Godavari Foundation`s

Godavari College of Engineering, 1algaon

Department of Mechanical Engineering
emall wwwgodavarlfoundaLlonorg Telephone: +312S72213S00, +312S722704S1
Fax: +312S72212338

1.0 EXPERIMENT#01
0 CCN1Lk1
1 Chapter unlL 3 4
1op|c Llnear measuremenL
30 1I1LL ueLermlnaLlon of llnear angular dlmenslons
40 C8IL1IVL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo
1 Check Lhe llnear and angular dlmenslons of parL
use Lhe followlng lnsLrumenLs sLeel rule calllpers vernler calllper mlcromeLer
8evel proLracLor Sllp gauge Slne 8ar
30 1nLCk
S1 LINLAk MLASUkLMLN1
Llnear measuremenL applles Lo measuremenL of lengLhs dlameLers helghLs and Lhlckness lncludlng exLernal and
lnLernal measuremenLs
1he lnsLrumenLs can be classlfled as
1) non preclslon lnsLrumenLs such as sLeel rule calllper eLc
) reclslon measurlng lnsLrumenLs such as vernler calllper mlcromeLer eLc
S11 Stee| ku|e (Sca|e)
SLeel rule ls a llnemeasurlng devlce lL ls a parL repllca of Lhe lnLernaLlonal proLoLype meLer lL compares an
unknown lengLh Lo be measured wlLh Lhe prevlously callbraLed lengLh lL ls made of hardened sLeel or sLalnless sLeel
havlng serles of equally spaced llnes engraved on lL
SLeel rule ls mosL commonly used ln workshop for measurlng componenLs of llmlLed accuracy 1he marks on a good
class rule vary from 01mm Lo 018 mm wlde so LhaL we cannoL expecL Lo obLaln a degree of accuracy much closer
Lhan wlLhln 001 mm 1he qulckness and ease wlLh whlch lL can be used and lLs low cosL makes lL a popular and
wldely used measurlng devlce 1he sLeel rules are manufacLured ln dlfferenL slzes and sLyles



S123 Least Count
LeasL counL (LC) ls Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe value of maln scale dlvlslon and vernler scale dlvlslon 1hus leasL
counL of a vernler lnsLrumenL value of Lhe smallesL dlvlslon on Lhe maln scale 1he value of Lhe smallesL
dlvlslon on Lhe vernler scale
Date of performance Date of comp|et|on


S124 oss|b|e Lrrors |n Vern|er Instruments
1he varlous causes of error are as glven below
1 Lrror due Lo Lhe play beLween slldlng [aw on Lhe scale
uue Lo wear and warplng of Lhe [aws Lhe zero llne on maln scale may noL colnclde wlLh LhaL on Lhe vernler scale
1hls ls called as zero error
3 Slnce lL ls dlfflculL Lo obLaln correcL feel due Lo lLs slze and welghL an error may be lnLroduced due Lo lncorrecL
feel
S13 MICkCML1Lk
1he accuracy of Lhe vernler callper ls 00 mm mosL englneerlng preclslon work has Lo be measured Lo a much
greaLer accuracy Lhan Lhls especlally Lo achleve lnLerchangeablllLy of componenL parL MlcromeLer ls one of Lhe mosL
common and mosL popular forms of measurlng lnsLrumenL for preclse measuremenL wlLh 001 mm accuracy
MlcromeLers wlLh 0001 mm accuracy are also avallable
MlcromeLers can be classlfled as
(a) CuLslde MlcromeLer
(b) lnslde MlcromeLer
(c) Screw 1hread MlcromeLer and
(d) uepLh Cauge MlcromeLer
S131 r|nc|p|e of M|crometer
MlcromeLers work on Lhe prlnclple of screw and nuL We know LhaL when a screw ls Lurned Lhrough nuL Lhrough one
revoluLlon lL advances by one plLch dlsLance le one roLaLlon of screw corresponds Lo a llnear movemenL of a
dlsLance equal Lo plLch of Lhe Lhread lf Lhe clrcumference of Lhe screw ls dlvlded lnLo number of equal parLs say
'n'lLs roLaLlon Lhrough one dlvlslon wlll cause Lhe screw Lo advance Lhrough (lLch / n) lengLh 1hus Lhe mlnlmum
lengLh LhaL can be measured by such arrangemenL wlll be (lLch / n)
8y reduclng Lhe plLch of Lhe screw Lhread or by lncreaslng Lhe number of dlvlslons on Lhe clrcumference of screw
Lhe lengLh value of one clrcumferenLlal dlvlslon can be reduced and accuracy of measuremenL can be lncreased
conslderably
S132 Least count of M|crometer
1he mlcromeLer has a screw of 03 mm plLch wlLh a Lhlmble graduaLed ln 30 dlvlslons Lo provlde a dlrecL readlng of
(plLch/n) (03 / 30) 001 mm


LCoLmlcromeLer lLch of Lhe splndle screw

number of dlvlslons on Lhe splndle




|g Sect|ona| V|ew of m|crometer
S134 M|crometer kead|ng
1he procedure for measurlng Lhe dlmenslon wlLh Lhe help of mlcromeLer ls as descrlbed below
1 SelecL a mlcromeLer wlLh a deslred range dependlng upon Lhe slze of Lhe workplece Lo be measured 1he nexL
sLep ls Lo check lL for zero error ln case of 0 3 mm mlcromeLer Lhe zero error ls checked by conLacLlng Lhe faces of
Lhe flxed anvll and Lhe splndle Whlle uslng mlcromeLers of 330 mm or 13 Lo 130 mm slze Lhe zero error ls
checked by placlng a masLer of 3 mm or 13 mm respecLlvely beLween Lhe anvll and splndle faces 1he zero on Lhe
Lhlmble should colnclde wlLh Lhe zero on Lhe reference llne on Lhe maln scale (barrel) lf Lhls does rloL happen Lhen
zero error ls presenL ln Lhe mlcromeLer whlch musL be Laken lnLo accounL whlle Laklng Lhe readlngs A speclal
spanner ls usually provlded wlLh Lhe mlcromeLer for ellmlnaLlng Lhe zero error
lor measurlng Lhe parLlcular dlmenslon hold Lhe work beLween Lhe faces of Lhe anvll and splndle move Lhe
splndle by roLaLlng Lhe Lhlmble unLll Lhe anvll and splndle Louches Lhe work surface Make flne ad[usLmenL wlLh Lhe
raLcheL now Lake Lhe readlng on Lhe maln scale Laklng lnLo accounL Lhe dlvlslons below Lhe reference llne


S13S oss|b|e sources of error |n m|crometers
Some posslble sources of error whlch may occur ln mlcromeLer and cause lncorrecL readlngs are as follows
1 Lack of flaLness of anvll surfaces
Lack of parallellsm of Lhe anvlls aL some or all parLs of Lhe scale
3 ln accuraLe seLLlng of Lhe zero readlng (zero error)
4 Wear of 1he anvll surfaces Lhreads on splndle due Lo consLanL or lncorrecL use


S2 ANGULAk MLASUkLMLN1S
Angular measuremenLs are frequenLly necessary for Lhe manufacLure of lnLerchangeable parLs 1he angle ls
deflned as Lhe openlng beLween Lwo llnes whlch meeL aL a polnL
1he followlng lnsLrumenLs are generally used for angular measuremenLs
8evel proLracLor
Slne bar eLc
31 VLkNILk 8LVLL kC1kAC1Ck
vernler bevel proLracLor ls Lhe slmplesL angle measurlng lnsLrumenL lL conslsLs of
(l) maln body
(ll) base plaLe sLock
(lll) ad[usLable blade
(lv) clrcular plaLe conLalnlng vernler scale
(v) acuLe angle aLLachmenL
1he body of Lhe v bevel proLracLor ls deslgned ln such a way LhaL lLs back ls flaL and Lhere are no pro[ecLlons beyond
lLs back 1he base plaLe ls aLLached Lo Lhe maln body and an ad[usLable blade ls aLLached Lo a clrcular conLalnlng
vernler scale 1he maln scale graduaLed rl degrees ls provlded on Lhe maln body 1he blade can be moved along
LhroughouL lLs lengLh and can also be reversed lL ls abouL 130 or 300 m long 13 mm wlde and mm Lhlck lLs ends
are beveled aL angles of 43 and 60

S211 Uses of the Vern|er beve| protractor
llg shows Lhe varlous uses of bevel proLracLors

llguse of bevel proLracLor for ehegklng v' block llguse of vernler proLracLor for
measurlng acuLe angle
S22 SLI GAUGLS
Sllp gauges are recLangular blocks of hlghgrade sLeel wlLh excepLlonally close Lolerances 1hese blocks are
sulLably hardened Lhrough ouL Lo ensure maxlmum reslsLance Lo wear AfLer belng hardened Lhey are
carefully flnlshed by hlgh grade Lapplng Lo a hlgh degree of flnlsh flaLness and accuracy A sllp gauge ls
shown n followlng flg



llg Sllp Cauge
Sllp gauges are also made from LungsLen carblde LhaL ls exLremely hard and wear reslsLance 1he crosssecLlons of
Lhese gauges are 9 mm x 30 mm for slzes up Lo 10 mm and 9 mm x 33 mm for larger slzes Any Lwo sllps when
perfecLly clean may be wrung LogeLher 1he dlmenslons are permanenLly marked on one of Lhe measurlng faces of
gauge blocks
Cauges blocks are used for
1) ulrecL preclse measuremenL where Lhe accuracy of Lhe work plece demands L
) lor checklng accuracy of vernler callpers mlcromeLers arld such oLher measurlng lnsLrumenLs
3) Selllng up a comparaLor Lo a speclflc dlmenslon
4) lor measurlng angle of work plece and also for angular seLLlng ln con[uncLlon wlLh a slne bar
3) 1he dlsLances of plugs splgoLs eLc on flxLure are ofLen besL measured wlLh Lhe sup gauges or end bars for large
dlmenslons
6) 1o check gap beLween parallel locaLlons such as ln gap gauges or beLween Lwo maLlng parLs
1here are many measuremenLs whlch can be made wlLh sllp gauges elLher alone or ln con[uncLlon wlLh oLher
slmple apparaLus such as sLralghL edges rollers balls and slne bars eLc
S221 Wr|ng|ng of S||p Gauges
1he success of preclslon measuremenL by sllp gauges depends on Lhe phenomenon of wrlnglng 1he sllp gauges are
wrung LogeLher by hand Lhrough a comblned slldlng and LwlsLlng moLlon 1he gap beLween Lwo wrung sllps ls only of
Lhe order of 000633 mlcrons (0633 x 10" mm) whlch ls negllglble

|g Wr|ng|ng of s||p gauges
S222 rocedure for Wr|ng|ng
1 8efore uslng Lhe sllp gauges are cleaned by uslng a llnL free cloLh chamols leaLher or a cleanslng Llssue
Cne sllp gauge ls Lhen osclllaLed sllghLly over Lhe oLher gauge wlLh a llghL pressure
3 Cne gauge ls Lhen placed aL 90 Lo oLher by uslng llghL pressure and Lhen lL ls roLaLed unLll Lhe blocks one broughL
ln one llne


ln Lhls way alr s expelled ouL from beLween Lhe gauge faces causlng Lhe gauge blocks Lo adhere 1he adheslon
ls caused parLly by molecular aLLracLlon and parLly by aLmospherlc pressure
S224 Se|ect|on of s||p gauges for requ|red d|mens|on
Always sLarL wlLh Lhe lasL declmal place and deducL Lhls from Lhe requlremenL dlmenslon SelecL Lhe nexL smallesL
flgure ln Lhe same way flnd Lhe remalnder and conLlnue Lhls unLll Lhe requlred dlmenslon ls compleLed Mlnlmum
number of sllp necessary Lo bulld up Lhe glven dlmenslon should be selecLed
LeL us suppose LhaL Lhe dlmenslon Lo be bulld up ls 9738 mm
lor lasL declmal place of 0008 selecL 1008mm sllp gauge
now dlmenslon lefL 97381008 873 mm
lor second declmal place of 003 selecL 13 mm sllp gauge
1herefore Lhe remalnder 873 13 73 mm
now selecL 73 mm and 0 mm sllp gauge Lo bulld up Lhe requlred comblnaLlon
1hus we have 0 + 73 + 13 + 008 9738mm le Lhe above four sllp gauges are requlred Lo bulld 9738 mm
When Lhe dlmenslon Lo be measured ls unknown and ls Lo be found uslng sllp gauges Lhen flrsL lL musL be
deLermlned Lo Lhe nearesL 01 mm slze wlLh a mlcromeLer callper eLc 1hls wlll reduce Lhe Llme requlred Lo bulld up
Lhe requlred comblnaLlon of sllp gauges
S22S Care of S||p Gauges
1 roLecL all Lhe surfaces agalnsL cllmaLlc condlLlons by applylng sulLable anLlcorroslve such as peLroleum [elly
keep Lhe sllp gauges ln a sulLable case ln whlch Lhere ls a separaLe comparLmenL for each gauge and keep Lhe case
closed when noL ln use
3 roLecL Lhe gauges and Lhelr case from dusL and dlrL
4 Cauges should noL be magneLlzed oLherwlse Lhey wlll aLLracL meLalllc dusL
S226 reparat|on before use
1 8emove proLecLlve coaLlng applled Lo lL wlLh peLrol
Clean gauges Lo be used wlLh chamols leaLher or sofL llnen cloLh even lf Lhey are Lemporarlly reLurned Lo Lhe case
uncoaLed
227 Care |n use
1 uurlng Lhe acLual use Lhe flngerlng of lapped faces should be avolded
Pandllng should be as mlnlmum as posslble Lo avold Lransfer of heaL from hand Lo gauges
3 lf Lhe gauges have been handled for some Llme Lhey should be allowed Lo seLLle down Lo Lhe prevalllng room
LemperaLure
4 lor hlghesL accuracy measuremenL aL a Lemp of 0C ls necessary (ln alr condlLlon room free from dlrL and dusL)
S228 Care after use
1 Cauges should noL be lefL wrung LogeLher for an unnecessary lengLh of Llme
lmmedlaLely afLer use Lhe gauges should be slld aparL (noL pulled) cleaned and Lhe measurlng faces coaLed wlLh
sulLable proLecLlve layer of [elly grease eLc wlLh a clean plece of sofL llnen



S23 SINL 8Ak
Slne bar ls a preclslon lnsLrumenL used along wlLh sllp gauges for Lhe measuremenL of angles slne bar ls used
1 1o measure Lhe angles very accuraLely
1o locaLe Lhe work Lo a glven angle wlLhln very close llmlLs
lL conslsLs of a sLeel bar and Lwo rollers 1he axes of Lhese rollers are parallel Lo each oLher and also Lo Lhe upper
surface of Lhe bar 1he normal dlsLance beLween Lhe axes of Lhe rollers ls exacLly 100 mm 00mm or 300 mm
When Lhe rollers are broughL ln conLacL wlLh a flaL surface Lhe Lop of Lhe bar ls parallel Lo Lhe surface All Lhe
worklng surfaces of Lhe bar and Lhe cyllndrlcal surfaces are flned Lo surface flnlsh of 0 8a value or beLLer Slne
bars are graded as A grade or 8 grade slne bar A grade slne bar are made wlLh an accuracy of 001 mm/m of lengLh
and 8 grade slne bars wlLh an accuracy of 00 mm/m of lengLh

llg Shows Lhe nomenclaLure for slne bars as recommended by lS 3339 1969

llg 1ypes of Slne bar
S231 r|nc|p|e of S|ne bar


|g r|nc|p|e of s|ne bar
1he prlnclple of operaLlon of a slne bar ls based on Lhe laws of LrlgonomeLry 1o seL a glven angle one roller of Lhe
bar ls placed on Lhe surface plaLe and Lhe comblnaLlon of sllp gauges ls lnserLed under Lhe second roller lf 'h' ls Lhe
helghL of Lhe comblnaLlon of sllp gauges and 'u Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhe rollers cenLers Lhen
Sln 0 h/L


1hus Lhe angle Lo be measured or Lo be seL ls deLermlned by lndlrecL meLhod as a funcLlon of slne for Lhls reason
Lhe devlce ls called a 'slne bar'
S232 Use of S|ne bar
(1) LocaLlng any work Lo a glven angle
1o seL Lhe glven angle Lhe surface plaLe ls assumed Lo be perfecLly flaL so LhaL Lhe surface can be LreaLed as
horlzonLal Cne roller of Lhe slne bar ls placed on Lhe surface plaLe and a comblnaLlon of sllp gauges ls lnserLed under
Lhe second roller LeL h be Lhe helghL of sllp gauge comblnaLlon and Lhe slne ls Lo be seL aL an angle 0
1hen sln 0 h/l where l ls Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhe cenLre of Lhe rollers 1hus knowlng 0 h can be found ouL and
any work could be seL aL Lhls angle as Lhe Lop face of Lhe slne bar ls lncllned aL angle 0 Lo Lhe surface plaLe
() Checklng or measurlng unknown angles
When componenL ls of small slze lor measurlng unknown angle lL ls necessary Lo flrsL flnd Lhe angle approxlmaLely
wlLh Lhe help of a bevel proLracLor 1he slne bar ls Lhen seL up aL LhaL nomlnal (approxlmaLe) angle on a surface
plaLe by sulLable comblnaLlon of sllp gauges 1he componenL Lo be checked ls placed over Lhe surface of Lhe slne bar
(lf necessary Lhe componenL may be clamped wlLh Lhe angle plaLe) 1he dlal gauge ls Lhen seL aL one end of Lhe work
and moved along Lhe upper surface of Lhe componenL lf Lhere ls a varlaLlon ln parallellsm of Lhe upper surface of
Lhe componenL
and Lhe surface plaLe lL ls lndlcaLed by Lhe dlal gauge 1he comblnaLlon of Lhe sllL gauges ls so ad[usLed LhaL Lhe
upper surface of Lhe componenL ls Lruly parallel wlLh Lhe surface plaLe
1he angle of Lhe componenL ls Lhen calculaLed by Lhe relaLlon 0 sln1 (h/L)
1he perfecL ad[usLmenL of sllp gauge comblnaLlon requlres Loo much Llme so Lhe varlaLlon ln Lhe parallellsm of Lhe
upper surface of Lhe componenL and Lhe surface plaLe lndlcaLed by Lhe dlal gauge ls converLed lnLo correspondlng
angular varlaLlon
lf 'dx' ls Lhe varlaLlon ln parallellsm over a dlsLance x' Lhe correspondlng varlaLlon ln angle0 sln1(dx/x) and Lhe
approxlmaLe or nomlnal angle 0sln1(h/L)

|g use of S|ne 8ar
S233 L|m|tat|ons of S|ne 8ars
1 Slne bar ls falrly rellable for angles less Lhan 130 and becomes lncreaslngly lnaccuraLe as Lhe angle lncreases lL ls
lmpracLlcal Lo use slne bars for angle above 43


lL ls physlcally clumsy Lo hold ln poslLlon
3 SllghL errors of Lhe slne bar cause larger angular errors
4 A dlfference of deformaLlon occurs aL Lhe polnL of roller conLacL wlLh Lhe surface plaLe and Lo Lhe gauge blocks
3 1he slze of parLs whlch can be lnspecLed by ne bar ls llmlLed





urawlng l














l l uaLe of CompleLlon l l
10 LxL8lnlLn1#0
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL 3
1oplc Machlne 1ool MeLrology
30 1l1LL Machlne Lool allgnmenL LesLs lllar Lype urllllng Machlne
40 C8!LC1lvL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo
1 Check Lhe accuracy of Lhe machlne Lool
use Lhe followlng lnsLrumenLs SLralghL Ldge leeler gauges splrlL level ulal Cauge LesL mandrel
3 Make Lhe checkllsL for checklng Lhe dlfferenL machlne Lools
4 !usLlfy Lhe allgnmenL LesLs Lo be performed on varlous machlne Lools
30 1PLC8?
1he quallLy and accuracy of Lhe flnlshed work depends on Lhe accuracy of Lhe machlne Lools used ln Lhelr
producLlon 1he machlne Lools musL be able Lo produce workpleces of glven accuracy wlLhln prescrlbed llmlLs
conslsLenLly lL ls for Lhls reason Lhe machlne Lools are LesLed aL varlous sLages durlng assembly afLer assembly
erecLlon repalrs or overhauls as per accuracy LesL charL ln order Lo deLermlne wheLher lL meeLs Lhe requlremenL of
speclflcaLlon or noL
1he accepLance LesL of machlne Lool lncludes
1 AllgnmenL LesL or CeomeLrlcal LesL
erformance LesL or pracLlcal LesL
1he allgnmenL LesL ls carrled ouL Lo check Lhe grade of manufacLurlng accuracy of Lhe machlne Lool lL conslsLs of
checklng Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween varlous machlne
eLemenLs (such as bed Lable splndle eLc) when Lhe machlne fool ls ldle and unloaded erformance LesL conslsLs of
checklng Lhe accuracy of Lhe flnlshed componenLs and ls
known as pracLlcal LesL 1he performance LesL Lherefore qonslsLs of preparlng Lhe acLual LesL [obs on Lhe machlne
and checklng Lhe accuracy of Lhe [obs produced erformance LesL ls carrled ouL Lo know wheLher Lhe machlne Lool
ls capable of produclng Lhe parLs
wlLhln Lhe speclfled llmlLs or noL
1l8(mmrn#)
a) Mandrels wlLh a cyllndrlcal measurlng surface and Laper shank wblch can
be lnserLed lnLo Lhe Laper bore of Lhe maln splndle
b) Cyllndrlcal mandrel whlch can be held beLween cenLres 1esL manels
are hardened ground and made Lo lengLh LhaL varles from 100 Lo 3C0
mm
33 SLralghL edges and squares


SLralghL edge of casL lron or sLeel should be heavy well rlbbed and seasoned A
square musL have a wlder bearlng surface SLeel square ls a preclslon Lool used for
laylng ouL llnes or for LesLlng of squareness of Lwo surfaces wlLh each oLher
1he error aL Lhe Lop of sLandard square should be less Lhan 001 mm of a preclslon less Lhan 0003 mm
SLralghL edge ls placed on machlned surfaces Lo check Lhem for flaLness or
sLralghLness
34 SplrlLlevel
SplrlL levels are used for hlghgrade preclslon work SplrlL levels used are ln Lhe
shape of a bubble Lube whlch ls mounLed on a casL lron base SplrlL levels should have
a senslLlvlLy of abouL 004 Lo 006 mm per meLre for each deflecLed dlvlslon 1wo malnS
Lypes of splrlL levels used for accepLance LesL are"
(a) PorlzonLal splrlL level (b) lrame splrlL level
33 MACPlnL1CCL1LS1S
1he LesLs applled for machlne Lools lrrespecLlve of Lype1 fall lnLo well deflned group whlch may be summarlzed as
follows
1 1he level of lnsLallaLlon of Lhe machlne ln Lhe horlzonLal and verLlcal planes
llaLness of machlne bed and sLralghLness and parallellsm of bed ways or
bearlng surfaces
3 1esL for Lrue runnlng of Lhe maln splndle and lLs axlal movemenL
4 1esL for parallellsm of splndle axls Lo gulde ways or bearlng surface
3 1esLs for Lhe llne of movemenL of varlous membe rs eg saddle and Lable crossslldes eLc along Lhelr ways
6 racLlcal LesL ln whlch some LesL pleces are machlned and Lhelr accuracy and
flnlsh checked
34 ALlCnMLn1 1LS1S Cn lLLA8 u8lLLlnC MACPlnL



llL Checklng flaLness ofelamplng surface of base
8efore carrylng ouL Lhe allgnmenL LesLs Lhe machlne ls properly leveled ln accordanc wlLh Lhe manufacLurers
lnsLrucLlons
lnsLrumenLs SLralghL edge Lwo gauge blocks feeler guldes 1he varlous LesLs performed on plllar drllllng machlne
are
llaLness of clamplng surface of base
1he LesL ls performed by placlng a sLralghL edge on Lwo gauge blocks on Lhe base p1sL ln varlous poslLlons and Lhe
error ls noLed down by lnserLlng feeler gauges ermlsslble error 1he error should noL exceed 01/1 000 mm
clamplng surface and Lhl surface should be concave only
llaLness of clamplng surface of Lable
1he LesL ls performed ln Lhe same manner as LesL (1) buL noL on Lhe label 1h permlsslble error ls also same
3 erpendlcularlLy of drlll gulde LoLhe Lable base plaLe
lnsLrumenLs lrame level
1he squareness (perpendlcularlLy) of drlll head gulde Lo Lhe Lable ls LesLed
a) ln a verLlcal plane passlng Lhrough Lhe axes of boLh splndle and column and
b) ln plane aL 9C Lo Lhe plane aL (a)

1he LesL ls performed by placfrlq Lhe frame level (wlLh graduaLlons from 003 Lo 003 mm) on 9ulde column and Lable
and Lhe error ls noLed by noLlng Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe readlngs of Lhe Lwo levels
ermlsslble error 1he error should noL exceed 03/1 000 mm gulde column for (a) and Lhe gulde column should be
lncllned aL Lhe upper end Lowards Lhe fronL only and C13f10C mm for (b)
lor LesLlng Lhe perpendlcularlLy of drlll gulde Lo Lhe base plaLe Lhe LesL ls slmllar as above Lhe only dlfference belng
LhaL Lhe frame level ls Lo be placed or Lhe base lnsLead of a Lable
ernendlcularlLy of splndle sleeve wlLh base plaLe
1hls LesL ls performed ln boLh Lhe planes as speclfled ln LesL (3) and ln Lhe slmllar manner 1he only dlfference ls LhaL
Lhe frame evlls are Lo be placed on splndle sleeve and base plaLe
ermlsslble error 1he error (le Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe readlngs of Lhe Lwo levels) should noL exceed
03/1000 mm for plane (a) and Lhe sleeve should be lncllned Lowards column only and 013/100mm for plane (b)


1rue runnlng of splndle Laper
lnsLrumenLs 1esL mandrel dlal gauge
rocedure 1he LesL mandrel ls placed ln Lhe Lapered hole of splndle and a dlal lndlcaLor ls flxed on Lhe Lable and lLs
feeler made Lo scan Lhe mandrel 1he splndle ls roLaLed slowly and readlngs of lndlcaLor rloLed down

ermlsslble error 1he error should noL exceed 003/100 mm for machlnes wlLh Laper up
Lo Morse no and 004/300mm for machlnes wlLh Laper larger Lhan Morse no
6 arallellsm of Lhe splndle axls wlLh lLs verLlcal movemenLs
lnsLrumenLs 1esL mandrel dlal gauge
rocedure 1hls LesL ls performed lnLo Lwo planes (A) arld (8) aL rlghL angles Lo each
oLher 1he LesL mandrel ls flLLed lnLo Lhe Laper hole of Lhe splndle arld Lhe dlal gauge ls
flxed on Lhe Lable wlLh lLs feeler LouChlng Lhe mandrel 1he splndle ls ad[usLed ln Lhe
mlddle poslLlon of lLs Lravel 1he splndle ls moved rl upper and lower dlrecLlons of Lhe
mlddle poslLlon wlLh slow verLlcal feed mechanlsm and Lhe readlngs of Lhe dlal gauge
are noLed down

flg lor machlnes wlLh LappCr upLo Morse no lor machlnes wlLh Laper larger Lhan Morse no
osslble error lor plane (A) and (8) boLh 003/100 mm 003/300mm


7 Squareness of clamlnC surface of Lable Lo lLs axls
lnsLrumenLs ulal gauge
rocedure 1he dlal lndlcaLor ls mounLed ln Lhe Lapered hole of Lhe splndle and fLs feeler ls made Lo Louches Lhe
surface of Lable 1he Lable ls Lhen moved slowly and Lhe readlngs
of dlal gauge noLed down

llg
ermlsslble error 1he permlsslble error should noL exceed 003/300 am ermlsslble error 1he permlsslble error
should noL exceed 003/300 am dlameLer
Squareness of Lhe splndle axls wlLh Lable
lnsLrumenLs SLralghL edge dlal gauge
rocedure 1hls LesL ls performed by placlng Lhe sLralghL edge ln poslLlons AA' and C8 1he work Lable ls arranged ln
Lhe mlddle of lLs verLlcal Lravel 1he dlal gauge ls mounLed rl Lhe Lapered hole of Lhe splndle and lLs feeler ls made Lo
Louch Lhe sLralghL edge flrsL aL A and readlngs are Laken 1hen Lhe splndle ls roLaLed by 1800 so LhaL Lhe feeler
Louches- aL polnL A' and agaln Lhe readlng ls Laken 1he dlfference of Lhese Lwo readlngs ls Lhe error ln squareness of
splndle axls wlLh Lable Slmllar readlngs are Laken by placlng Lhe sLralghL edge ln poslLlon 88'

ermlsslble error 1he permlsslble errors are 008/300 mm wlLh lower end of splndle lncllned Lowards column only
for seL up A and 003/300 mm for seL




uaLe of erformance l l uaLe of CompleLlon / l
10 LxL8lMLn1 #03
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL lv
1oplc Surface llnlsh MeasuremenL
30 1l1LL MeasuremenL of surface flnlsh and LesLlng of surface flaLness by opLlcal flaL
40 C8!LC1lvL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo
(l) uescrlbe wlLh Lhe ald of dlagrams Lhe prlnclple of consLrucLlon and operaLlon of a sLylusLype lnsLrumenL for Lhe
measuremenL of
surface flnlsh
(u) ueflne Lhe surface flnlsh Lerms
(lll) Check Lhe flaLness of surfaces
30 1PLC8?
31 ln18CuuC1lCn
lL has been lnvesLlgaLed LhaL Lhe surface LexLure greaLly lnfluences Lhe funcLlonlng of Lhe machlned parLs 1he
properLles such as appearance corroslon reslsLance wear reslsLance faLlgue reslsLance lubrlcaLlon lnlLlal Lolerance
ablllLy Lo hold pressure load carrylng capaclLy nolse reducLlon ln case of gears are lnfluenced by Lhe surface LexLure
WhaLever may be Lhe manufacLurlng process used lL ls noL posslble !0 produce perfecLly smooLh surface 1he
lmperfecLlons and lrregularlLles are bound Lo occur 1he lrregularlLles on Lhe surface are ln Lhe form df successlon of
hllls and valleys varylng ln helghL and spaclng
lacLors AffecLlng Surface 8oughness
1he followlng facLors affecL Lhe surface roughness
(1) vlbraLlons
() MaLerlal of Lhe work plece
(3) 1ype of machlnlng
(4) 8lgldlLy of Lhe sysLem conslsLlng of machlne Lool flxLure cufflng Lool and work


(3) 1ype form maLerlal and sharpness of cufflng Lool
(6) CuLLlng condlLlons le feed speed and depLh of cuL
(7) 1ype of coolanL used
3 LLLMLn1S Cl Su8lACL 1Lx1u8L
1 Surface 1he surface of a parL ls conflned by Lhe boundry whlch separaLes
LhaL parL from anoLher parL subsLance or space
AcLual surface 1hls refers Lo Lhe surface of a parL whlch ls acLually obLalned
AfLer a manufacLurlng process
3 nomlnal surface A nomlnal surface ls a LheoreLlcal geomeLrlcally perfecL
surface whlch does doL exlsL ln pracLlce buL lL ls an average of Lhe
lrregularlLles LhaL are superlmposed on lL

llg LlemenLs of surface LexLure
4 8oughness As already explalned roughness refers Lo relaLlvely flnely
spaced mlcro geomeLrlcal lrregularlLles lL ls also called as prlmary LexLure
and consLlLuLes Lhlrd arld fourLh order lrregularlLles
3 gleesPelhL 1hls ls raLed as Lhe arlLhmeLlcal average devlaLlon
expressed ln mlcromeLers normal Lo an lmaglnary cenLre llne! runnlng
Lhrough Lhe roughness proflle
6 gl)ness WldLh 8oughness wldLh ls Lhe dlsLance parallel Lo Lhe normal
Surface beLween successlve peaks or rldges LhaL consLlLuLes Lhe
predomlnanL paLLern of Lhe roughness
7 Wavlness conslsLs of Lhose surface lrregularlLles whlch are of
greaLer spaclng Lhan roughness and fL occurs ln Lhe form of waves 1hese
are also Lermed as macro geomeLrlcal errors and consLlLuLe lrregularlLles of
flrsL and second order 1hese are caused due Lo mlsallgnmenL of cenLres


vlbraLlons machlne or work deflecLlons warplng eLc
8 Surface 1exLure 8epeLlLlve or random devlaLlons from Lhe nomlnal surface
LhaL forms Lhe paLLern on Lhe surface Surface LexLure lncludes roughness
wavlness lays and flaws
[y lL ls Lhe dlrecLlon of predomlnanL surface paLLern produced by Lool marks or scraLches lL ls deLermlned by Lhe
meLhod of producLlon used Symbols used Lo lndlcaLe Lhe dlrecLlon of lay are glven below

llg 1ypo of Lay
l Lay parallel Lo Lhe boundary lle of Lhe nomlnal surface LhaL ls lay parallel Lo Lhe llne represenLlng surface Lo whlch
Lhe symbol ls applled eg parallel shaplng end vlew of Lurnlng and Cu grlndlng
L Lay perpendlcular Lo Lhe boundary llne of Lhe nomlnal surface LhaL ls lay perpendlcular Lo Lhe llne represenLlng
surface Lo whlch Lhe symbol ls applled eg end vlew of shaplng longlLudlnal vlew of Lurnlng and 10 grlndlng
x lay angular ln boLh dlrecLlons Lo Lhe llne represenLlng Lhe surface Lo wMch symboL ls applled eg Lraversed end
mlll slde wheel grlndlng
M Lay lnulLldlrecLlonal eg lapplng super flnlshlng honlng
C Lay approxlmaLely clrcular relaLlve Lo Lhe cenLre of Lhe surface Lo whlch Lhe symbol ls applled eg faclng on a
laLhe
8 Lay approxlmaLely radlal relaLlve Lo Lhe cenLre of Lhe surface Lo whlch Lhe symbol ls applled eg surface ground
on LurnLable fly cuL and lndexed on end mlll
lL should be noLed LhaL surface roughness ls measured aL 90 Lo Lhe dlrecLlon
10 Sampllng lengLh lL ls Lhe lengLh of Lhe proflle necessary for Lhe evaluaLe of Lhe lrregularlLles Lo be Laken lnLo
accounL) lL ls also- known as 'cuL) lengLh lL ls measured rl a dlrecLlon parallel Lo Lhe general dlrecLlon of Lh1 proflle
1he sampllng lengLh should bear some relaLlon Lo Lhe Lype of prof lL ls found LhaL Lhe requlred lengLh can be relaLed
Lo Lhe process ernploye1 for flnlshlng and a serles of lndlan SLandard Sampllng LengLhs 1he sLandard lengLhs are
008 03 083 and 3mm
33 ulrecL lnsLrumenL MeasuremenL 1hese are Lhe meLhods of quanLlLc analysls 1hese meLhods enable Lo
deLermlne Lhe numerlcal value of Lhe surface flnlsh any surface by uslng lnsLrumenLs of sLylus probe Lype operaLlng


on elecLrlcal prlnclples Lhese lnsLrumenLs Lhe ouLpuL has Lo be ampllfled and Lhe ampllfled ouLpuL ls used Lo
recordlng or lndlcaLlng lnsLrumenL
rlnclple consLrucLlon and operaLlon of sLylus probe Lype surface LexLure measure lnsLrumenLs lf a flnely polnLed
probe dr sLylus be moved over Lhe surface of a work plece
Lhe verLlcal movemenL of Lhe sLylus caused due Lo Lhe lrregularlLles ln Lhe surface LexLL can be used Lo assess Lhe
surface flnlsh of Lhe work plece
SLylus LhaL ls a flne polnL made of dlamond or any such hard maLerlal ls drawn over
Lhe surface Lo be LesLed 1he movemenLs of Lhe sLylus are used Lo modulaLe a hlgh
frequency carrler currenL or Lo generaLe a volLage slgnal 1he ouLpuL ls Lhen ampllfled
sulLable means and used Lo operaLe a recordlng or lndlcaLlng lnsLrumenL

SLylus Lype lnsLrumenLs generally conslsL of Lhe followlng unlLs
(l) Skld or shoe
llnely polnLed sLylus or probe
An ampllfylng devlce for magnlfylng Lhe sLylus movemenL and lndlcaLor
8ecordlng devlce Lo produce a Lrace and
1he llghL ls a form of energy belng propagaLed by elecLromagneLlc waves whlch may be represenLed by a slne curve
1he hlgh polnL of Lhe wave ls called Lhe cresL and Lhe low polnL ls calfed rough 1he dlsLance beLween Lwo cresLs or
Lwo Lroughs ls called Lhe wavelengLh x LlghL Lravels along Lhe axls (Cx) as shown ln llg and Lhe Llme Laken ln
Lravelllng one wavelengLh x ls called Lhe Llme perlod (7) 1he maxlmum dlsLurbance of Lhe waves called Lhe
ampllLude (A) and Lhe veloclLy of Lransmlsslon ls x/1 1/7 belng called Lhe frequency
A ray of ordlnary llghL can be consldered as composed of an lnflnlLe number of wavelengLhs 1he value of
wavelengLh x deLermlnes Lhe colour of llghL and Lhe ampllLude A' deLermlnes Lhe lnLenslLy of llghL
WhlLe llghL ls a comblnaLlon of all colours of vlslble specLrum red orange yellow green blue lndlgo and vloleL
Lach colour band conslsLs of a group of slmllar wavelengLhs Slnce whlLe llghL ls a comblnaLlon of au Lhe
wavelengLhs of Lhe vlslble specLrum lL ls noL ln a form sulLable for lengLh measuremenL by lnLerferomeLry 1o
overcome Lhls dlfflculLy monochromaLlc llghL


/
(ll)
(lu)
(lv)
(v) Means for analyslng Lhe Lrace
Skld or shoe ls drawn slowly over Lhe surface elLher by hand or by moLor drlve lL
follows Lhe general conLours of Lhe surface and provldes a daLum for measuremenLs 1he
sLylus moves over Lhe surface wlLh Lhe skld lL moves verLlcally up and down due Lo surface

roughness and records Lhe mlcrogeomeLrlcal form of Lhe surface 1he sLylus movemenLs
are magnlfled by an ampllfylng devlce and recorded Lo produce a Lrace 1h Lrace ls Lhen
analyzed by some auLomaLlc devlce lncorporaLed ln Lhe lnsLrumenL
34 lnLroducLlon Lo lnLorferonleLer
WavelengLh of llghL as a sLandard of measuremenL possess ls Lhe advanLageof belng
accuraLe and a very small unlL of measure Cnly when Lhe llghL waves lnLeracL wlLh each oLher
Lhe wave effecL ls vlslble and Lhus made use of for measurlng purposes 1he phenomenon of
lnLeracLlon of llghL ls called lnLerference When llghL ls made Lo lnLerfere lL produces a paLLern
of dark bands whlch correspond Lo very accuraLe scale of dlvlslons
33 MonochromaLlc LlghLs
source such as mercury lsoLope 198 dlscharge lamp ls used A ray havlng a slngle frequenl and wavelengLh produces
monochromaLlc llghL 1he advanLages of monochromaLlc llghL are-
lLs characLerlsLlcs are ylrLually lndependenL of any amblenL condlLlons
lLs wavelengLh has preclse value
lL ls exacLly reproduclble (eC Mercury 198 krypLon 86)
lL has an accuracy of abouL one parL ln one hundred mllllon
36 rlnclple of lnLerference
As sLaLed earller llghL ls a form of energy belng propagaLed by elecLromagneLlc wav
whlch may be represenLed by a slne curve When Lwo rays of Lhe same wavelengLh meeL
some polnL a muLual lnLerference occurs and Lhe naLure of lnLerference wlll depend upon Lh
phases of Lwo waves aL Lhelr meeLlng polnL



opLlcal
loss
affecL
lf Lhe waves are ln same phase Lhey wlll relnforce each oLher and Lhe resulLlng lnLenslL wlll be Lhe sum of Lhe Lwo
lnLenslLles Powever lf Lwo waves are ouL of phase Lhe resulLan lnLenslLy (also ampllLude) wlll be Lhe dlfference of
Lwo lf boLh Lhe waves havlng salm ampllLude are ln phase Lhe resulLanL ampllLude and hence Lhe lnLenslLy becomes
Lwlce an Lhe resulL wlll be a brlghL spoL Powever lf Lhese Lwo waves (wlLh same ampllLude) are ouL d phase Lhe
resulLanL lnLenslLy wlll be zero and Lhe resulL wlll be a dark spoL
1he lnLerference can occur only when Lwo llghL rays are coherenL LhaL ls Lhe Lwo rays malnLaln Lhelr phase
relaLlonshlp for an appreclable lengLh of Llme 1hls ls posslble only when Lhe Lwo rays are orlglnaLed from Lhe same
polnL of Lhe llghL source aL Lhe same Llme 1hls resulLs ln rapld alLernaLlons of brlghLness and darkness and hence
general lllumlnaLlon
37 LlghL Sources of lnLerferomeLry
1o obLaln lnLerference over large paLh dlfferences lL ls essenLlal Lo use a source wlLh very narrow llnes lL means LhaL
Lhe LemperaLure and pressure of Lhe dlscharge musL be low and so LhaL Lhe surface brlghLness wlll be moderaLe A
wlde varleLy of llghL sources ls avallable for lnLerferorneLry 1he selecLlon of proper ource for an appllcaLlon
depends on Lhe resulLs Lo be obLalned by lnLerferomeLer cosL and convenlence lor slmple appllcaLlons llke LesLlng
of surface geomeLry where Lhe dlfference beLween lnLerferlng paLhs ls of Lhe order of few
wavelengLhs only a LungsLen lamp wlLh a fllLer LransmlLLlng only a narrow band
wavelengLh would be adequaLe
Powever sophlsLlcaLed appllcaLlon requlres Lhe use of hghL sources such as mercury
198 cadmlum krypLon 86 Lhalllum hellum hydrogen neon sodlum poLasslum zlnc laser
mlxed radlaLlons eLc ln Lhese sources Lhe dlscharge lamp ls charged wlLh one parLlcular
e'emenL and conLakns means Lo vaporlze Lhem 1he aLoms of Lhese elemenLs are exclLed
elecLrlcaPy so LhaL Lhey emlL radlaLlon aL cerLaln dlscreLe wavelengLhs
38 C1lCAL lLA1
1he slmplesL lllusLraLlon of Lhe lnLerference ls Lhe use of offlclal flaL lL provldes preclslon
as well as accuracy ln Lhe measuremenL of flaLness CpLlcal flaLs are cyllndrlcal pleces 3 Lo
300 mm ln dlameLer wlLh a Lhlckness of abouL 1/6* of Lhe dlameLer 1hey are made of
LransparenL maLerlal such as quarLz g(as sapphlre eLc CpLlcal flaLs made of quarLz are
more commonly used because of lLs hardness low coefflclenL of expanslon reslsLance Lo


corroslon and much longer useful llfe Cne or boLh surfaces of opLlcal flaLs may be hlgny
pollshed An arrow ls made on Lhe flaL Lo lndlcaLe flnlshed surface lor measurlng flaLness ln
addlLlon Lo opLlcal flaL a monochromaLlc llghL source emlLLlng LlghL of slngle wavelengLh ls
also requlred 1he yellow orange llghL radlaLed by hellum gas ls mosL saLlsfacLory for use wlLh
opLlcal flaL
SomeLlmes Lhe opLlcal flaLs are coaLed wlLh a Lhln fllm of LlLanlum oxlde 1hls reduces Lhe
loss of llghL due LoreflecLlon LhaL makes Lhe band c'earer 1he coaLlng ls so Lhln LhaL lL does noL
affecL Lhe poslLlon of Lhe frlnge band buL such a flaL requlres greaLer care lor greaLer
accuracy opLlcal flaL musL be used ln an area where Lhe LemperaLure ls consLanL lL ls
advlsable Lo use llnL free paper for cleanlng Lhe opLlcal flaL and Lhe surface of Lhe parL Lo be
checked
CpLlcal flaLs are of Lwo Lypes

1ype A lL has slngle flaL worklng surface lL ls used for LesLlng flaLness of preclslon
measurlng surfaces of flaLs s11p gauges measurlng Lables eLc
1ype 8 lL has boLh worklng surfaces flaL and parallel Lo each oLher lL ls used for LesL
measurlng surfaces of mlcromeLer measurlng anvlls meLers and slmllar measurlng devlces for
Lesbng flaLness and parallellsm
CpLlcal flaLs are used Lo LesL Lhe flaLness of lapped surfaces such as gauge blocks1 gauges

mlcromeLer anvlls eLc When an opLlcal flaL ls placed on work plece surface lL wlll noL form an
lnLlmaLe conLacL buL wlll be aL sllghL lncllnaLlon Lo Lhe surface formlng aL alr wedge beLween Lhe
surfaces
fL opLlcal flaL ls now lllumlnaLed by monochromaLlc source of llghL lnLerference frlnges wlll bL observed 1hese are
produced by Lhe lnLerference of llghL rays reflecLed from Lhe boLLom face b Lhe opLldal flaL and Lop face of Lhe work
plece belng LesLed Lhrough Lhe layers of alr

Conslde a ray of llghL lncldenL aL 'A' on opLlcal flaL placed over a work plece Lo be LesLed lL passes Lhrough Lhe
opLlcal flaL and lLs boLLom face ls dlvlded lnLo Lwo componenLs Cne componenL of Lhe lncldenL ray geLs reflecLed


froLh Lhe boLLom of Lhe opLlcal flaL aL '8' ln Lhe dlrecLlon 8C and Lhe oLher porLlon LransmlLLed Lhrough Lhe layer of
Lhe enLrapped alr wlll be reflecLed by Lhe Lop face of Lhe workplece aL u ln Lhe dlrecLlon uLl
1he paLhs Lraveled by boLh Lhe reflecLed rays dlffer by an amounL 8uL le Lhe second componenL of Lhe ray lags
behlnd Lhe flrsL by an amounL equal Lo Lwlce Lhe alr gap 1hough boLh Lhe componenLs have Lhe same wavelengLh
and sLarL Lhe dlfference ln Lhelr paLhs causes Lhem Lo be alLher ln phase or ouL of phase aL C and l
As explalned earller lf Lhe paLh dlfference beLween Lhe reflecLed rays ls even mulLlple of half wavelengLh Lhey wlll
be ouL of phase and dark band wlll be observed ll
Lhe paLh dlfference ls odd mulLlple of half wave lengLh Lhey wlll be ln phase wlLh each oLher and wlll relnforce each
oLher So brlghLness wlll be observed uependlng upon Lhe alr gap beLween surfaces we wlll geL alLernaLe dark and
brlghL bands due Lc
lnLerference of llghL
39 1?LS Cl ln1L8lL8LnCL 8Anu A11L8nS

llg lnLorlerence band paflerns

a) Convex b) llaL c) Spherlcal d) e) Conlcal f) Cyllndrlcal
S1L WlSL 8CCLuu8L lC8 Su8lACL MLASu8LMLn1
1 roperly place Lhe Lylus wlLh Lhe surface Lo be measured
ress Lhe ower/uaLa key Lo on Lhe sysLem
3 ress Lhe LCal/SLd/8ange key for callbraLlon wlLh Lhe glven sLandard
4 ress Lhe SLarL/SLop key Lo sLarL Lhe measuremenL
3 ress Lhe n/LnLl key Lo compleLe Lhe callbraLlon
6 now seL Lhe workplece
7 1hen repeaL sLep 4 and noLe Lhe readlng
60 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL lC8 Su8lACL MLASu8LMLn1



uaLe of erformance l l uaLe of CompleLlon 1 1
10 LxL8lMLn1#04
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL lv
1oplc Screw Lhread measuremenL
30 1l1LL SLudy and measuremenL of parameLer uslng Lool maker's mlcroscope use
of ComparaLor
40 C8!LC1lvLS AfLer compleLlng Lhls experlmenL sLudenL wlll be able Lo
1 measure plLch lengLh dlameLer and Lhread angle
compare Lhread forms wlLh sLandard proflles
30 1PLC8?
31 Screw 1hread 1ermlnology
(1) Screw 1hread A screw Lhread ls a conLlnuous hellcal groove of speclfled crosssecLlon produced on Lhe exLernal
or lnLernal surface of a cyllrder or a cone
() MulLlple SLarL 1hread_1hls ls produced by formlng Lwo or more hellcal grooves equally spaced and slmllarly
formed ln an axlal secLlon on a cyllnder 1hls glves a qulck Lraveree wlLhouL sacrlflclng core sLrengLh
(3) CresL CresL ls Lhe promlnenL pad of Lhread le Lop surface [olnlng Lhe Lwo sldes of Lhread
(4) 8ooL 8ooL ls Lhe boLLom of Lhe groove beLween Lhe sldes of Lwo ad[acenL Lhreads
(3) llank 1he sLralghL surface beLween Lhe cresL and rooL (whlch connecLs Lhe cresL wlLh Lhe rooL) ls called Lhe flank
(6) lLch 1he dlsLance measured parallel Lo Lhe axls from a polnL on a Lhread Lo Lhe correspondlng polnL on Lhe nexL
(ad[acenL) Lhread ls called plLch of Lhe Lhread
(7) Lead Lead ls Lhe dlsLance Lhrough whlch a screw advances axlally ln one compleLe revoluLlon lor a slngle sLarL
Lhread lead plLch lor a mulLlsLarL Lhread lead n x plLch where n number of sLarLs
uepLh of Lhread lL ls Lhe dlsLance beLween Lhe cresL and rooL of Lhe Lhread measured perpendlcular Lo Lhe axls of
Lhe Lhread lL can a)so be deflned as a dlsLance measured radlally beLween Lhe ma[or and mlnor dlameLers
(9) 1hread Angle (lncluded angle) lL ls Lhe angle lncluded beLween Lhe flanks or slopes of'
Lhread measured ln an axlal plane
(10) llank angle 1he angle made by Lhe flank of a Lhread wlLh Lhe perpendlcular Lo Lhe Lhrea axls ls called flank
angle lL ls equal Lo half LheLhrad angle
(11) Lead Angle Cn a sLralghL Lhread lead angle ls Lhe angle made by Lhe hellx of Lhe Lhread a
Lhe plLch llne wlLh plane perpendlcular Lo Lhe axls


(1) Pellx Angle Cn a sLralghL Lhread Lhe hellx angle -ls Lhe angle made by Lhe hellx of Lht
Lhread aL Lhe plLch llne wlLh Lhe axls
(13) Ma[or dlameLer fL ls Lhe dlameLer of an lmaglnary coaxlal cyllnder Whlch would Louch Lhe cresLs of an exLernal
Lhread or rooLs of an lnLernal Lhread lL ls also called as exLernal dlameLer
core dlameLer ouLslde dlameLer or full dlameLer of exLernal Lhreads
(14) Mlnor dlameLer (Core dlameLer or rooL dlameLer lL ls Lhe dlameLer of an lmaglnary co axlal cyllnder whlch
would Louch Lhe rooLs of an exLernal Lhread or cresLs of an lnLernal Lhread
(13) LffecLlve dlameLer (ClLch dlameLer) lL ls Lhe dlameLer of an lmaglnary coaxlal cyllnder whlch lnLersecLs Lhe
flanks of Lhe Lhreads such LhaL Lhe wldLhs of Lhe Lhreads (meLal) arld wldLhs
of Lhe spaces beLween Lhe Lhreads are equal each belng half Lhe plLch
(16) vlrLual effecLlve dlameLer (luncLlonal dlameLerl 1he funcLlonal dlameLer of an exLernal or lnLernal Lhread ls Lhe
plLch dlameLer of Lhe enveloplng Lhread of perfecL Lhread elemenLs havlng full depLh of engagemenL buL clear aL
cresLs and rooLs and of speclfled lengLh
3 1CCL MAkL8S MlC8CSCCL
1L ls a versaLlle lnsLrumenL LhaL measures by opLlcal means wlLh rlo pressure belnoveme lnvolved lL ls a very useful
lnsLrumenL for maklng measuremenLs on small and dellcaLe parLs
ls deslgned for followlng measuremenLs
l) MeasuremenLs on parLs of compex form
P) 1he proflle of exLernal Lhread as well as Lools
lll) Measurlng cenLerLoCenLer dlsLance of holes ln any plane
lv) AccuraLe angular measuremenL
v) ueLermlnlng Lhe relaLlve poslLlon of varlous polnLs on work-

llg 914 1ool makers mlcroscope



(a) rolracLor eyeplece (b) 1hread Lemp'aLe eyeCecC
llg vlews Lhrough eyepleces
block dlagram of Lhls ls shown ln above flg A heavy hollow base A houses Lhe ghLlng unlL Above Lhe base ls
mounLed Lhe Lable 8 whlch ls supporLed on balls C Lo rovlde roLaLlon u abouL verLlcal axls 1he Lable can also be
moved ln Lhe horlzonLal lane ln Lwo dlrecLlons perpendlcular Lo each oLher as shown by L and l 1hese )lovemerlLs
are conLrolled by LwomlcromeLer drums ro[ecLlng up from Lhe backslde of he base ls column C LhaL can be roLaLed
abouL axls xx 1he column carrles Lhe mlcroscope unlL P LhaL can be ad[usLed up and down Lhe column on gulde
ways ! and can be clamped by knob k AL Lhe Lop of Lhe mlcroscope Lhe eyeplece unlL L carrles dlfferenL eyepleces
any one of whlch can be used aL a Llme A pro[ecLlon aLLachmenL an be flLLed Lo Lhe unlL Lo obLaln a shadow on a
screen LlghL from Lhe lamp ln Lhe back )f Lhe base ls Laken Lhrough a sysLem of lenses and reflecLqrs goes up
Lhrough Lhe cenLral LransparenL parL of Lable lnLo Lhe mlcroscope
varlous aLLachmenLs may be flLLed Lo Lhe work Lable co adapL Lhe apparaLus for varleLy of lobs Work may be
suppofLed beLween cenLres or on vee blocks or placed slmply on Lhe flaL glass Lable 1he Lable mlcromeLers have
ranges of 3 mm and read Lo one mlcron MovemenLs

greaLer Lhan 3 mm can be glven by placlng sllp gauges beLween Lhe mlcromeLer anvlls slldes 1here are several
deLachable and lnLerchangeable eyeplece unlLs 1he proLecLor unlL
provlded wlLh radlal and cross seLLlng llnes and a proLracLor 1hls may be roLaLed by a knurk
screw for seLLlng a llne ln Lhe proLracLor unlL wlLh a llne on Lhe lmage and readlng of
proLracLor may be made Lo one mlnuLe
llg (a) shows Lhe vlew Lhrough Lhe proLracLor eyeplece 1he Lhread LernplaLeunlL has selech
Lhread forms arranged around Lhe glass dlsc ln Lhe eyeplece and Lhls may be roLaLed Lo brlr Lhe requlred Lhread form
ln poslLlon for comparlng lL wlLh Lhe magnlfled shadow of Lhe work llg (b) shows a vlew Lhrough Lhe Lhread
LemplaLe eyeplece A Lhlrd Lype of eyeplece common
supplled has a llnear scale and seL of radu whlch may be used for comparlson wlLh lmages' holes or radll from work
31 ALlCA1lCnS
1he Lool makers mlcroscope ls deslgned for measuremenLs on parLs of complex forms 1h use of Lool makers
mlcroscope for Laklng Lhe varlous measuremenLs ls explalned below
1 Llnear measuremenLs lor Laklng llnear measuremenLs such as lengLh wldLh dlameLel eLc Lhe workplece ls
placed over Lhe Lable 1he mlcroscope ls focused and one end of Lh workplece ls made Lo colnclde wlLh Lhe crossllne
ln Lhe mlcroscope (by operaLlng mlcromeLe
screws) and Lhe readlng of Lhe mlcroscope ls Laken 1he Lable ls Lhen agaln moved unLll Lhe oLher end of Lhe
workplece colncldes wlLh Lhe crossllne on Lhe screen and Lhe flnal readlng Laken 1he dlfference beLween Lhese Lwo
readlngs glves Lhe deslred measuremenL


MeasuremenL of plLch of Lhe screw 1he Lhreaded workplece ls mounLed on Lhe Lable 1b mlcroscope ls focused
by ad[usLlng Lhe helghL of Lhe opLlcal head unLll a sharp lmage of Lh
pro[ecLed conLour of Lhe Lhreads ls seen on Lhe ground glass screen 1he conLoqr ls seL so Lh some polnL on Lhe
conLour colncldes wlLh Lhe crossllne on Lhe scren 1he readlng on Lh
mlcromeLer ls noLed 1hen Lhe Lable ls moved by Lhe mlcromeLer screw unLll a correspondln polnL on Lhe conLour
(proflle) of Lhe nexL Lhread colncldes wlLh Lhe crossllne 1he readlng of Lh mlcromeLer ls agaln noLed and Lhe
dlfference ln Lhe Lwo readlngs glves Lhe plLch of Lhe screen
3 MeasuremenL of Lhread angle lor measurlng Lhe angle of Lhe Lhread Lhe screen ls roLaLed
unLll a llne on Lhe screen colncldes wlLh one flank of Lhe Lhread proflle 1he angle of screen roLaLlon ls noLed and
Lhen Lhe screen ls furLher roLaLed Llfl Lhe same llne colncldes wlLh Lhe oLher flank of Lhread 1he dlfference ln Lwo
angular readlngs glves Lhe angle of Lhe Lhread
1hus lL can be used for measurlng Lhe Lool angles mllllng cuLLer angles eLc
4 Comparlng Lhread forms wlLh sLandard proflles
3 MeasuremenL of plLch dlameLer
6 lor measurlng cenLreLocenLre dlsLances of holes ln any planes
7 Measurlng coordlnaLes of Lhe ouLllne of a complex LemplaLe gauge eLc
60 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL
1 1P8LAu A8AML1L8S

'70 CCMA8A1C8
ulal lndlcaLors used as a mechanlcal comparaLor for comparlng dlmenslons of a glven work plece wlLh a sLandard



1he nofLlenclaLure of Lhe yarlous parLs of dlal lndlcaLor ls shown ln flg
recauLlon care
1 Some lnlLlal loadlng musL be provlded Lo ensure accuracy
1he plunger should noL be allowed Lo sLrlke work wlLh force
3 olnLer reLurn Lo zero musL be ensured
71 SLepwlse procedure
l) SeL Lhe Lolerance polnLers
80 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL
8aslc slze of componenL
Sllp gauges selecLlon
1
___ mm
mm
mm
___ mm
mm
mm
1oLal
n) SeL Lhe lndlcaLor Lo zero by Lhe use of sllp gauges represenLlng Lhe baslc slze of parLs ln) Care should be Laken Lo
see LhaL Lhere ls sufflclenL loadlng pressure Lo ensure
negaLlve devlaLlon
lv) lnserL Lhe componenL below Lhe conLacL polnL of plunger
v) noLe down Lhe devlaLlon and declde abuL accepLance or re[ecLlon
ul0





uaLe of erformance l l uaLe of CompleLlon l l
10 LxL8lMLn1#03
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL 3
1oplc Screw 1hread MeasuremenL
30 1l1LL MeasuremenL of screw parameLer uslng floaLlng carrlage mlcromeLer
40 C8!LC1lvL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo
1 Measure Lhe parameLers of screw
30 1PLC8?
A floaLlng carrlage mlcromeLer ls a devlce ln whlch Lhe [ob or seLLlng cyllnder can be held beLween cenLers and Lhe
dlameLers can be measured aL rlghL angles Lo Lhe [ob axls A large mlcromeLer head and a flduclal lndlcaLor mounLed
on a floaLlng carrlage consLralned Lo move aL rlghL angles Lo Lhe aLls of Lhe cenLer by a ball sllde 1here ls an
arrangemenL Lo suspend Lhe wlres requlred for measuremenL

llg lloaLlng Carrlage MlcromeLer
60 8CCLuu8L
lollowlng sLepwlse procedure ls Lo be foPowed for deLermlnaLlon of effecLlve dlameLer


1 lor a glven slze of Lhread plug gauge or a [ob Lo be measured selecL a seL of sLandard wlres / v pleces and a
seLLlng cyllnder of a slze nearer Lo slze of work plece
Pold a seLLlng cyllnder beLween cenLers
3 Pang Lhe sLandard wlres on sLands provlded wlLh Lhe floaLlng carrlage so LhaL Lhey conLacL wlLh seLLlng cyllnder on
boLh slde
4 SeL Lhe floaLlng carrlage aL rlghL angles Lo axls of beLween cenLers so LhaL anvlls of Lhe mlcromeLer head flduclal
lndlcaLor conLacLs Lhe hanglng wlres held over Lhe seLLlng cyllnder
3 Apply Lhe sprlng pressure by roLaLlng Lhe Lhlmble screw so LhaL Lhe flduclal lndlcaLor ls seL Lo zero Zero error ln
seLLlng ls avolded by roLaLlng Lhe seLLlng cyllnder so LhaL lL rolls over Lhe wlres
6 noLe Lhe readlng of Lhlmble head
7 8eplace Lhe seLLlng cyllnder by a Lhread plug gauge or a [ob
8 lnserL Lhe sLandard wlres ln Lhe rooL of Lhe Lhread on each slde of Lhe [ob
9 SeL Lhe floaLlng carrlage so LhaL anvlls of Lhe Lhlmble head and flduclal lndlcaLor conLacLs wlLh wlres over Lhread
plug gauge or a [ob
10 Agaln apply Lhe sprlng pressure by roLaLlng Lhe Lhlmble screw so LhaL Lhe flduclal lndlcaLor ls seL Lo zero ero
error ls avolded by roLaLlng Lhe Lhread plug gauge or a [ob so LhaL lL rolls over Lhe wlres
11 noLe Lhe readlng on Lhlmble head as flnal readlng
1 CalculaLe Lhe dlameLer over Lhe wlre 7' by uslng Lhe followlng formula 1 u + (8w 8ow) where u dlameLer
of seLLlng cyllnder
13 lor deLermlnlng effecLlve dlameLer uL L1+ p
MeasuremenL of dlameLer over Lhe wlre ls made and noLed ln Lhe followlng observaLlon Lable
70 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL
from Appendlx 1
Appendlxl
1hroad Measurlng Wlres (or LffecLlve ulemelor 10166311191h
nomlnal slzes or cyllnders conespondln9 values for varlous Lhreads
MeasuremenL of effecLlve dlameLer
1u
Z8w
3 8ow
4 1
3 L
6
1+




vLL lLCLS C8 8lSMS
A MeL1lc cheC 03310 03 8A 1 1C 9
8 n4Llc chs 06 1C C8Wllwodh 43 Lo 6 1l 8Al 1C 9
C Llrlc lLchu 1010 173v1hworlh8 Lo 14 1l 8A 1C 3
u MeLdc kches 1C S Wbbodh 1 Lo4 1l 04 1C
313
(mmrn#3)
uaLe of CompleLlon l !C8-
uaLe of erformance l l 08
10 LxL8lMLn1#06
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL 4
1oplc CearMeasurelnenL
30 1l1LL MeasuremenL of gear parameLer Cear LooLh Lhlckness consLanL chord lLch Clrcle ulameLer
40 C8!LC1lvL AL Lheend of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo


1 know Lhe gear Lermlnology
use Lhe followlng lnsLrumenLs Cear LooLh callper Cear 1esL 8ench
3 Measure gear LooLh Lhlckness
30
1PLC8?
31 CLA8 1L8MlnCLCC? 1he lmporLanL Lerms used ln connecLlon wlLh Lhe measuremenL of gears are deflned as
fpl!ows
1 Addendum Clrcle 1he clrcle whlch llmlLs Lhe Lop of Lhe gear LeeLh and represenLs lLs maxlmum dlameLer ls called
addendum clrcle
Addendum lL ls Lhe radla' helghL of Lhe Lool from Lhe plLch clrcle Lo Lhe Llp of Lhe LooLh
3 uedendum lL ls Lhe radlal depLh of LooLh from Lhe plLch clrcle Lo Lhe rooL of Lhe LooLh
4 Clearance 1he radlal dlsLance from Lhe Lop of Lhe LooLh Lo Lhe boLLom of Lhe LooLh space ln Lhe maLlng gears ls
called as clearance
3 lace of LooLh lL ls Lhe slde surface of Lhe LooLh above Lhe plLch clrcle perpendlcular Lo Lhe pane of 1he gear
6 llank of LooLh lL ls Lhe slde surface of Lhe LooLh below Lhe plLch clrde perpendkcua Lo Lhe plane of Lhe gear
7 1ooLh Lhlckness lLs Lhe Lhlckness of Lhe LooLh measured along Lhe plLch clrcle
8 Whole depLh lL ls Lhe sum of Lhe addendum and dedendum of a LooLh
9 Worklng depLh lL ls Lhe greaLesL depLh Lo whlch a LooLh of one gear exLends lnLo LhL LooLh space of a maLlng gear



Worklng depLh Addendum + uedendum Clearance
10 uedendum Clrcle lL ls Lhe clrcle whlch conLalns Lhe boLLoms of Lhe LooLh spaces lL
ls also called a rooL clrcle lLs dlameLer ls Lhe rooL dlameLer
11 lLch Clrcle ln every palr of gears ln mesh Lhe Lwo clrcles represenLlng Lhe Lwo '
plaln wheels ln conLacL are always assumed Lo exlsL Lach of Lhese clrcles ls called


a plLch clrcle lLs dlameLer ls Lhe plLch clrcle dlameLer
1 lLch polnL lLls Lhe polnL of conLacL beLween Lhe plLch clrcles of Lwo gears ln mesh
13 CresL of LooLh ll ls Lhe ouLslde surface of Lhe LooLh perpendlcular Lo Lhe plane of
Lhe gear
14 8ooL of Lhe LooLh lL ls Lhe [uncLlon of Lhe LooLh wlLh Lhe maLerlal aL Lhe boLLom of Lhe
LooLh space
13 8ase Clrcle lL occurs only ln lnvoluLe gears and ls Lhe clrcle from whlch Lhe lnvoluLe
curve of Lhe LooLh proflle ls generaLed
16 ressure angle or angle of obllqulLy lL ls Lhe angle whlch Lhe common normal Lo Lhe
Lwo LeeLh aL Lhe polnL of conLacL makes wlLh Lhe common LangenL Lo Lhe Lwo plLch
clrcles aL Lhe plLch polnL
17 Clrcular lLch lL ls Lhe dlsLance measured along Lhe plLch clrcle from a polnL on
one LooLh Lo a cprrespondlng polnL on Lhe ad[acenL LooLh
lor spur gear Clrcular plLch n x d/1 rlm
Where cl plLch clrcle dlameLer
1 number of LeeLh
m module
13 Module lL ls Lhe llnear dlsLance ln mm LhaL each LooLh of Lhe gear would occupy lf Lhe
gear LeeLh were spaced along Lhe plLch dlameLer
lLch clrcle dlameLer d
Module
number of LeeLh 1
3 1CC1P 1PlCknLSS MLASu8LMLn1
Slnce Lhe LooLh Lhlckness ls deflned as Lhe lengLh of an arc lL ls noL posslble Lo measure lL dlrecLly lL ls generally
measured aL plLch clrcle and ls Lherefore Lhe plLch llne Lhlckness of
Lhe LooLh ln mosL of Lhe cases lL ls sufflclenL Lo measure Lhe chordlal Lhlckness le Lhe chord [olnlng Lhe
lnLersecLlon of Lhe LooLh proflle wlLh Lhe plLch clrcle
1here are varlous meLhods of measurlng Lhe gear LooLh Lhlckness
(l) Chordal Lhlckness meLhod (measuremenL of LooLh Lhlckness by gear LooLh vernler
callper)
(ll) ConsLanL chord meLhod (hl) 8ase LangenL meLhod
(lv) MeasuremenL over plns or balls
31 Chordal Lhlckness meLhod ln Lhls meLhod gear LooLh vernler callper s used Lo measure Lhe Lhlckness of gear
LooLh aL Lhe plLch llne 1he gear LooLh vernler callper
conslsLs of Lwo perpendlcular vernler arms wlLh vernler scale on each arm Cne of Lhe arms ls used Lo measure Lhe
Lhlckness of gear LeeLh and oLher for measurlng depLh 1he callper ls so seL LhaL lL slldes on Lhe Lop of LooLh of gear


under LesL and Lhe lower ends of Lhe callper [aws Louch Lhe sldes of Lhe LooLh aL Lhe plLch llne 1he readlng on Lhe
horl7onLa vernler scle glves Lhe value of chordal Lhlckness ( and Lhe readlng on Lhe verLlcal vernler sale glves Lhe
value of chordal addendum 1hese measured values are Lhen compared wlLh Lhe caculaLed values


vernler gear LooLh calllper
60 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL


311 recauLlons whlle uslng a SLeel 8ule
1he followlng precauLlons should be Laken whlle uslng a sLeel rule
1 1he ends of Lhe rule are worn ouL due Lo conLlnuous or lmproper use lL should
preserved from wear as lL generally forms Lhe basls for one end of dlmenslon
8usLlng of Lhe rule shou'd be avolded by olllng lL durlng weekends and when lL s no
use
3 When Laklng measuremenLs wlLh a rule lL should be so held LhaL Lhe graduaLlon hr are as close as posslble
(preferably Louchlng) Lo Lhefaces belng measured
4 1o avold parallax error whlle maklng measuremenLs eye should be dlrecLly oppo
and 900 Lo Lhe mark on Lhe parL Lo be measured
31 vL8nlL8 CALLlL8
311 ConsLrucLlon
1he vernler callper conslsLs of Lwo scales one ls flxed and Lhe oLhel movable 1he flxed scale called ma)n scale s
callbraLed on Lshaped frame a carrles a flxed [aw 1he movable scale called vernler scale slfdes over Lhe m cale and


carrles a movable [aw When Lhe Lwo [aws are closed Lhe zero of vernler scale colncldes wlLh Lhe zeroof Lhe maln
scale lor preclse seLLlng ofL movable [aw an ad[usLrhenL screw ls provlded Also an arrangemenL ls provle Lo lock
Lhe slldlng scale on Lhe flxed maln scale

llg vernler Callper
31 uses
vernler callpers are employed for boLh lnLernal and exLernal measuremer
show lndlcaLlons wlLh approprlaLe polarlLy
now dlsp'ace Lhe core Lo 19 mm poslLlons ln one of Lhe dlrecLlons Ad[usL Lhe MAx poL Lo geL an lndlcaLlon of 1900
on Lhe uM under Lhls condlLlon now Lhe seL up ls ready for experlmenLaLlon ?ou may agaln check for zero
poslLlon also
3 now Lhe core can b dlsplaced by a known amounL ln Lhe range of +19 and 19mm and Lhe meLer readlngs can be
enLered ln Lhe Lable glven below
6 loL Lhe graph of lnpuL dlsplacemenL and Lhe ouLpuL lndlcaLlon on Lhe x and? axls
respecLlvely

70 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL









uaLe of erformance l /
10 LxL8lMLn1#8
0 CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL ll
1oplc llow MeasuremenL
30 1l1LL llow measuremenL uslng 8oLameLer
40 C8!LC1lvL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerclse you shall be able Lo
(l) Measure raLe of flow
39 ln18CuuC1lCn
MeasuremenL of flow by roLameLer apparaLus ls sLudy unlL whlch acLually shows Lhe callbraLlon of roLameLer wlLh
Lhe help of measurlng acLual dlscharge 8aLe of flow ls Lhe quanLlLy of llquld flowlng per unlL Llme lL ls measured ln
meLers per second and Lhen mulLlplylng lL by cross secLlonal area of plpe lL ls expressed ln cublc meLers per secorl
60 S1LWlSL 8CCLuu8L
uaLe of CompleLlon 1




llL 1 LxL8lMLn1AL SL1u lC8 lLCW MLASu8LMLn1 uSlnC 8C1AML1L8
uaLe of erformance l l
10 LxL8lMLn1 #7
M CCn1Lx1
1 ChapLer unlL l
1oplc 1ransducers
30 1l1LL Lvu1 for dlsplacemenL measuremenL
40 CS!LC1lvL AL Lhe end of Lhls exerc[se yo shaP be able Lo
(l) know Lhe prlnclple of LvC1
(ll) SLudy Lhe llnearlLy of lnpuL and ouLpuL dlsplacemenLs
30 ln18CuuC1lCn
Cne of Lhe mosL useful varlable lnducLance Lransducer ls Lhe dlfferenLlal Lransformer whlch provldes an ac volLage
ouLpuL proporLlonal Lo Lhe dlsplacemenL of core passlng Lhrough Lhe wlndlngs lL ls a muLual lnducLance devlce
maklng use of Lhree colls arranged generally on a slngle cyllndrlcal concenLrlc nonmagneLlc form 1he cenLre coll ls
energlzed from an exLernal power source nd Lhe Lwo end colls connecLed ln serles opposlLlon Lo each oLher are used
as plck up colls
Lvu1 ls wldely used Lransducer for converslon of mechanlcal dlsplacemenL lnLo proporLlonal elecLrlcal volLage and
Lhe range exLends from few mlcrons Lo few Lens of lnches lL l free from Lemp effecLs
60 S1LWlSL 8CCLuu8L
1 ConnecL Lhe Lermlnals marked 8lMA8?" on Lhe fronL panel of Lhe lnsLrumenL Lo Lhe
Lermlnals marked rlmary' on Lhe Lransducer lLself wlLh Lhe help of Lhe flexlble wlres
provlded along wlLh Cbserve Lhe colour code for Lhe wlres provlded and Lhe colour of Lhe


blndlng posLs
ldenLlcally esLabllsh connecLlons from Lermlnals marked SLCCnuA8?" Cbserve Lhe
colour code fdr Lhe wlres provlded ahd Lhe colour of Lhe blndlng posLs
3 keep poL marked MAx" ln mosL anLlclockwlse poslLlon
4 1he magneLlc core may be dlsplaced and Lhe polnLer may be broughL Lo zero poslLlon
lf Lhe uM ld noL lndlcaLlng zero use poLenLlomeLer marked Mln" Lo geL a zero on uM
aL zero mechanlcal poslLlon lf Lhe core ls dlsplaced ln boLh dlrecLlons Lhe meLer musL
uaLe of CompleLlon l l
SLarL Lhe moLor
Ad[usL flow raLe by roLameLer say 4001/p
CollecL Lhe waLer rl measurlng Lank calcu'aLe Lhe Llme requlred for 100 mm or 00 mm rlse
CalculaLe Lhe dlscharge and compare Lhe same wlLh roLameLer
1ake dlfferenL readlngs

60 C8SL8vA1lCn 1A8LL