columns. Staggered arrangements are a special case, because here the grid is between columns on the same side of the road. Use 10 points in the X direction, unless S is greater than 50m, in which case the smallest number of points (N) should be chosen so that the distance between points (S/N) is less than or equal to 5m.

60m W/10 3W/4 W/20 S/10 W Width kerb to kerb

Origin of coordinate system

Figure (2): Diagram of calculation grid for BS5489 Part 2 (Luminance method). Example shows an opposite column configuration.

BS5489: Part 3
Part 3 deals with the road lighting of minor roads, where traffic speed and density are lower, for example in residential areas. Again, it is divided into three separate specifications for dealing with different requirements. They are detailed in Figure (3). Category Horizontal Illuminance Eav (lux) 3/1 3/2 3/3 10.0 6.0 3.5 Emin (lux) 5.0 2.5 1.0

Figure (3): Recommended specifications for illuminance, BS5489 Part 3 (1992) Again, TURBO Light sets out the grid and luminaires correctly for a Part 3 calculation in Solution Finder and Quick Light. The correct method for setting out a Part 3 grid is shown in Figure (4). Notice that the grid extends to the furthest edges of the road under consideration, which includes any footpaths that are present. Generally, the rules are as follows:

The spacing in the X direction between grid points (the intersections of the grid in the diagram) should be S/10, where S is the standard spacing between columns. The spacing in the Y direction (d) should be no larger than 1m.

Overhang Kerb

W Full width including footpaths

Kerb

Origin of coordinate system

S/10

Figure (4): Diagram of calculation grid for BS5489 Part 3 (Illuminance method). Example shows a staggered column configuration.

BS5489: Part 4
This Part of the British Standard gives recommendations for the lighting of road junctions, including major/minor priority junctions where at least one road is lit as a traffic route in accordance with BS5489: Part 2. It is beyond the scope of this Guide to give all possible junction layouts, and the reader is advised to obtain a copy of BS5489: Part 4 for this information. The sizes and forms of roundabouts vary so widely that it is difficult to give a simple rule relating mounting height and light output. As the lighting technique is directed towards revealing the kerbs, obstructions, vehicles, etc., by direct lighting rather than by silhouette, we express the minimum requirements in terms of horizontal illuminance. For traffic routes to the road categories defined in BS5489: Part 2, the maintained minimum illuminance measured at the kerb should be not less than the values given in Figure (5).

Approach Road Category Part 2/1 Part 2/2 Part 2/3 & Part 3 (any category)

Minimum Illuminance EMIN (lux) 20.0 15.0 10.0

Figure (5): Recommended specifications for roundabout illuminance in BS5489 Part 4 (1992).

BS5489: Part 10
The Part 10 document describes road lighting specifically for motorways. It uses a luminance specification higher than Part 2, because of the higher speed and density of the traffic flow. The uniformity is of particular importance on a motorway in order to provide the driver with high quality lighting which will not have a soporific or distracting effect. The specification is absolute and detailed in Figure (6). Luminance of road surface in dry condition Lav (cd/m2 ) Main Carriageway Slip Road Hard Shoulder 2.0 1.5 0.5 Uo (%) 40 40 40 Ul (per lane) (%) 70 70 70 TI (%) 10 10 10

Figure (6): Recommended specifications for motorway lighting in BS5489 Part 10 (1992). Notice that the longitudinal uniformity on the main carriageway must be met on each lane with the observer placed centrally on the lane. The Threshold Increment must be less than or equal to 10% in order to comply.

PrEN13201: Design Basics

The proposed European Norm for Road Lighting provides the lighting designer with a basis for specifying lighting quality for a given scheme. Here we discuss the basic principles and outline the various standards adopted.
The European Norm is divided into 3 parts and a technical report as follows: Performance Requirements Calculation of Performa nce Methods of Measuring Lighting Performance CEN Technical Report - Selection of Lighting Classes

Performance Requirements
The classes we are most concerned with in the package are ME (Luminance), S (Illuminance) and CE (Conflict areas).

ME Classes
This part of the standard covers recommendations for the lighting of all-purpose traffic routes, where the predominant user is motorised vehicles, and the speed of the user is moderate to fast, using a luminance specification. The recommendations are divided into 6 categories (excluding sub-categories of ME3 and ME4) as shown in Figure (1)

Class Lav (cd/m2 ) ME1 ME2 ME3 a/b/c ME4 a/b ME5 ME6 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.75 0.5 0.3

Luminance of road surface in dry condition Uo (%) 40 40 40 40 35 35 Ul (%) 70 70 70/60/50 60/50 40 40 TI (%) 10 10 15 15 15 15

Figure (1): Recommended specifications for luminance, uniformity ratios and threshold increment for ME classes.

The most stringent of these categories is ME1, which is likely to be used on major trunk roads with a high traffic speed and capacity. The other specifications are designed more for use where there is a lower requirement, for example on dual carriageways, single carriageways, feeder or estate roads or in rural areas. The standard describes how to construct the grid and the positioning of the luminaires for performing an ME calculation, and TURBO Light 2 adheres to these guidelines. If you are using Solution Finder or Quick Light, you can be sure of getting results accurately to comply with the standard. However, in Super Light you have complete control of these parameters, so care is needed when setting up the grid from scratch in this module. Of course, if you copy a project across from Quick Light, then the grid and luminaire positions will be set-up for you automatically. The diagram in Figure (2) shows how the grid is set up correctly for an ME luminance calculation. Notice the following details about the diagram: The carriageway is all that is included in the calculation; there are no footpaths or verges included. The number of points transversely is an odd number of at least 3, and is the smallest integer to such that the distance between points d = 1.5m The grid points are located inside the edges of the lanes, by a distance of WL /2n on both sides. The gap between the grid points in the Y direction is WL /n. For S=50m, there are ten points spaced S/10 apart in the X direction, (where S is the standard spacing between columns), for S>50m the number of points is the smallest integer giving D=5m. The calculation points are evenly spaced within the field of calculation. Staggered arrangements are a special case, because here the grid is between columns on the same side of the road.

A) In the longitudinal direction for S=50m, N=10; for S>50m, the smallest integer giving D=5m

B) In the transverse direction The spacing (d) is determined from the equation: d = WL/n where n is an odd number and dL is no greater then 1.5m

Figure (2): Diagram of calculation grid for ME classes (Luminance method). Example shows a single sided column configuration.

S Classes
S classes deal with the road lighting of minor roads, where traffic speed and density are lower, and the predominant users are pedestrians, slow moving vehicles, or cyclists for example in residential areas. It is divided into seven separate specifications for dealing with different requirements. They are detailed in Figure (3). Class Horizontal Illuminance Eav (lux) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 15 10 7.5 5 3 2 not reqd Emin (lux) 5 3 1.5 1 0.6 0.6 not reqd

Figure (3): Recommended specifications for illuminance in S classes.

TURBO Light 2 sets out the grid and luminaires correctly for an S class calculation in Solution Finder and Quick Light. The correct method for setting out an S class grid is shown in Figure (4). Notice that the grid extends to the furthest edges of the road under consideration, which includes any footpaths that are present. Generally, the rules are as follows: The area for calculation includes the carriageway and the footpaths. The number of points (n) transversely for Wr=5m is 5, and for Wr>5m, (n) is the smallest integer such that the distance between points d = 1.5m The grid is located inside the relevant area, by a distance of Wr/2n on both sides. The gap between the grid points in the Y direction is Wr/n. For S=50m, there are ten points spaced S/10 apart in the X direction, (where S is the standard spacing between columns), for S>50m the number of points is the smallest integer giving D=5m. The calculation points are evenly spaced within the field of calculation.

A) In the longitudinal direction for S=50m, N=10; for S>50m, the smallest integer giving D=5m

B) In the transverse direction for W r=5m, n=5; for W r>5m, the smallest integer giving d=1.5m

Figure (4): Diagram of calculation grid for S class (Illuminance method). Example shows a single sided column configuration.

CE Classes
This part of the standard provides recommendations for the lighting of conflict areas, road junctions and major/minor priority junctions where at least one road is lit as a traffic route in accordance with an ME class. It is therefore beyond the scope of this Appendix to give all possible junction layouts. The European Norm for Road Lighting when released will be supplemented by a new BS5489 which will provide such road junction information. The sizes and forms of roundabouts vary so widely that it is difficult to give a simple rule relating mounting height and light output. As the lighting technique is directed towards revealing the kerbs, obstructions, vehicles, etc., by direct lighting rather than by silhouette, we express the minimum requirements in terms of horizontal illuminance and uniformity. For traffic routes within the road categories defined by an ME class, the maintained illuminance should be not less than the values given in Figure (5).

Class

Horizontal Illuminance Eav (lux) Uo (%) 40 40 40 40 40 40

CE0 CE1 CE2 CE3 CE4 CE5

50 30 20 15 10 7.5

Figure (5): Recommended specifications for conflict areas.