5.8.

1 Governing Equations of Equilibrium of Composite laminates

z

N xy y x dx dy

z
y dxdz
w y w y

2 w dy y2

Ny

( y +

y y

dy)dxdz

dy y
Equilibrium of deformed section

Nxy z x Nx p1 (x,y)

z z + z dz z yz y

dz z

y dz

yx yz x +

yz +

dy y y dy y

y + yx + dy x y dx x dy yx

dx

x x

p2 (x,y)

3. 1

Applied Loading: 1. Traction load p(x,y,t) 2. Body force: Fx, Fy, and Fz; Includes Inertial, Magnetic, etc. , v, u and w

3.1 Equations of Equilibrium Consider the equilibrium of the elemental volume dx x dy x dz in y-direction

y zy xy y + dy y dxdz + zy + dz zy dxdy + xy + dx xy dydz + F y dxdydz = 0 y z x

Dividing throughout by dx.dy.dz, we get

y y

zy z

xy x

+ Fy = 0

(2)

Similarly, the equilibrium in x-direction is

x yx zx + + + Fx = 0 x y z

(1)

A general equilibrium in z-direction includes the transverse force components due to in-plane stresses. These terms are a result of equilibrium of the deformed body and are important for buckling and dynamic stability problems. Consider the equilibrium in z-direction, xz yz z 2w 2w 2w (3) + + + Fz + x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 0 x y z xy x y

3. 2

3.2 Equations of Equilibrium in terms of Force Resultants

Integrate equations 1 to 3 with respect to z. For a laminate having 'n' number of layers,

k=1 z k

n z k +1

n k +1 n k +1 n k +1 yx x zx dz + dz + dz + ( Fx ) k dz = 0 x k z k y k=1 k=1 k=1 z z z zk k zk zk

N x N yx + + Fx = 0 x y

(4)

Where, Nx, and Nyx are Inplane stress (Force resultants) and Fx is the average body force per unit volume. Similarly, force resultant expression in y-direction is

N xy x
Integration of Equation 3, yields

Ny y

+ Fy = 0

(5)

Qx Qy 2w 2w 2w + + p1 p2 + Fz + N x + N y 2 + 2 N xy = 0 (6) x y x y x2 y Where p1 and p2 are the pressure loading on faces z=+h/2 and -h/2. In laminated plate theory, we can replace the two pressures, p1 - p2 = p, resultant pressure loading..

3. 3

Moment Resultants:
n z k +1 n k +1 n k +1 yx x zx zdz + zdz = 0 zdz + x k z k y k=1 k=1 z z zk k zk

k=1 z k

M x M yx + Qx = 0 x y
Similarly,

(7)

M xy x

My y

Qy = 0

(8)

Substituting Eqs. 7 and 8 in 6 results in a fundamental equations of motion of a laminated plate.

2 M xy 2 M y 2 Mx 2w 2w 2w +2 + + p + Fz + N x + N y 2 + 2 N xy =0 x y x y x2 y2 x2 y

(9)

Equations 1, 2, and 9 are general governing equations of motion of a laminated plate. These equation is valid for static, buckling, and dynamic (free vibration, dynamic response, and dynamic stability) problems. Depending on the type of problem, the equations simplify accordingly.

3. 4

Static Stress Analysis

N x N yx + =0 x y N xy x
+

Ny y

=0

2 M xy 2 M y 2 Mx +2 + + p + Fz = 0 x y x2 y2

3. 5

Static Analysis
z, w Nx

Mx
N xy y Ny

y, v

Vx
dy

My

Vy

x dx

Vy My
Ny

Mxy Vx M xy Mx
x, u Nx N xy

Governing equations of equilibrium N x , x + N yx, y = 0 (1) N xy, x + N y, y = 0 (3)

3. 6

(2)

M x , xx + 2M xy, xy + M y, yy = p

Substituting for force & moment results, we get for no thermal and moisture loading A11u, xx + 2 A16 u, xy + A66 u, yy + A16 v, xx + ( A12 + A66 )v, xy + A26 v, yy B11w, xxx 3 B16 w, xxy ( B12 + 2 B66 )w, xyy B26 w, yyy = 0 A16 u, xx + ( A12 + A66 )u, xy + A26 u, yy + A66 v, xx + 2 A16 v, xy + A22v, yy B16 w, xxx ( B12 + 2 B66 )w, xxy 3 B26 w, xyy B22 w, yyy = 0 D11w, xxxx + 4 D16 w, xxxy + 2( D12 + 2 D66 )w, xxyy + 4 D26 w, xyyy + D22 w, yyyy B11u, xxx 3 B16 u, xxy ( B12 + 2 B66 )u, xyy B26 u, yyy B16 v, xxx ( B12 + 2 B66 )v, xxy 3 B26 v, xyy B22v, yyy = p Equations 4 to 6 represent the general governing differential equations of equilibrium of a statically loaded anisotropic laminate. The equations involve coupled differentials of u, v, and w displacements. The equations significantly simplifies for a symmetric laminate (Bij = 0). Equations of Equilibrium for Symmetric laminates: A11u, xx + 2 A16 u, xy + A66 u, yy + A16 v, xx + ( A12 + A66 )v, xy + A26 v, yy = 0 A16 u, xx + ( A12 + A66 )u, xy + A26 u, yy + A66 v, xx + 2 A16 v, xy + A22v, yy = 0 D11w, xxxx + 4 D16 w, xxxy + 2( D12 + 2 D66 )w, xxyy + 4 D26 w, xyyy + D22 w, yyyy = p (7) (8) (9) (6) (4)

(5)

3. 7

Kirchhoff Shear (V) Moment equilibrium equation: M x , x + M xy, y Qx = 0 M x , x Vx = 0 or Vx = Qx M xy, y (10)

Vx is called the Kirchhoff shear force. 5.2 Boundary Conditions General Curved Boundary Condition:

Analysis Methods:

Classical Methods Energy Methods Numerical Methods (Finite Element and Boundary Element Methods)

3. 8

Analysis of Simply-Supported Laminated Plate Subjected to an Uniform Load (p)

y
SS

Material system
SS

2 1

SS

SS

a Case 1: Specially Orthotropic Laminate Material axes parallel to the Plate axes - All coupling (Normal-Shear and Bending-Stretching) terms are ZERO. GDE: D11w, xxxx + 2( D12 + 2 D66 )w, xxyy + D22 w, yyyy = p Boundary Conditions: @ x=0 & a: w = 0 & Mx = -D11 w, xx - D12 w, yy = 0 @ y=0 & b: w = 0 & My = -D12 w, xx - D22 w, yy = 0 (1)

3. 9

Selection of Displacement Functions: select a solution in the form: w= Loading:

amn sin ma x sin
ny b

Because the GDE & Bcs are even derivatives of x and y, we can

(2)

m=1 n=1

Different types of loading can be expressed using the Fourier series, as p=

pmn sin ma x sin
ny b

(3)

m=1 n=1

The Fourier coefficients are calculated for each type of loading as follows
ab

ny p( x, y)sin ma x sin b dxdy ab 4 ab

ab

00

0 0 m=1 n=1

pmn sin ma x sin

ny ny mx b sin a sin b dxdy

pmn =

p( x, y)sin ma x sin

ny b dxdy

(4)

00

For an uniform loading of qo, pmn =

4qo ab ab

sin ma x sin

ny b dxdy

00

16 qo , 2mn

For odd numbers of m & n.

3. 10

Solution: Substituting Eqs 2 & 3 in Eq 1 (GDE), we get amn =

4 D11 ( m ) + 2( D12 + 2 D66 )( m ) a a

4

pmn

2 n 2 b

()

+ D22

()

n 4 a

}
+
4 D22 n a

(5)

w =

m = 1, 3 n = 1, 3 mn

4 D11 m a

( )

16 qo sin ma x sin

+ 2( D12 +

ny b 2 n 2 2 D66 m b a

)( ) ( )

()

(6)

3. 11