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PHYSICS FOR CLASS 12th

Chapter 6: Electro Magnetic induction

Electromagnetic induction; Faradays law Induced emf Induced current Lenzs Law for the direction of induced current Eddy currents and their applications Self inductance Mutual inductance Displacement current

We know that a current produces a magnetic field around itself. Is the reverse also true?? Can magnetic field produce current?? Faraday conducted some experiments in 19th century that showed that current can be produced by a changing magnetic flux. This phenomenon is known as Electro-magnetic induction.

Abhishek Gupta, Department of Physics, I.I.T- Delhi 9899300948

FARADAYS EXPERIMENTS We know that current can be produced in a coil only if there is a cell connected to it. If we just have a coil but no cell, there would be no voltage and correspondingly no current. Faraday did some experiments in which he was able to produce current in a coil without any cell. This current was produced by changing the magnetic field through the coil. Experiment 1 Faraday had a coil C to which a galvanometer is connected. Since there was no cell or battery connected to this coil, there was no current in it. The galvanometer showed zero deflection. Now Faraday brought a bar magnet near the coil. The magnetic field lines were passing through the coil and there was some magnetic flux through the coil. Now he started moving the magnet towards the coil such that the value of magnetic field in the coil goes on increasing. He observed that current now starts flowing and galvanometer shows a deflection. But there is no cell in the circuit, how can the current flow without a cell?? From the above experiment faraday found that whenever the magnetic flux ( number of magnetic field lines passing through a coil ) changes, then a voltage is produced in the coil. This is called induced voltage or induced emf. As we move the bar magnet towards the coil, the number of magnetic field lines going through the coil would increase. This would increase the magnetic flux of the coil and due to this a voltage will be produced in the coil. As a result of this voltage, a current will start flowing in the coil. We call this the induced current. This phenomenon of producing a current by changing the magnetic flux is called Electro-Magnetic induction. It is important to note that this voltage or current will be there only till the magnetic flux keeps changing. It is not necessary that the flux should increase. Current will be induced even if the flux increases or decreases. So in the above experiment, if we move the magnet away from the coil, the magnetic flux of the loop would start decreasing. Even this would induce a voltage and a current in the coil. The condition for electro magnetic induction is that the flux through the loop should change, either increase or decrease. This voltage and current will be there in the coil only till the flux through it is changing. As soon as the change in flux stops, there will be no further induced voltage and hence no further current. This means that current will keep flowing in the coil till we keep moving the magnet. When we stop moving the magnet, the current will also stop. Experiment 2 Faraday had a coil C2 to which a galvanometer is connected. Since there was no cell or battery connected to this coil, there was no current in it. The galvanometer showed zero deflection. He had another coil C1 in which a cell was connected and current was flowing. Due to this current, the coil C1 was producing a magnetic field. As we can see some of these magnetic field lines would be going through the coil C2. As a result some flux is there in the coil C2. Now he started moving the coil C1 towards the coil C2. Due to this the number of field lines going through C2 would increase. Due to the change in flux, a voltage will be induced in C2 and current will flow in this coil. Hence we see that whenever the magnetic flux through any coil changes, current starts flowing through it. Based on his experiments, faraday gave two laws for electromagnetic induction. They help us to find the induced voltage ( also called as induced emf ) and the induced current.

FARADAYS LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 1. Whenever the magnetic flux of a coil changes, an emf ( or voltage ) is induced in it. This lasts as long as the flux keeps changing 2. The magnitude of the induced emf in a coil is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic flux If there are N number of turns in the coil then the total induced emf will be In simple words, the induced emf in a coil can be given by change in magnetic flux induced emf emf = And the induced current is given by I = time Resistance

Here negative sign is used to indicate the polarity of the induced emf ( and induced current ). This is due to Lenz law which we will study later in this chapter. We can use the above formula to find the value of the induced emf but the polarity of this emf will be found by using Lenz law.
METHODS OF INDUCING EMF IN A COIL

We know that emf is induced whenever the magnetic flux through a coil changes. The formula for magnetic flux is given by = B.ds = B ds cos . There are several ways by which we can change the magnetic flux through a coil and induce a current in it. 1. By changing the magnetic field ( B ) through a coil 2. By changing the area ( ds ) of a coil 3. By changing the angle ( ) between magnetic field and area vector *Questions on each will be discussed in the class
MOTIONAL EMF

There is one more case in which en emf is induced due to magnetic field. This happens whenever a rod moves in a magnetic field. Let us say that there is a uniform magnetic field and a rod is made to move inside the magnetic field. We observer that an emf in induced across the rod. Since this emf is produced due to motion of the rod, we also call this motional emf. This happens only when the rod moves in a region of magnetic field.
EXPRESSION FOR MOTIONAL EMF Let us say we have a frame MSRN. There is a rod PQ of length L and it is made to move on the frame. There is a uniform magnetic field B directed into the plane. We can assume that the rod and the frame are forming a coil PQRS in the shape of a rectangle. The magnetic flux of this coil is given by = B.ds = BLX Now we can see that as the rod moves, the value of X would go on decreasing and the flux of the coil would be decreasing. Due to this an emf will be induced in the rod. According to faradays law, the induced emf is given by

e=

d dt

d ( BLX ) dt

= BL

dX dt

Now we know that

d (X) dt

= V

So substituting, we get the expression for induced emf as e = BLV This emf is also called as motional emf This result can also be derived by using the Lorentz force concept.

LENZ LAW

Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux in a coil, there will be some emf induced in the coil. Due to this there would be some current flowing in it. To find the polarity of this emf or the direction of the induced current, we can use Lenz law: The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic flux that produced it. To understand this law, let is consider an example. There is a coil C and a bar magnet. We are moving the bar magnets North pole towards the coil. As a result, the magnetic flux through the coil would go on increasing. This change in flux would produce an emf and due to this a current will start flowing. This is called the induced current. Now what is the direction of this current??? Clockwise or Anti-clockwise? This can be found using Lenz law. According to the law, the induced current will try to oppose the motion of the magnet. We can see that if the current in the coil is anti-clockwise, it would produce a magnetic field opposite to that of the magnet and that would repel the motion of the magnet. Hence to oppose the motion of the magnet, the induced current in the coil has to be anti-clockwise. Hence we see that when we try to move the magnet towards the coil, an emf is induced in it. Due to this emf, a current will start flowing. This current will be in such a direction that it will oppose the motion of the magnet.
LENZ LAW AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

Lenz Law is in accordance with the principle of conservation of energy. Consider a rod of length L and resistance R moving in a uniform magnetic field with a speed V. We know that the motional emf induced in the rod will be e = BLV. Due to this induced emf, a current will start BLV . flowing given by I = R We know that whenever a wire carries current, heat is produced in it. The power loss in the rod in the form of

B LV BLV R = heating is given by P = I R = R R So that means there is power loss in the form of heat. But where does this heat energy come from ??? Now we also know that whenever a current carrying rod is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force given by F = I L B. B2 L2 V BLV LB The force acting on our rod comes out to be F = F= R R According to right hand rule, the direction of this force will be opposite to the direction of the velocity. If we have to move the rod with a constant velocity then the power that needs to be supplied is P = F.V
2

2 2

B2 L2 V 2 The power supplied to the rod P = . This power is supplied by the agent in making the rod move R
with a constant speed inside the magnetic field. This is due to the mechanical energy of the agent We see that the power supplied by the agent is same as the power loss in the rod in the form of heat. Hence the heat energy produced in the rod is at the expense of the mechanical energy spent by the agent in moving the rod. The energy conversion taking place here is Mechanical energy ( agent ) Electrical energy ( current ) Heat energy ( heat loss in the rod )
EDDY CURRENT

If we have a solid conductor and we change the magnetic flux through it, the current induced in the bulk of this conductor is called as eddy current. They are like swirling eddies in water but according to Lenz law, their direction is such that they oppose the change in flux. We know that whenever current flows through a material, heat is produced. The same is with eddy currents also.

Whenever eddy currents flows through a material, they produce heat. This is known as eddy current loss. The eddy current loss can be minimized by a process called lamination. It is important to note that the direction of eddy currents is such that they oppose the motion of the conductor. A few applications of eddy currents: 1. Induction furnace: If a solenoid is carrying high frequency alternating current, then the magnetic field through it will also keep changing. If a metal is kept inside the solenoid, then eddy currents will be induced in the metal due to changing magnetic flux. There eddy currents will produce heat which can be used to melt the metal 2. Magnetic braking in trains: Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in some electrically powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train and act as brakes. 3. Electromagnetic damping: Certain galvanometers have a fixed metallic core. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest quickly. 4. Electric power meters: The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to the eddy currents which are induced by the varying magnetic field.
INDUCTANCE

We have studied that whenever the magnetic flux through a coil changes, an emf is induced in that coil. Consider the case where a current carrying coil C1 is placed near another coil C2. Since there is no battery connected to C2, there is no current in C2. Since there is current in C1, it has produced a magnetic field. The magnetic field lines are passing through C1 and also through C2. Now suppose we change the current flowing in C1. Due to this the magnetic field produced by C1 will also change. As a result, 1. Flux of C1 would change 2. Flux of C2 would also change Due to change in flux, an emf would be induced in C1 itself. This is called self induction. Since the flux of C2 has also changed, an emf will be induced in C2 also. This is called mutual induction.
SELF INDUCTANCE Consider a coil C carrying a current I. As we know, a current carrying coil produces a magnetic field inside it. So there will be some magnetic field lines passing through the coil. This is the magnetic flux of the coil. Now suppose we increase the current in the coil. What would happen to the magnetic field of the coil??? On increasing the current in the coil, the magnetic field produced by it will also increase. Due to this the magnetic flux of the coil would also increase.

So there will be a change in magnetic flux linked with the coil. This would give rise to an emf in the coil know as induced emf. This phenomenon of inducing an emf in the coil by changing the current in the coil itself is called as self induction. The word SELF is used because the coil induces and emf in itself when the current flowing in the coil is changed.
Self inductance of a solenoid

Consider a solenoid of length l having total N turns each of area A. Let us say that the current flowing initially in the solenoid is I1. The solenoid would be producing a magnetic field inside it. The is given by B = o n I Now due to this magnetic field, there would be some flux in each turn of the solenoid. This flux of each turn is given by = B.ds = o nIA Since there are N turns in the solenoid, the total flux of the solenoid will be = onIA x N o N2A N The total flux of the solenoid becomes = I where we have used n = l l

The constants terms in this expression can be grouped together and is known as the coefficient of self inductance of the solenoid denoted by L. The result becomes = L I where the coefficient of self inductance

o N2A L= l

The self inductance in the property of a solenoid and its SI unit is Henry. So we see that the total flux of the solenoid comes out to be = L I . Now if we change the current flowing in the solenoid, the flux would also change and we know that whenever the flux changes, an emf in induced in it. So on changing the current in the coil, an emf will be induced in the coil. This emf in the solenoid is not produced by any cell or battery. This is the induced emf, produced by changing the magnetic flux of the coil. According to faradays law, the induced emf will be e =

d ( L I) d = dt dt

e = L

dI dt

From this expression, we see that if the current in the solenoid changes with time, an emf will be induced in the solenoid. The negative sign is due to Lenz law and denoted that the polarity of this emf in the coil will be such that it tries to oppose the change in magnetic flux ( change in current ). This means that if you try to change the current in the solenoid, then it will try to oppose this change in current by inducing an opposite emf!! Because of this reason, this induced emf is also called as back emf. The self inductance of a solenoid is like the inertia of electricity. The SI unit of the coefficient of self inductance L is called as Henry. The self inductance of the coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of change of current of 1A per second induces an emf of 1 volt in it.
Energy stored in an inductor ( A solenoid is also called as an inductor ) From the derivation of self induction, we saw that whenever we try to change the current in a solenoid, it induces an opposing emf in itself. Hence work has to be done against this back emf in increasing the current. The work done is given by dW = e I dt where e is the induced emf and I is the current.

The total work done in increasing the current from 0 to a steady value of I is given by integration. The total work done W =

e
0

I dt

dI W = L I dt dt 0

W = LI dI
0

On solving

W=

1 2 LI 2

This is the work done in increasing the current in the solenoid from zero to I.

The work done gets stored in the solenoid in the form of magnetic potential energy. Hence whenever a solenoid is carrying a current inside it, it has this magnetic potential energy stored inside it. This is similar to the electrostatic energy stored inside the charged capacitor.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

If we consider a coil C1 carrying a current I. As we know, a current carrying coil produces a magnetic field. Nearby, we have kept another coil C2 but there is no cell connected to it. This means that initially there is no current in C2. Some of the magnetic field line produced by C1 would be passing through C2 also due to which there would be some flux in C2. It is important to note that the flux in C2 is due to the coil C1. Now suppose you increase the current in C1. This would increase its magnetic field and consequently more number of magnetic field lines would be produced. Now the flux of C2 would also increase due to which an emf will be induced in it.

This emf is induced in C2 due to the change in current in C1. This phenomenon is called as Mutual inductance. It is the phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil by changing the current in the neighboring coil. The word MUTUAL is used because the change of current in one coil induces an emf in the other coil.
Mutual inductance of a pair of two solenoids

Consider two solenoids. First is called the primary solenoid. It has a length l, number of turns NP and radius of each turn as RP. The second is called the secondary solenoid with number of turns NS and radius of each turn as RS. The secondary solenoid is kept within the primary and there is no current in the secondary. We will be flowing current in the primary ( IP ) due to which magnetic flux will be produced. Since the secondary solenoid is kept within the primary, magnetic flux will be going through the secondary also but this flux will be due to the magnetic field produced by current in the primary. Magnetic field produced by the primary is given by BP = o

NP IP LP

The flux of one turn of the secondary is given by = B.ds. It is important to note that we are finding out the flux of the secondary solenoid so ds will be the area of the turn of secondary. The flux of one turn of secondary is S = o

NP 2 I P R S LP
NP 2 I P R S LP x NS

Since there are NS turns in secondary, the total flux of the secondary is S = o
2 o N P NS R S This becomes S = LP

IP

S = M IP
2 o N P NS R S M= LP

The constant terms is called as the coefficient of mutual inductance

As we can see the total flux through the secondary solenoid (S) depends on the current in the primary solenoid (IP). Now if we change the current flowing in the primary solenoid, the flux passing through the secondary will also change. As a result, emf will be induced in the secondary solenoid. This phenomenon is called as mutual inductance. The change of current in primary solenoid induces an emf in secondary solenoid. According to faradays law, the induced emf will be e =

d ( M IP ) d = dt dt

e = M

dI P dt

The negative sign is due to Lenz law and denoted that the polarity of this emf in the solenoid will be such that it tries to oppose the change in magnetic flux. It should also be noted that the mutual inductance depends upon the separation between the solenoids and their relative orientation. In the case of mutual induction, we were increasing the current in the coil C1. Due to this the magnetic field lines produced by it were increasing and as a result, the flux of C2 was increasing. There was some emf induced in C2 due to the change of flux. We called this Mutual induction. But we wonder that if the magnetic field lines were increasing, the flux of C1 itself would also increase. So wont an emf be induced in C1 itself due to change in magnetic flux. Yes, there will be emf induced in C1 also. This is what is known as Self induction.

AC GENERATOR It is a device used to produce alternating voltage and alternating current. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. PRINCIPLE The generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Whenever magnetic flux through a coil changes with time, an emf is induced in it. The induced emf is equal to the time rate of change of magnetic d flux and is given by e = N dt CONSTRUCTION 1. It consists of an armature coil ABCD consisting of a large number of turns. This coil is mounted on a rotor shaft. 2. Two magnetic poles are provided which produce a strong magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil 3. The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit by means of slip rings. These rings help to provide movable contact 4. The carbon brushes keep themselves pressed against the slip rings and are used to pass on the current from the armature to the external circuit. WORKING 1. The coil is mechanically rotated by means of an external agent ( called prime mover ) 2. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change. = BA cos = BA cos(t) 3. According to Faradays law, whenever the magnetic flux changes an emf is induced

E = N

d dt

NBA

d (cos t ) dt

4. Thus the instantaneous value of the emf induced is E = NBASin(t) The corresponding current is given by I =

NBA sin t R
NBA R

5. Since the value of sine function changes periodically, the induced emf changes its magnitude and direction with time. Hence the induced current is called alternating current 6. The maximum emf is E0 = NBA while the maximum current is given by I o =
Induced emf

Induced current