Section Class Drug Drug Information Drug Interactions Interaction Mechanism

Platelet activating factor-induced platelet aggregation was

Ginkgo bilboa
inhibited
Reversibly binds antithrombin III, inactivates coagulation Nicotiana tabacum Speeds elimination of heparin
Heparin factors IX, XI, XII and plasmin. Administered IV Ribes nigrum Omega 6 - reduces heparin effect
(immediate). Borago officinalis Omega 6 - reduces heparin effect
Oenothera biennis oils Omega 6 - reduces heparin effect
Filapendula ulmaria flowers Salicylates - inhibit heparin
Inhibits anticoagulation (uncooked ONLY). Broccoli, cabbage,
Inhibits synthesis of vit K dependent clotting factors: II, Brassica spp
cauliflower
VII, IX, I and anticoagulant proteins C, S. Antidote with
Camellia sinensis (green/ black tea) Dec anticoag
vit K!
Salvia miltorrhiza (crysanthemum type) Inc anticoag
Harpagophytum procumbens Purpura
Allium sativum INR doubles, Inc fibrinolysis, dec platelet aggregation
Ginkgo bilboa intra-cerebral hemorrhage
CoQ10 + Ginkgo No sig effect on INR
Carica papaya unripe fruit --> bleed more
Betula pendula Inc INR, bruising
No effect in human, dec platelet agg, inc fibrinolytic activity
Ananas comosus
(rat), Inc PT (rabbit)
Nicotiana tabacum Sppeds clearance, CYP450 1A1, 2A1, 2A2, 2B1, 2B2
Vaccinium macrocarpon Very mixed results
Warfarin, Coumadin Countains coumarins - need to be fermented for anticoag effect.
Angelica sinensis
Inc INR, PT
Anticoagulant therapy Panax ginseng Lowers effect of warfarin
Glycine max dec INR (soy).
DEC A, C, K, Mg oxide
Vit K dec warfarin or stabilize INR Green leafy vegetables will actually stablize INR - eat them.
Fish Oil Some studies show no effect
SHADED=SPECULATION Medicago sativa For vitamin K component
Gossypium herbaceum Studied as male contraceptive. Inc PT.
Tanacetum (chrysanthemum) vulagre
Zingiber officinale NS, then one big dose dec platelet aggregation
Filipendula ulmaria
Tabebuia avellanedae Warfarin effect
Gaultheria procumbens Methylsalicylate
Melilotus officinalis fermented
Mangifera indica Mango fruit
Caffeine Inc absorption, bioavailability
Ginkgo bilboa
Glycyrrhiza glabra Dec GI ulcer with ASA
Capsicum grutescens Dec Gastric mucosal damage
Inhibits thromboxane A2 synthesis via cyclooxygenase-1 Dec Folic acid, vit C, K, KCl, ferrous sulfate (iron)
Aspirin acetylation (COX-1 inhibitor). >65 more susceptible to Aesculus hippocastanum Esculetin - natural anti-inflamm
Side effects (tinnitus, GI bleed, Dec T3, T4) Tanacetum (chrysanthemum) parthenium Anti I
Zingiber officinale
Melilotus officinalis
Salix alba and nigra ASA plant sources
Gaultheria procumbens ASA plant sources

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
(propranolol)
Cardiac therapy - Angina
Calcium Channel blockers -
verapamil
Nitrates - Nitroglycerin
Cardiac Glycosides: Digoxin
Cardiac therapy -
Arrhythmia
Cardiac Medications
Class I, Type 1A Antiarrhytmic:
Quinidine
Coffea arabica INC BP due to INC NE (reduce effect of BB)
Cola nitida, C. acuminata, Paullina cupano, Ilex
All contain caffeine
paraguayensis, Camellia sinensis
Dec chronotropic, inotropic & vasodilatory response. Nicotiana tabacum Inc metabolism of caffeine, Dec BB via vasoconstriction
Risk: CHF, bronchospasm, anorexia, cold ext, Raynaud's Piper nigrum Inc intestinal permeability, more completely absorbed over 7d -->
more drug effect
phenomenon, fatigue, lethargy, bradycardia, dec libido.
Humulus lupulus Inc effect
Valeriana officinalis additive
Lactuca virosa additive - non opiod analgesic
Serenoa repens Dec rat uterine contractions in rats
Pausinystalia yohimbe protect mice from herb toxicity
Hypericum perferatum
Calcium carbonate antacid Dec atenolol
Vit C Dec propranolol
Ephedra sinica May antagoinze BBs
Coffea arabica - inc caffeine effect. Cola nitida, C.
Ca antagonist, modulates Ca across arterial smooth acuminata, Paullina cupano, Ilex paraguayensis, Camellia
muscles, myocardial conducting and contractile cells sinensis, Theobroma cacao
vasodilation, dec PVR, dec AV node conduction, prolings
local anesthetic Nicotiana tabacum Dec metabolism, serum levels (less effect)
Hypericum perferatum CYP 3A4
Calcium carbonate antacid Inc verapamil, dec diltiazem (another CCB)
Ephedra sinica Vasoconstrictive
Smooth muscle relaxation: peripheral arteris, veins --> Caffeine Vasoconstrictive
Dec L ventricular end diastolic pressure (preload),
Pausinystalia yohimbe Vasoconstrictive
coronary artery dilation. SE: tolerance, vertigo, HA
Rauwolfia spp. Vasorelaxant
Veratrum spp Vasorelaxant
Salicylates Dec therapeutic effect
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Chinese herb. Dec urinary excretion. AUC unchanged.
Hypericum perferatum Dec peak, dec absorption
Enganged dig in conary insufficiency. Dec dig toxicity, +inotropic,
Crataegus spp
coronary vasodilation. Put patients on this!!
Dec dig toxicity: coronary vasodilation, antiarrhythmic effect.
Ammi visnaga
Aryvedic herb.
Plantago psyllium Reduces absorption
Direct on myocardium. Indirect on ANS - SA, AV nodes,
Lowers Mg oxide Leads to muscle weakness/fatigue. Dec ATP, inc BP.
baroreceptor sensitization. +inotropic, -chronotropic, dec
conduction velocity. Risk: K depletion. Hyper Ca --> dig Berberine With dig has a positive effect on CHF (especially if viral/bacterial
toxicity, hypo Ca, no dig effect. Hypo-Mg --> dig toxicity. origin)
Use: arrhythmia, CHF. Cinchona spp Inc plasma dig due to quinine
Plant fibre: guar, wheat bran, oat bran, pectin
Hypo-K: Pheum palmatum, aloe vera, cassia acutifolia,
rhamnus frangula, r purshiana, glycyrrhiza glabra
Other cardiac glycosides: Convallaria majalis,
Helleborus niger, Strophanthus kombe, Asclepias Do NOT mix 2 cardiac glycosides!!!
tuberosa
Berberine - berberis vulgaris, coptis chinensis, C.
groenlandica, Hydrastis canadensis, Mahonia spp
Gossypium herbaceum hypo K
Equisetum arvanse/hyemale hypo K
Actea (cimicifuga) racemosa, tanacetum (chrysanthemum)
P-glycoprotein
parthenium, valeriana officinalis
Depresses rapid inward depolarizing Na currents Citrus paradisi Juice increases bioavailability
(Purkinje fibres) Anticholinergic, peripheral alpha-
adrenergic antagonist (vasodilator) Cytisus scoparius/Sarothamnus soparius Inhibited sparteine
Mg oxide Dec quinidine sulfate
 Cardiac therapy -
Arrhythmia
Cardiac Medications
Class I, Type 1B Antiarrhythmic:
Mexiletine
Class III Antiarrhythmic:
Amiodarone
Endogenous nucleoside given IV. Slows AV node
Other Antiarrhythmic: Adenosine
conduction.
Phenylephrine/Vasopresor
Cardiac Therapy -
Sympathomimetics
Dopamine/Intropin
ACE Inhibitors - PRLIS
Cardiac Therapy -
Congestive Heart Failure
Diuretics: Loop. Furosimide/
Lasix.
Bile acid sequestrants -
cholestyramine (Questran),
colestipol
Fibrates - clofibrate, benzafibrate,
fenofibrate, gemfibrozil
Cardiac Therapy -
Dyslipidemias
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors -
statins (atorvastatin/lipitor).
Gastrointestinal lipase inhibitors- GI lipase absorption inhibitor. Used in obesity, fatty liver, Plantago psyllium
orlistat
Theobroma cacao Inc caffeine effect: CYP1A2? Dec caffeine clearance?
Blocks fast Na channels, esp Purkinje fibres. For life-
treatening ventricular arrhythmia, sustained V-tach. Dec
Coffea arabica, Cola nitida, C acuminata, Paullina cupana,
sinus rate if sick sinus syndrome.
Ilex paraguayensis, Camellia sinensis
Nicotiana tabacum Alters mexiletine uptake
Blocks Na channels at rapid pacing frequencies. Anti- Digitalis purpurea, D. lanata Inc serum digoxin
sympathetic activity. Lengthen cardiac action potential.
Blocks K channels - slows conduction, prolong refraction
Cinchona spp Inc serum quinidine
AV node. Vasodilation. Pulmonary fibrosis, aggrevation
of arrhythmia, cirrhotic hepatitis. Hypo/hyper-
thyroidism. Corneal micro-deposits in all patients. B6 Inc neurotoxicity
Coffea arabica None for 12 hours pre tx
Cola nitida, C. acuminata, Paullina cupano, Ilex
paraguayensis, Camellia sinensis
Nicotiana tabacum inc circulatory effects
Ganoderma lucidum adenosine in water extracts
Hypericum perferatum
Pausinystalia yohimbe epenephrine IV - INC toxicity of yohimbe
Vasoconstriction longer than epinephrine, ephedrine. Larrea tridentate, L. divaricata Inc clearance of dopamine, Norepinephrine
Slows HT rate, increases stroke output, not disturb Hydrastis canadensis Potentiated isoproterenol, tracheal smooth muscles guinea pig
rhythm. Serenoa repens alpha 1A antagonist
Inhibit contractions by phenylphrine: Ca antagonist, alpha 1A
Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia spp.
antagonist
Crategus Inhibited contractions phenylephrine
Panax quinquefolius Enhanced vasoconstriction
Increased HT output. Inc systolic and pulse pressure, not
diastolic and peripheral resistance. Use in shock: MI, Inc dopamine circulation, inhibition of catechol-O-methyl
Larrea tridentate, L. divaricata
trauma, septicemia, open heart surgery, renal failure, transferase, by NDGA (potent antioxidant)
CHF
Stops angtiogensin II: most vasoactive product of renin- Capsicum frutescens Cough. Slowed progression of chronic renal faulure (captopril
antiogensin. Lower renin in African's, therefore less only)
effective. Dec systemic arteriolar resistance, diastolic
BP, systolic BP, HT rate; INC HT output, stroke volume,
stroke work. Ferrous sulfate DEC by captopril
KCl (Pottasium) Inc by captopril, trandolapril
Ephedra sinica May antagonize ACE inhibitors
DEC Na, Cl, K, H
Glycyrrhiza glabra Leads to hypo-K, may antagonize amiloride
Crateagus Increased exercise tolerance, dec adverse effects
Inc Iodide (KI) amiloride, spironolactone
Inhibit Na reabsorption in ascending loop of Henle, Antacids dec by ethacrynic acid
proximal and distal tubules. Dec B1
Dec Folic acid
Nicotiana tabacum vasoconstrictive nicotine --> dec furosemide
Effect on rat uterus antagonized by amiloride, interfere alpha 1A
Serenoa repens
antagonist
Gossypium herbaceum hypo K
Exchanges Cl for bile acid --> insoluble complex, feces. Dec Vit A, B3, B12, folic acid, D3, E, K, Ca carbonate, Fe
Elevated cholesterol, LDL. No drugs 1 hr before, 4-6 sulfate
hours post use (particularly fat soluble) Given with B3 --> INC colestipol efficiency
Mechanism unknown- Dec LV extraction free fatty acids
--> dec TG. With statin: sever myostitis, acute renal Dec vit A, B12, E, Fe sulfate
failure, dec vitamin E
Dec CoQ10
B3 inc statin toxicity or additive clinical effect
Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis Dec simvastatin (p=glycoprotein, CYP 3A4. Pravastatin has no p-
Hypericum perferatum
glycoprotein so unaffected.
Citrus paradisi Inc bioavailability
Ananas comosus Inc cholesterol reduction
Dec GI flatulence
NIDDM. SE: Gi upset, diarrhea
Dec Vit A, D, E, K, B12
 Loop Diuretics - bumetanide,
ethacrynate, enthancrynic acid,
furosemide
Osmotic Diuretic - mannitol
Edema Potassium Sparing Diuretids:
amiloride, spironolactone,
triamterene, hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazides and Related agents
Various Diuretics
Antiadrenergic Agents - Alpha 1,2
Dec Total peripheral resistance. SE: orthostatic
Adrenergic Blocking agents. Serenoa repens Inhibit alpha 1A antagonist cloned human receptors
hypotension, tachycardia
Prazosin/minipress
Antiadrenergic Agents - Alpha 1,2
Short duration, positive inotropic, chronotropic. Vascular
Adrenergic Blocking agents. Pausinystalia yohimbe Due to alpha 2A antagonisms from phenolamine
smooth muscle dilator. Prevent HT episodes.
Phentolamine mesylate/ rogitine
alpha adrenergic agnoist/antagonist. Dec peripheral
Centrally Acting Antiadrenergic
resistance, diastolic & systolic BP, HT rate, postural Pausinystalia yohimbe Inc BP. Clonidine dec anxiety induced by yohimbe.
Agents - Clonidine/ catapres
reflexes intact. SE: dry mouth (inc dental caries)
Centrally Acting Antiadrenergic
Fe sulfate dec drug effect. KCl decreased by drug.
Agents - Methyldopa
Epedra sinica Reserpine dec epedrine induced catecholamines
Pausinystalia yohimbe
Lithium carbonate Induced head twiches sig decreased
Depletes brain NE, serotonin depletes NE at peripheral Hypericum perferatum antagonized reserpine effect
Centrally Acting Antiadrenergic sympathetic nerve terminal, peripheral vasodilation.
Hypertension Agents - Reserpine Used in HT and anxiety, Raynaud's. SE: hypotension, GI Camellia sinensis (green/ black tea) Dec GI ulcer
upset. Curcuma longa Dec GI ulcer
Vaccinium myrtillius Dec GI ulcer
Dec orofacial dyskinesia, poor memory, brain lipid peroxidation.
Withania somnifera
SE: memory problems. Withania helps with this.
Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Agents
- Ca Channel Blockers Citrus paradisi Inc bioavailability
(Felodipine)
Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Agents
- Vasodilators. Sodium Dec B12
nitroprusside.
Diuretics - Osmotic (mannitol) Dec Mg oxide, KCl
Diuretics - Thiazides and related Induce Na, water excretion by inhibiting sodium, Cl co- Dec KCl, Zn
agents transporter. SE: inc chol, TG, LDL
Crataegus spp Inc exercise tolerance, dec adverse effects
Renin-Angiotensin System Agents
Metabolized by P450 3A4. SE: syncope, hypotension. Citrus paradisi, hypericum perforatum May use p-glycoprotein, CYP 450
(losartan potassium)
CYP 450 1A2 Caffeine, Ginkgo bilboa, Hypericum perforatum, quercetin
Phase 1 CYP450 Update CYP 450 2E1 Hypericum perforatum, Allium sativum
CYP 450 3A4 Amiodarone, quinidine, verapamil, hypericum perforatum, Camellia sinensis, Allium sativum, Citrus paradisi, Hydrastisi canadensis
Glutathione s-transferase Larrea tridentata, Gossypium herbaceum, G hirsutum, Cinchona spp, Nicotiana tabacum, Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Zingiber officinale
UDP -
glucuronosyltransferases Larrea tridentate, Allium sativum, A cepa
Phase II Update (UGT)
NADPH - quinone
Vaccinium myrtillus, V. macrocarpus, Allium sativum, A. cepa, Zingiber officinale
reductase
Epoxide hydrolase Allium sativum, A. cepa
LOOK AT SUMMARY SLIDES
Caffeine 4 cup/d dec LI, withdrawl --> tremors, inc LI levels.
Plantago Psyllium Dec 14% therefore > 1hr
Cydonia vulgaris quince seed
Astragalus gummifer, Ulmus fulva (slippery elm)
Na transport. Inc K, Na in urine. Dec catecholamine Oenothera Biennis Dec tremor SE (2-3g/day)
clearance. Inhibit intracellular c-AMP formation. Low Fucus vesiculosus
Bipolar Disorder Lithium Carbonate May be beneficial for thyroid
NaCl diet inc LI reabsorption. Thyroid - block T3 Laminaria digitans
release (hypoT) Asparagus officinalis
Barosma betulina
Diuresis
Camellia sinensis
Coffea arabica
Oenothera Biennis latent temporal lobe epilepsy (seizures)

Phenothiazine / Fluphenazine /
Schizophrenia
thiodazine
MAOI (Monoamine oxidase Phenelzine, moclobemide, nardil,
inhibitors) manerix
Psychiatric Disorders
Citalopram, Fluoxetine,
SSRI (Selective serotonin
Fluvoxamine maleate, paroxetine Enters breast milk. 2-5 wk washout MAOI => SSRI. W/
(5HT) reuptake inhibitors)
(paxil), Sertraline
Tricyclic: Amitriptyline,
clomipramine, desipramine,
doxepin, imipramine, nortripyline, histamine, 5HT, acetylcholine. CI: MAOI
trimipramine
Tetracyclic: Maptotiine
Antidepressants
Other: Trazodone
Benzodiazepines: Alprazolam,
bromazepam, chlordiazepoxide,
CNS Depressants,
clobazam, clonazepam,
Anesthetics
clorazepate, diazepam,
flurazepam….PAM
Areca catechu Inc. SE.
Silybum marianum 400 mg bid DEC Liv toxicity.
Borago officinalis
Dopamine-block receptor. Catecholamine - hepatotoxic. Linum usitatissimum
Coffea arabica tannin Dec GI
Camellia sinensis + high tannin: Geranium maculatum
(Quercus spp.)
Reserpine (Rauwolfia) Inc. seretonin, NE
L-tryptophan, L-Tyrosine, L-phenylalanine URI (allergies/cold meds)
food (fermented), fava bean Seretonin; Thyroid hormones
Kaolin Dec absorption
retention ephedrine, pseudoephedrine => tremor, insomnia,
MAO - brain, GI, LIV; Dec BP, inhibit breakdown Na bicarbonate (tums, IV)
tachycardia
catecholamines: seretonin, NE. MAO-A-5HT, MAO-B -
Coffea arabica, OTC amine, L, Dopa, Tricyclic
phenylethylamine. Inc. catecholamines => BP,
antidepressants, Theobroma cacao (chocolate), Camellia
tachycardia, occipital HA, intracranial bleed. 98%
sinensis, Ephedra sinensis, E. vulgaris, Panax Ginseng,
absorbed. 55% bioavail. 90% w/ repeat use.Slow
Rauwolfia serpentina, potentiate hypoglycemics - B blocker,
metabolizers => 2% caucasians, 15% ASIANS.
Hydrazine sulfare (anti-CA therapy)
Washout 2 weeks post use.
Passiflora incarnata alk act on MAO pathway. Potentiate hexobarbital
Selenicereus grandiflorus alk, amines
Sarotharmnus scoparius tyramine
Eleuthercoccus senticosus potentiate hexobarbital
Hypericum perforatum weak in-vitro MAOI effect
effect norepinephrine, dopamine; nor adrenergic, NSAIDS, ASA (GI bleed), warfarin
histaminergic, muscarinergic, GABA, benzodiazepine Gingko biloba dec sex dysfunction
receptor. Well absorbed, CYP450-1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4; elderly, mild serotonin syn after 8 months SSRI => insomnia,
98% metabolized. KI 64%, BM 36%; slower in elderly. Hypericum perforatum
groggy, incoherent, weak, lethargic
Hypericum perforatum Hyperforin Inhibits uptake serotonin, NE
MAOI => Serotonin Syndrome: agitation,
hyperreflexia, tremor, diarrhea, hyperthermia, Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) pathenium Inhibit serotonin release
seizure, DIC, vent. arrhythmia. SE = inc suicide < Salix alba, S. nigra, Filipendula ulmaria, Gaultheria
18yo. dermatologic, hypoglycemia in diabetes, procumbens, Melilotus officinalis,
Ephedra sinica Amitriptyline blocked inc. BP
Alter transport, storage, release catecholamine. Inhibit
Gingko biloba offset sex dysfunction
Nicotiana tabacum speeds tricylic elimination
Anticholinergic. CI: Seizure, seizure risk, children, post-
Dec orthostatic hypotension of climipramine, NE & BP of
acute MI, LV/KI damage, blood dyscrasias, tricyclic Pausinystalia yohimbe
desipramine
sensitivity.
Mechanism unclear. 60-70% KI, 9-29% BM. SE: MAOI, digitalis, phenytoin, EtOH
priapism, arrhythmia if HT Dz, latent seizures Hypericum perforatum serotonin syndrome
Humulus lupulus additive
Hypericum perforatum Hyperforin Inhibits uptake serotonin, NE
Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) pathenium Inhibit serotonin release
Valeriana officinalis
Citrus paradisi Inc. Bioavailability, CYP-3A4
Hypericum perforatum midazolam dec 60% after 12d tid vs levels pre-SJW, CYP-3A4
Piper methysticum Enhanced sedation, GABA-A affinity, alprazolam
EtoH
counteracted diazepam 22%, clonazepam, antagonized
GABA & Benzodiazepine receptors, chloride channels. Coffee arabica
triazolam
Anxiolytic => anticonvulsant => Dec. muscle tonus => Valeriana officinalis
Aids withdrawl
sedation => hypnosis=> death?. Well absorbed. Protein
Melatonin
bound 80-99%. Concentrate in lipids: CNS, adipose
Cola nitida, C.acuminata, Puallina cupana, Ilex
tissue. Elimination KI, Highly addictive. CI: Myasthenia Caffeine effect
paraguayensis, Camellia sinensis, Theobroma cacao
gravis, acute-angle closure glaucoma
Eleuthercoccus senticosus potentiate hexobarbital (diazepam)
Panax ginseng pentobarbital
Passiflora incarnata hexobarbital
Morphine alkaloid of papaver somnifera
Withania somnifera (mice) tolerance to morphine analgesia inhibited & dependence blocked

Bethamethasone, cortisone,
dexamethasone, fludrocortisone,
Metab LV => urine, bile. CI: fungal infection, live viral
Corticosteroids hydrocortisone,
vaccine.
methylprednisolone,
prednisolone, triamcinolone
Antimetabolites Methotrexate
Cyclophophamide (Nitrogen
Alkylating agents
mustard analogs)
Cisplatin (Platinum compounds)
Pyrimidine analogs
Fluorouracil
Antimetabolites
Capecitabine
Chemotherapeutic Agents (Antracyclines) Doxorubicin,
Cytotoxic Antibiotics Daunorubicin, epirubicin,
idarubicin, valrubicin
Folic acid analog. Competes w/, irreversibly binds
dihydrofolate reductase; blocks active form:
tetrahydrofolate; Inc. glycine, inc. homocysteine. 93%
bioavailable IV, 36% oral. 80% urine excretion
May bind DNA => interstrand , intrastrand crosslinks
=> apoptosis. Post-IV - KI, LV, prostate; bladder,
muscle, testicle, pancreas; later: bowel, adrenals, HT,
LU, brain. Platinum persists in tissues => 180 days.
Excretion: 90% urine, 10% bile, 10-40% in urine @ 24h.
SE: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity.
Blocks methylation of deoxyuridylic acid => thymidylic
acid therefore interferes w/ DAN, RNA synthesis
Metabolized to 5FU by thymidine phosphorylase in tumor Melilotus officinalis
and normal cells => cell damage; colorectal => LV CA CYP450 2C9
Bind DNA, inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, 4-5%
excreted in urine in 4-5d. 40-50% in bile/feces in 7d, Cannibus sativa
slowed if impaired LV function. SE: progressive
diverse cardiac toxicity (permanent). Disposal -
anything that contacts if must be labelled & treated as
hazardous waste.
Glucocorticoid - primary, inc. protein catabolism,
glucaneogenesis; anti-inflammatory. Adipose redistribution
=> central from periphery. Ca2+ dec. GI absorption, inc.
Antidiabetic (eg. Insulin), cyclosporine, digoxin, estrogen, isoniazid,
urine excretion, inhibit macrophages, dec. immune
oral anticoagulants, K losing diuretics, ASA, NSAIDS
response, stimulate erythoid of bone marrow, inc survival
rbc & platelets. mineralcorticoid - 2o, Na reabsorption, K,
H excretion; salt retention.
interfere with aldosterone, cortisol breakdown => inc half life; acid
Glycyrrhiza glabra
=> potentiated topical hydrocortisone
Riges nigrum oil
RA - dec. joint tenderness # & score vs placebo
Borago officinalis
DBPC, cataract surgery, post-op => dec. lid edema, conjunctival
Anamas comosus
edema, mild hemorrhage
Aloe spp., Rhamnus frangula, R.purshiana, Rheum
Anthraquinones, potassium depletion => arrhythmia
palmatum, R. officinale, Cassia acutifolia
Astragalus membranaceus, Echinacea spp., Tabebuia
Immune
avellandae
Estrogen, progesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, DHEA
ASA Dec. clearance => increase methotrexate toxicity
Folic acid Dec. therapeutic response
Vit A, glutathione Dec. toxicity
Vit E, Selenium Increased Tx effect
Panax quinquefolium Inc. Tx effect Est+ Breast CA
Cannibus sativa Dec nausea in 78% (unresp. To antiemetics)
Matricaria recutita resolved mucositis, oral ulcers
Betula lenta, actea racemosa, Filipendula ulmaria,
Gaultheria procumbens, Populus balsamifera, P.
tremuloides, salix alba, S. nigra
prevented myelosuppresion - rbc, wbc. Chemotherapeutic effect
Withania somnifera unknown. Delayed hypersensitivity rxn induced by cyclo
suppressed at 1000 mg/kg.
Diuretics Increase ototoxicity
Vit A, E, glutathione, quercerin inc. tx effect
VIT C; B-Carotene+A+C+E; genistein, quercetin Inc. cytotoxicity
Cannibus sativa Dec nausea in 78% (unresp. To antiemetics)
stage II ST CA - doubled survival time, improved CD3, CD4 while
Panax ginseng
on 5FU+Cisplatin
non-small cell LU CA - reduced death risk, inc proliferation SP
Astragalus membranaceus
cells, B cell IgG, cytotoxic T cells, macrophage IL-6 & TNF
B-carotene, melatonin Dec Tx effect
Vit C, glutathione Inc Tx effect
Vit A, CoQ10, gluthathione Dec. toxicity
coumarin anti-coagulants
CoQ 10, Vit A, C, E, Selenium, Melatonin Dec Toxicity
Vit A, C, E, Selenium, B-Carotene, quercetin, green tea Inc Tx effect
Panax quinquefolium Inc Tx effect Est+ Breast CA
Dec nausea in 78% (unresp. To antiemetics)
Rosmarinus officinalis methanol extract Inc DOX in Breast CA cells via P-glycoprotein transport pump
Inc DOX in ovarian sarcoma, Dec. DOX in normal tissue, Dec.
Camellia sinensis extract
tumor size (mice)
Actea racemosa Inc. cytotoxicity (mice) also MCF-7
Digitalis spp., Rauwolfia serpentina, Selenicereus
Direct herbal regulation of cardiac function
grandiflorus…
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Anti-androgens - bicalutamide,
sypoterone, flutamide, nilutamide
Non-steroidal aromatase
inhibitors - anastrozole,
exemestane, letrozole
Anti-estrogen - Tamoxifen
Hormone Antagonists
Protease Inhibitor - Velcade
bortezmii PS-341
Estrogen & progesterone
marvelon, cyclen, ovral-21
monophasic
Estrogen & progesterone
Synphasic, ortho 7/7/7
biphasic
Estrogen & progesterone
Oral Contraceptives Alesse-21, Triphasil-21
triphasic
Androgen dependent acne Diane-35
gaviscon, Aluminum-magnesium
preparations - mylanta diovol,
Antacids
Calcium preparations - tums,
Magnesium preparations - phillips
Histamine H2 Receptor Cimitidene, famotidine, nizatidine, Onset 15-60 min, duration 4-8h, clearance 30-48h.
Antagonists ranitidine
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Iansoprazole, Omeprazole,
Proton Pump Inhibitors
Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole
Cyclosporin + azathioprine
Immunosuppressants
Medicago sativa + Actea
racemosa
Pneumococcal vaccine
Vaccines Uncaria tomentosa - H2O extract enhanced immune response by elevating
w/o oxindole alk
Caffeine
Competes w/ estrogen binding sites in breast, uterus.
Displays estrogen-like effect on endometrium, bone, Citrus sinensis peel Dec Tx effect
blood lipids
Vit A, melatonin Inc. Tx effect
Vit. C, tocotrienols (?) Inc. Cytotoxicity
DEC Magnesium
Increase Zinc
Panax quinquefolium
Inc Tx effect Est+ Breast CA
Oenothera Biennis
Silybum marianum prevented KI damage
Actea - 58% EtOH extract HOT FLUSHES in post-meno breast CA survivors
Ribes nigrum faster response to tamoxifen
Induces apoptosis via inhibition NK kappaB, stabilization Human CA cells lines w/ anti-oxidants => not induce apoptosis. DO
protoapoptotic proteins. Promotes chemo & radio- Vitamin C NOT GIVE VELCADE & VIT C TOGETHER => velcade does not
sensitization. Relapsed multiple myeloma generate intracellular reactive oxygen species.
B12, B2, B6, Vit C, Magnesium, ASA (Salix alba/nigra,
Inhibit ovulation Dec Folic Acid
Filipendula ulmaria…)
Suppress gonadotropins Citrus paradisi, Vit C may Inc. ethinyl estrogen
Suppress gonadotropins => Dec ovarian androgens =>
Hypericum perforatum Dec. contraceptive activity
Dec testosterone
Theobroma cacao, coffee arabica, cola nitida, paullinia
Block androgen receptors Inc sereum Vit A, Vit K, calcium, zinc, caffeine
cupana (guarana), Ilex paraguayensis, Camellia sinensis
Glycyrrhiza glabra hypertension
Nicotiana tabacum clots, strokes, MI
Digitalis spp. Dec. phosphorus, iron, folic acid
Antacid foam, coating agent. Acid absorption.
Vit C Inc. Al absoprtion
Inhibits CYP450-1A2, 2C9, 2D6, 3A4. Bind H2 receptors
Dec B12, Ca, Mg, Fe
Peak plasma 2h, duration 24h. 95% plasma protein
bound. Excretion: urine 80%, feces 20%. CYP450-2C19.
70% reduction in peak HCl after 5d @ 20mg/d.
Antacids
H2 Hypericum perforatum, citrus paradisi Dec acid dependent nutrients
Proton pump
Inhibits purine synthesis: esp leukocytes, lymphocytes.
Used in KI transplant, RA. SE: susceptible fungal, viral Cordyceps sinesis Dec nephrotoxicity
infection, cunvulsion, GI ulcer
Used 6 wek acute KI rejection after 16 y. Serum
cyclosporine unaltered. T cell activation via L-
canacanine?
lymph:neutrophil ratio in blood & dec serotype decay
Dec Fe absoption
Ephedrine Increase thermogenesis
MAOIs, propranolol, metropolol, pheylpropanolamin Inc. BP reaction via Inc. Norepinephrine
Inhibits adenosine
Clozapine Supraventricular Tachycardia
Pentobarbital, diazepam, triazolam, zopiclone, clonazepam Antagonizes
Increases ASA absorption
Dec. Lithium levels
Fluvoxamine, oral contraceptive, cimetidine, verapramil,
disulfiram, fluconazole, mexiletine, phenylpropanolamine, Inc. caffeine stimulation
idrocilamine, methoxsalen, phenacetin, furafylline
Quinolone antibiotics (enoxacin, pipemidic acid),
Caffeine inhibited
norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin
Phenytoin Increase caffeine metabolism & loss
 H2 blockers, acetaminophen, B12 Dec blood levels
Benzodiazepines, heparin, pentazocine, TCAs, caffeine,
Speeds elimination
amobarbital, Vit C
Phenylbutazone, quinine, estradial, flecainide, haloperidol,
Speeds metabolism
ligncaoine, tacrine, thiothixene, zolpidem, phenothiazines
Nicotiana tabacum Furosemide, insulin, dextropropxyphene, B-Blocker Renders less effective
Glutethimide Enhances drug effect
Oral Contraceptives Inc. stroke risk in women > 30
Adenosine Inc. circulatory effect
Theophylline (green tea) Inc. Metabolism
Cimetidine, ranitidine (H2 antagonists) Dec. breakdown of nicotine
Nifedipine Inc. BP effect
Felodipine, amlodipine, verapamil, nitrendripine, nisoldipine,
Inc. bioavailability 3X
nimodipine (Inhibit CYP450-3A$
Terfenadine Increase bioavailability => fatal arrhythmia
Coumarin, benzodiazepines, simvastatin, lovastatin,
saquinavir, quinidine, estradiol, ethinylestradiol (inhibit Inc. bioavailability
Citrus Paradisi CYP450-3A4)
Cyclosporin (P-Glycoprotein inhibition) Inc. Plasma concentration
Caffeine metabolism inhibited: Inc. AUC + dec 1/2life + Dec.
Naringin (inhibits CYP450-1A2)
caffeine clearance
Clarithromycin, 14-hydroclarithromycin Dec. absorption
Fexofenadine Dec. bioavailability
Paroxetine Inc. sedation w/ surgery
Nefazodone, sertaline, trazodone Serotonin syndrom (in elderly pts)
Cyclosporine, Indinavir, ethinyestradiol, desogestrel,
warfarin, phenprocoumon, midazolam, statins (HMG-Co- Dec. Plasma
reductase), digitozin, B-Blockers
Hypericum Perforatum
Dec. Resperine (mice)
Inc. EtOH effect (mice)
MAOIs enhanced
Opiod anesthetics, tamoxifen, taxol, etopisine,
Induce CYP450-3A4, P-glycoprotein reduced
pseudoephedrine, naloxone, proxicam, tetracycline