Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress ( 2010) DOI 10.

1007/s11759-010-9140-x

Nigel Sadler, Sands of Time Consultancy, 8A Third Avenue, Walthamstow, London, E17 9QJ, England, UK E-mail: nigel.sadler@sandsoftimeconsultancy.com

ABSTRACT
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Is it the role of archaeologists to lead on community involvement? In 2000 the Trouvadore Project was launched as a partnership. The archaeologists of Ships of Discovery were to search for the shipwreck, film makers Windward Media were to document the project and the Turks and Caicos National Museum was to research the wrecking and the legacy of the survivors. With its developing outreach programmes it was natural for the museum to take on the responsibility of informing and involving the community in the project. This is the story of community inclusion in the search for the slave ship Troubadour.
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Resumen: Es funcion de los arqueologos liderar la implicacion comunitaria? En el 2000, el proyecto Trouvadore se inicio como una asociacion. Los arqueologos de Ships of Discovery buscaban el pecio, los cineastas Windward Media documentaron el proyecto y el Museo Nacional de las Turcas y Caicos investigo el naufragio y el legado de los supervivientes. Con sus programas de ayuda al desarrollo, era logico que el museo asumiera la responsabilidad de informar e implicar a la comunidad en el proyecto. Esta es la historia de la inclusion de la comunidad en la squeda del barco de esclavos Troubadour. bu
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sume Le role des arche : ologues est-il dattirer la participation de la Re te communaute ? Le projet Trouvadore a e lance dans le cadre dun ologues de Ships of Discovery ont e a la te ` partenariat en 2000. Les arche pave, les cine astes de Windward Media ont documente le recherche de le e projet tandis que le Muse national des les Turks et Caques recherchait la ritage des survivants. Grace a ses programmes de ` cause du naufrage et lhe tait naturel pour le muse dassumer la responsabilite e sensibilisation, il e dinformation et dimplication de la communaute dans ce projet. Ceci est gration communautaire dans la recherche du navire lhistoire de linte desclaves Troubadour.

RESEARCH

Inclusion in an Archaeological Project: Trouvadore Project. A Case Study

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KEY WORDS

NIGEL SADLER

Slave ship, Slavery, Turks and Caicos Islands, Community outreach

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Introduction
The transitory nature of the work of many archaeologists is often restricted to short excavation seasons and short term contracts. This can mean that whilst the archaeologists may have in depth knowledge of the archaeological period being excavated, they in many incidents have no infinity with the locality of the excavation. This is especially so for projects in small island nations. Also, for many archaeologists their quest is knowledge, and dare one say the desire for academic recognition mainly through publications which in the past often meant there was little consideration on how they would either include or inform the local community during and after the project. However, is it the role of archaeologists to do everything in a project? The term community or public archaeology implies that archaeologists integrate the community, but it is not implicit that it is the archaeologists who need to do this. Is it not more effective to work with organisations that already has connections with the community and has outreach at the core of its work? Therefore, a natural partner would be museums, which have over the last few decades moved towards more community inclusion, implemented in a variety of ways to make museums more relevant to the communities they serve (Pes 2008). One such project is the search for the wreck of the slave ship Troubadour in the Turks and Caicos Islands. As the story of the wrecking of the slave ship Troubadour has been recounted in other publications (Sadler 2004b, 2008a, b) this article will show how the Turks and Caicos National Museum, in conjunction with its archaeological partner Ships of Discovery, has incorporated and informed the local community of the wrecking and inclusion of their ancestors into society whilst carrying out the project to uncover the story of the survivors from Troubadour.

Turks and Caicos Islands and Its Slave Heritage

The Turks and Caicos Islands is a chain of over 40 islands at the south eastern end of the Bahamian archipelago (Figure 1). The 2001 census recorded the population as 19,886, of which 53% were Belongers, the name the locals call themselves (Sadler 2006a). The country is developing

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Figure 1. Map locating the Turks and Caicos Islands

at an extraordinary rate, with a population growth of around 10% a year, mostly through immigration. This growth, linked to technological advancements permitting easy access to the internet and satellite television, has put pressure on maintaining a cultural identity for the locals; the youth are now interested in rap music and not local ripsaw; young children in Spongebob rather than traditional story telling with its African roots. For countries going through such rapid cultural change it is essential that organisations like museums and national trusts encourage the recognition of the countrys heritage and provide ways in which it can be recorded, preserved and the local population encouraged to participate in, identify with and value (Clark 2006). Until recently little had been published on the Turks and Caicos Islands history. The most extensive, H. E. Sadlers 1960s and 1970s series Turks Island Landfall, was combined into a single publication in 1997 and became the main source for researchers (Sadler 1997). Since 1991 the Turks and Caicos National Museum has taken on the mantle of being the leading historical research centre and from 1997 has published its findings in the Museums quarterly newsletter Astrolabe in the Times of the Islands Magazine, an international magazine for the country. One area that had not been given the importance it deserved was slave heritage of the country. The country is made up of two banks of islands:

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The Turks Islands and the Caicos Islands. Slavery had existed in the Turks Islands from the days of the Bermudians using the Islands initially to gather salt seasonally in the seventeenth century, and later settling there permanently in the eighteenth century. The salt industry remained the main user of enslaved labour in the Turks Islands until slavery was abolished in all British territories in 1834. The Caicos Islands had a different history as some Loyalists who had fled from North America after the American War of Independence were granted land in the Caicos Islands in the late eighteenth century and set up cotton plantation. Originally successful, a combination of pest infestation, poor soils and a devastating hurricane meant the cotton industry had all but collapsed by the 1820s and many of the enslaved workers were transferred to the salt industry in the Turks Islands. The Turks and Caicos Islands was on the transatlantic route that many of the illegal Cuban slave ships took. The slave trade had been outlawed by the British in 1807 and soon after set up navy patrols to intercept the illegal slavers in the Atlantic Ocean and free the Africans on board. On the other hand, Spain had outlawed the slave trade in 1820 but did little to prevent the trade, and in fact generally turned a blind eye to the shipment of captured Africans as the Cuban economy was so reliant on the labour for their sugar industry. The authorities in the British territories in the Caribbean were vigilant and would do what they could to halt the trade. However, this was a difficult time and introducing freed Africans into a society that still employed enslaved workers was challenging, made even more so by the introduction of the Apprenticeship scheme following the abolition of slavery in 1834 which allegedly aimed to teach the former enslaved workers how to be free, but in reality it provided a transitional period for the former slave owners to develop a new system of workforce. This meant that during the 1820s and 1830s The Turks and Caicos Islands was undergoing a major shift in its own working conditions and did not really have the resources either to afford to take large numbers of liberated Africans who had been settled in the Bahamas after being freed from slave ships, nor to actively chase down slavers. In real terms their role was to deal with situations of crisis forced upon them, to provide security to the Africans who landed on the shores of the Islands after the ship carrying them to Cuba had been wrecked. This was the fate of those on board two slave ship wrecks, Esperenza in 1837 and Troubadour in 1841. Up until 2000 the only archaeological project on historical sites related to slavery was in 1989 at Wades Green Plantation and the findings were presented in academic publications where most of this information remained locked. The blame for this can not be laid solely on the American archaeologists but also at local institutions such as the National Trust and the National Museum who had done little to

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disseminate the information. Since 2000 the National Trust has promoted the slave heritage by developing the ruins of the slave owners houses at Wades Green on North Caicos, Haulover Plantation on Middle Caicos and Cheshire Hall on Providenciales as tourist attractions. Unfortunately, at these sites there was little interpretation about the life of the enslaved. In 2000 the Turks and Caicos National Museum became involved in the UNESCO Slave Route Project and this acted as the impetus for the Museum to prioritise research on slavery. The Museum uncovered new aspects of the slave history of the country and critically analysed the findings of earlier archaeological and research work. It was the shortcomings from this earlier work that inspired the Museum to be more proactive with information dissemination to the public (Sadler 2004c). During this research the Museum identified the importance of the wrecking of the slave ship Troubadour and its ability to encapsulate the story of slavery in the country through the positive account of the freedom of 192 Africans from an illegal slave ship that wrecked off East Caicos in 1841, and the assimilation of 168 of them into the country, increasing the population by 7%. This influx of first generation Africans had a major affect on the community by reinforcing African traditions, bringing new work ethics as they had never worked under slavery, and by marrying into the population. The story had initially been uncovered in 1993 by Museum founder, Grethe Seim and Dr Donald Keith of Ships of Discovery, when they found George Judson Gibbs letter book held by the Smithsonian in which he mentioned the wrecking of a slave ship in 1841 (Gibbs 1878:216). The Museum and Ships of Discovery had other priorities and therefore uncovering the full story was delayed. Occasionally a researcher was hired to visit the National Archives in Britain1 but this provided limited information as he had no knowledge of the history of the country and was only seeking references of the shipwreck and not the context of how the incident fitted into what was happening in the Turks and Caicos Islands. This early research was not publicly accessible. In 2000 the Trouvadore Project was launched as a partnership. It was clear that a multi disciplinary approach would be needed to uncover the full story of the Troubadour wrecking. It would need the skills of historical researchers, archivists, oral historians, museum professionals, archaeologists and public relations specialist. The Turks and Caicos National Museum was best placed to apply for the archaeological licences, would be central to the research especially in positioning the shipwreck story into a more general historical context, would provide the laboratories, storage and potentially exhibition space for the objects discovered and with its developing outreach

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programmes would be the medium for dissemination of information to the local community. There was also the added benefit that the Museum Director was a qualified archaeologist with 4 years field experience before retraining in museum management. This meant that the Museum had an insight not only into its role as a museum but also the needs of the archaeologists. The other partners were the American archaeologists of Ships of Discovery, who were to search for the wreck, and the documentary makers Windward Media, who were to record the project. There was also an informal fourth partner; David Bowen, the Director of Culture. In 2002 whilst employed by the Tourist Board, Bowen become involved in the project following a meeting with the Museum Director who casually mentioned the research project. After listening intently he explained his familys oral history included an ancestor who arrived on a slave ship that wrecked in the country. As he could identify elements of his familys traditions in the Troubadour story, he understood the importance of the project and became an essential local team member (Figure 2). The initial decision that faced the team was the name of the project. In the research work that had already been carried out the ship had appeared under many spellings including Troubador, Troubadour, Troubadaur and Trouvadore in the original 1840s papers and Trovalore in a 1984 list of slave ships wrecked in the Bahamas Archipelago (Dalleo 1984). As the first document uncovered in the National Archives in Britain had called the ship Trouvadore it was decided that name would be used, so it became

Figure 2. David Bowen Director of the Department of Culture, talking to local bush doctor Alton Higgs, during a field trip to gather information from residents on Middle Caicos

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the Trouvadore Project. With hindsight though the research has shown the ship was probably called Troubadour, French for wandering minstrel and Trouvadore was just the anglicised version of that name. With the project not using the real name of the ship this may lead to confusion in the future. The first contact that provided quantifiable returns followed a normal historical query made by Logwood Development Company to the Museum. They were impressed by the response and in return offered their helicopter to the Museum for a half day (Sadler 2003a). The Museum used it for an aerial survey to provide an insight into what an archaeological project would entail off East Caicos. Wooden shipwrecks would not be visible from the air but the helicopter allowed the team to identify potential mooring sites for the research vessel, provided a greater view of the topography of the reef to give clues about the wrecking and gave the opportunity to take photographs to show potential funders what the team would face in the field. For the 2004 field season the archaeologists at Ships of Discovery had hoped to secure funding from the usual granting agencies in the USA, but this proved harder than expected. The Museum became involved in fundraising and the most effective contact they had was with Jackie Mulligan, Public Relations Manager at the Tourist Board. Mulligan suggested the project approach the hotels, the Turks and Caicos Hotel and Tourism Association and the Tourist Board. This non traditional avenue for funding was not one the Museum or the archaeologists would have taken but Mulligan saw the tourism potential of the international attention that the project could bring. Utilising her contacts, and the Museums reputation, over half of the required funds was gathered through these sources, especially through the Hartling Group, owners of the Sands and the Palms resorts, who became the largest single sponsor. The hotel sponsorship was not just financial as they supplied rooms for the team, facilities for press conferences at the end of the season and a farewell reception. Mulligan joined the Trouvadore Project as press officer for the 2004 season and the excellent international coverage she created made it easier to raise funds in 2006. The 2006 season saw the archaeologists raise half the funds through National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ocean Exploration Program and half by the Museum mainly through the Turks and Caicos Islands Conservation Fund and the Tourist Board. The Museum had been aided by the fact they had provided the information on the Troubadour story and the 2004 season publicly and people wanted to be associated with a successful project.

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The Search for the Wreck

In 1991 Ships of Discovery prepared guidelines for the issuing of archaeological licences in the Turks and Caicos Islands, but since then projects had been approved without completing this application process. The Museum submitted the applications for the 2004 survey and 2006 survey and test excavation so they could be seen following good practice by completing the process for archaeological licences. When applying for the survey licence in 2004 the Museum made presentations to both the Chief Minister and the Governor so that the government felt some degree of inclusion in the project. The Museum and its advisors often provide reviews of potential new projects, and by following all guidelines during its own projects it was hoped that this advice would gain more strength. One condition of the licence was that a representative from the Department of Environment and Coastal Resources (DECR) would monitor the team in the field. The project wanted to make sure it provided the opportunity for the DECR Belonger representative to feel that they were an integral part of the team, to fully participate in the project and be trained on how DECR officers should monitor archaeological projects. The project was fortunate that the representative assigned to the team in 2004 wanted to engage fully and learn more about the work, for which the team were very willing not only teach him but also to incorporate him in every aspect of the project. His knowledge of the sea was very helpful as was his boat handling skills and he promoted the work being undertaken within DECR, and in the local community. It has been a good learning curve for the archaeological team working with a local community member and it has helped impress upon them the importance this project has within the country. The team was very lucky that this official was reappointed for the 2006 season. The Museum, not the archaeologists, was responsible to guarantee that the terms of the licence were followed. This did cause some debates in the field in 2004 as it was clear that the newly uncovered wooden wreck site had recently been tampered with, probably by treasure hunters who had been issued with a licence a few years earlier. At the wooden wreck a number 3, probably a water line marker, was found and it was recovered because otherwise it might disappear, and this action was detailed in the final reports (Keith and Sadler 2005). The Museum had already agreed with the DECR that if anything found was at risk of theft then the Museum would recover it, but only with the approval of their official who was on board. However, the archaeologists wanted to recover some timber which might be used for radio carbon dating and tree identification, but

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the Museum felt this was outside the licence, where the terms were look but dont touch, and the verbal agreement with DECR. The fieldwork was off the deserted East Caicos and requests by locals to join the team had to be rejected due to limited accommodation on the live aboard dive boat, the limited resources and the team having to make dangerous crossings each day over the reef (Figure 3). Requests by some people to bring their own boats to visit the team were also rejected as the fieldwork was only for 2 weeks and time could not be spared. As the number of archaeologists was limited by the number of berths on the boat, the ships crew became additional team members as boat handlers and field team members. It is hoped that as these young dive masters move to other companies their education on how to read and safeguard shipwrecks makes them advocates for protecting wrecks. In the 2004 field season tow boarders were used to locate wrecks in the survey area to the north of East Caicos. Several wrecks were identified and divers were sent down to map and photograph these wrecks. It was during the 2004 season that a ballast mound and a few wooden timbers could be seen at a depth of around 15 ft, in the area the team expected the wreck to be. In 2006 the project re-surveyed the area using electromagnetic equipment and extended the survey area. This located no new wrecks in the 2004 survey area and showed how effective tow boarding had been. It did indicate that the most likely wreck site for Troubadour was larger in area with buried metal signals extending for some distance. Some of these hits were excavated and found to be metal fittings from a wooden ship, and several test pits in the area around the ballast mound located substantial

Figure 3. The remote location off East Caicos where Troubadour wrecked

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timber remains from the hull of a ship, with an estimated length of about 120 ft. Unfortunately, the 2004 and 2006 seasons uncovered no diagnostic finds but the archaeologists felt confident that this was the Troubadour because further research in the archives could not identify any other wooden ship wrecking in this area.2 To maintain public interest during the fieldwork a daily diary was included on the website, not an easy task as the only means of updating it was via temperamental satellite phones. The diary provided a challenge in meeting the demands for public information and for safeguarding potential wreck sites that were found. It was known that the local television and radio were monitoring the website and the team did not want any major finds announced to the world in this manner but through press conferences at the end of each field season. For example, in 2004, the announcement of the discovery of a wooden wreck was delayed for 2 days so that the team could be sure of their facts about what had been found. For the 2004 and 2006 seasons there was no secrecy about what had been found. The Museum had been concerned in the past that previous licence holders would not reveal the location of their finds, even though it was required in the terms of the licence. They often claimed supplying the data to the government and other agencies such as the Museum, would put the sites at risk. The Museum argued that as all wrecks in the Turks and Caicos waters are the responsibility of the government they needed the information to help safeguard them. The project made sure that during the 2004 and 2006 seasons all man made items found were recorded and their reference points included in the reports supplied to the government (Keith and Sadler 2005). This did not mean the project was not concerned, but the principal behind the project was that the work was being carried out to increase the knowledge of the country and therefore needed to present this information to the government agencies and the community. Not everything ran smoothly. As part of the deal with the sponsors in 2004 their logos were included on the official team shirt which would be a main part of the promotion of the project, and was a visual indication of the support from within the country the project had. All project partners agreed to the shirt and in conjunction with Windward Media, the shirts were designed to be tan in colour so they would appear better on film. Unfortunately, when the research ship set sail in 2004 the project team were notified that the tan shirts were no longer acceptable as potential purchasers of the documentary felt that sponsors logos should not be visible. The archaeologists had clearly been informed in advance and presented each team member with a blue shirt with the simple logo of the words Trouvadore Project. This was the first real divide in the project and led from miscommunication. The Museum was not happy that it had not been notified in advance of this late change and it was only through extra

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promotional work that prevented this development from upsetting the sponsors. The issue over the tan shirt was unfortunate. The Museum staff continued to wear the 2004 project shirt for events and whilst travelling in the Turks and Caicos Islands. It was common for members of the public to approach the Museum Director when wearing the shirt to ask for the latest updates and information about the project. The Director also wore the shirt when travelling to, and whilst presenting papers at, international conferences. On one such trip whilst passing through Miami International Airport members of the Turks and Caicos Tourist Board saw the Director wearing the shirt and they commented on how this was promoting not only the project but also the Turks and Caicos Islandsjustifying their sponsorship in 2004 and 2006.

Promotion and Presentations

The data collected by the Museum for the UNESCO Slave Route Project, including the Troubadour story, was published in the booklet Slavery in the Turks and Caicos Islands (Sadler 2004c) and the Finding our Roots Study Guide (Sadler 2004a), the latter being distributed to every secondary school child in the country. The Trouvadore Project was heavily promoted in the country as the Museum had at the heart of its work the desire to keep the public informed of the latest developments. This started off with two articles in the Museum newsletter putting the story into its historical context (Sadler 2003b, 2004b), updates on the field seasons in the Museum newsletter (Mulligan 2004a; Sadler 2006b) and a community magazine (Mulligan 2004b) and the tourist magazine given to all passengers on American Airlines flights from Miami to Turks and Caicos (Sadler 2007). The project also gained international coverage through involving Tim Ecott, a British journalist, in the 2004 season (Ecott 2004, 2005), and the development of the website www.slaveshiptrouvadore.com, by the Museum in 2003. Other organisations have also used the research made available to create small exhibition panels on Troubadour such as those at the National Trusts Visitor Centre in Middle Caicos, the Department of Environment and Coastal Resources National Exhibition Centre in Providenciales and at the Grand Turk lighthouse site developed for the cruise ship audience. Through its publications, presentations, radio and television appearances the Museum has also made itself accessible and by providing the material it has opened itself up to receive comments about its work (Figure 4). The feedback has been extensive and has led to some new research avenues in connection to the project, both archival and archaeological. It has also

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Figure 4. Project members during a live questions and answers session on local radio

allowed public debate on whether research on slave heritage should be undertaken, with views ranging from those who believe that this type of history should be left in the past to those who believe an understanding of the past is essential to identify with their roots. There was also the personal approach of making presentations to locals, residents and tourists in the Turks and Caicos Islands. One of the most uplifting moments and justification for the work being undertaken came during a presentation to some of the staff and guests at The Sands Resort in 2004. As a condition of the sponsorship from the Hartling Group the project was to help educate the hotel staff who had been unable to answer the simplest questions about their heritage when asked by guests. Hotel staff members were soon enthralled as they were drawn into the story about how these survivors were their ancestors. How this story was their heritage. At the end of the presentation a staff member publicly thanked the presenter as this was the first time anybody had tried to inform her about her roots, her familys links to the past and how it fitted into the history of the country. The staff members comments about only being taught Jamaican history whilst at school clearly illustrated the issues that in the past the countrys education system concentrated on Caribbean history and not local history, mainly because there was little information available. This is now being rectified by a combination of the Trouvadore Project, the Museums research and publications, the recently introduced Community College local studies course and the text book for students published in 2009, which does include a section on Troubadour (Mills 2009).

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The presentations given at the Museum following the 2006 season benefited from including a tour of the laboratories to show the excavated items in their initial stage of conservation. The public were not only interested in what the objects were, but more importantly what the process would be to get these items ready for display at the Museum. Officials from DECR were the first to see the items as they had been immediately invited to visit the Museum on the return of the team. Over a period of several months school groups that visited as well as passengers from cruise ships were also allowed to view the items during special tours. The project did not forget its obligations for presenting the data to its peers. International conferences are the main medium where archaeologists have traditionally shared recent findings. The Trouvadore Project was no different and continued this tradition, but only as one strand of a broader means for information dissemination. Papers have been presented at the Museums of the Caribbeans annual general meetings in 2001 (Turks and Caicos Islands) and 2002 (Cuba), World Archaeological Congress (WAC) 2003 in Washington, USA, International Council of Museums conference 2004 in Seoul, Theoretical Archaeology Group conference 2005 in Sheffield, UK, a whole session at the Society for Historical Archaeologists conference 2007 in Williamsburg, USA and at the WAC Inter-Congress 2007 in Jamaica.

Conclusion
Archaeologists can often work with sensitive subject matters and slave heritage sites falls within this realm. It is in these areas that archaeologists have to be aware to the needs of the local community as well as the local issues with this past heritage. Archaeologists have to remember that their work is not only to uncover the past for their peers but also to be there for the greater public meaning. Concerns had been voiced within the project that information was being released in the popular media first rather than through academic media. However, hindsight has shown that there has been no detrimental effect from this approach as the information has been equally distributed through many mediums. The Trouvadore Project is a good case study for community involvement in a small island nation but it is not claiming to be perfect. Much of what happened between 2000 and 2007 was positive but it showed the willingness of team members to engage with the community varied greatly. Any successful project is also down to the interest of the local population and their desire for involvement. In this case, the expectations of the public were pretty low at the beginning so it was easy to count even the smallest steps as a success. At the start the Museum had a more paternalistic

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approach as they felt the population needed to know the story of the survivors of the shipwreck. Up until this project most of the community had no real involvement with the Museum, or had any particular view on how the Museum or the archaeologists should operate to benefit the community. As the project developed the public began to request information and lectures from the Museum. The project would have benefited from community involvement at a practical level but due to the location and nature of the archaeological work this was not a reality. If further work leads to an excavation on the wooden wreck the objects would be conserved in the Museum laboratory rather than sending the material overseas, allowing the locals to watch the process and hopefully get involved as volunteers in the post excavation work. As the Museum moves forward the lessons learnt throughout the Trouvadore Project will be used not only by the Museum and the archaeologists but also as a benchmark of what the government and population should expect from future archaeological work in the country. More importantly it is hoped that the project gives the community confidence to ask questions of the archaeologists and researchers and of any future projects, for it is theirs and their ancestors history that is usually being uncovered.

Acknowledgments
The 2004 and 2006 seasons were only possible through the financial support of Hartling Group (Developers of Sands at Grace Bay and the Palms), Turks and Caicos Islands Tourist Board, Royal West Indies Resort, Turks and Caicos Hotel and Tourism Association, Ocean Club Resort, Friends of the Turks and Caicos National Museum, NOAA Ocean Exploration Program, Turks and Caicos Islands Conservation Fund, Teddy Foundation, Dayton Foundation and San Francisco Foundation.

Notes
1. Much of the original material used to uncover Troubadour story can be found in the National Archives, Kew, London under Colonial Office Records (CO 23/105, CO23/109, CO23/113) and Customs (Cust34/228). 2. Following the 2008 field season the archaeologists publicly stated that they had found the wreck of Troubadour.

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References
Clark, K. (editor) 2006. Capturing the Public Value of Heritage: The Proceedings of the London Conference. English Heritage, Swindon. Dalleo, P. T. 1984. Africans in the Caribbean: A Preliminary Assessment of Recaptives in the Bahamas 18111860. Journal of the Bahamas Historical Society 6(1):1524. Ecott, T. 2004. Hunting the Slave Ship. Geographical December 2004: 6571. 2005. The Search for the Trouvadore. Diver February 2005: 5961. Gibbs, G. J. 1878. Letterbook. Unpublished, Washington, USA. Keith, D. H., and N. Sadler 2005. The Search for the Slave Ship Trouvadore, 2004 Season: A Report to the Department of Environment and Coastal Resources of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Unpublished, Turks and Caicos Islands. Mills, C. (editor) 2009. History of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Macmillan-Caribbean, Jamaica. Mulligan, J. 2004a. Trouvadore: A Search, a Story. Astrolabe, Times of the Island Magazine Winter 2004/2005: 96103. 2004b. 160 Year Old Mystery May Finally Be Solved. Baller Magazine November/December 2004: 8, 15. Pes, J. (editor) 2008. Working Knowledge: Community Projects. Museum Practice Magazine Winter 2008: 4965. Sadler, H. E. 1997. Turks Island Landfall: A History of the Turks and Caicos Islands. United Cooperative Printers Ltd., Jamaica. Sadler, N. 2003a. Aerial Reconnaissance. Astrolabe, Times of the Island Magazine Summer 2003: 7477. 2003b. Liberated Africans Putting Right the Wrongs of the Past. Part 1: 18071860. Astrolabe, Times of the Island Magazine Winter 2003/2004: 7984. 2004a Finding Our Roots: A Study Guide for Children, Turks and Caicos National Museum PublicationTurks and Caicos Islands. 2004c Slave History of the Turks and Caicos Islands, Turks and Caicos National Museum PublicationTurks and Caicos Islands.

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2006a. Keeping Count: Population Growth in the Islands. Astrolabe, Times of the Islands Magazine Summer 2006: 97106. 2006b. Search for Trouvadore: 2006 Season. Astrolabe, Times of the Islands Magazine Fall 2006: 97105. 2007. Trouvadore: Legacy of a Slave Ship. Discover Turks and Caicos September: 2628. 2008a. The Sinking of the Slave Ship Trouvadore: Linking the Past to the Present. In Underwater and Maritime Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by M. E. Leshikar-Denton, and P. L. Erreguerena, pp. 209220. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek. 2008. The Trouvadore Project: The Search for a Slave Ship and Its Cultural Importance. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 12(1):5370