Sinavda kariniza en fazla ikabIlecek grammer konulari.

Reported Speech - IndIrect Speech

IndIrect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence
reportIng what someone has saId. It Is almost always used In spoken EnglIsh.


-If the reportIng verb (I.e. saId) Is In the past, the reported clause wIll be In a
past form. ThIs form Is usually one step back Into the past from the orIgInal.
For example:


-He saId the test was dIffIcult.
-She saId she watched TV every day.
-Jack saId he came to school every day.

-If sImple present, present perfect or the future Is used In the reportIng verb
(I.e. says) the tense Is retaIned.
For example:


-He says the test Is dIffIcult.
-She has saId that she watches TV every day.
-Jack wIll say that he comes to school every day.

-If reportIng a general truth the present tense wIll be retaIned.
For example:The teacher saId that phrasal verbs are very Important.

ChangIng Pronouns and TIme SIgnIfIers

When changIng from dIrect speech to IndIrect speech, It Is often necessary to
change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.

For example:

-She saId, "I want to brIng my chIldren." BECOMES She saId she wanted to
brIng her chIldren.
-Jack saId, "My wIfe went wIth me to the show." BECOMES Jack saId hIs wIfe
had gone wIth hIm to the show.
It Is also Important to change tIme words (sIgnIfIers) when referrIng to present,
past or future tIme to match the moment of speakIng.

For example:

-She saId, "I want to brIng my chIldren tomorrow." BECOMES She saId she
wanted to brIng her chIldren the next day.
-Jack saId, "My wIfe went wIth me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack saId
hIs wIfe had gone wIth hIm to the show the day before.
IndIrect QuestIons

When reportIng questIons, It Is especIally Important to pay attentIon to
sentence order. When reportIng yes/ no questIons connect the reported
questIon usIng 'If'. When reportIng questIons usIng questIon words (why,
where, when, etc.) use the questIon word.

For example:

-She asked, "Do you want to come wIth me?" BECOMES She asked me If I
wanted to come wIth her.
-Dave asked, "Where dId you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me
where I had gone the prevIous weekend.
-He asked, "Why are you studyIng EnglIsh?" BECOMES She asked me why I was
studyIng EnglIsh.
The followIng chart Includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported
speech usIng a past form. NoteSImple past, present perfect, and past perfect
allchange to past perfect In the reported form.

He saId, "I lIve In ParIs." He saId he lIved In ParIs.
He saId, "I am cookIng dInner." He saId he was cookIng dInner.
He saId, "I have vIsted London twIce." He saId he had vIsIted London twIce.
He saId, "I went to New York last week." He saId he had gone to New York the
week before.
He saId, "I had already eaten." He saId he had already eaten.
He saId, "I am goIng to fInd a new job." He saId he was goIng to fInd a new job.
He saId, "I wIll gIve Jack a call." He saId he would gIve Jack a call.


RELATIVE CLAUSES

DefInItIon

A relatIve clause Is a part of a sentence begInnIng wIth a relatIve pronoun
(although thIs pronoun can be omItted In certaIn cases). For example:

The company where I worked Is called InternatIonal EnterprIses Plc.
The man who went Into the baker's bought a loaf of bread.
My sIster, who lIves near London, Is comIng to vIsIt me soon.

BasIc relatIve pronouns

The relatIve pronoun you use depends on the thIng you're talkIng about.
Generally speakIng, the most basIc ones are these:

for people who/that
for thIngs whIch/that
for places where
for reasons why
for tImes when

Who, whIch and that cannot be used IndIscrImInately. That can only be used In
defInIng relatIve clauses.



TrIckIer relatIve pronouns

Four relatIve pronouns often seem to confuse people, but they're easy to use
too.

WHICH

ThIs can be used to refer to the whole part of the sentence that went before.
Usually a pronoun refers to a noun, but thIs refers to more. For example:

I've broken my leg, whIch means I can't walk.
I've stIll got some money left, whIch Is surprIsIng.

WHOM

ThIs Is hardly ever used In spoken EnglIsh, and not often In wrItten EnglIsh. It
sounds very formal to most people. If you're goIng to use It at all, then only use
It after preposItIons. Even so, there's usually another less formal way to say the
same thIng. For example:

The woman to whom he was talkIng Is hIs sIster.
The woman that he was talkIng to Is hIs sIster.

WHOSE

ThIs Is used to show possessIon. It means basIcally 'of who(m)'. It can always
be used for people and anImals, but also for thIngs, though thIs sometImes
sounds strange and It mIght be better to change the structure of the sentence
unless the thIng Is made up of people (a team, a cIty, an organIsatIon). For
example:

My students, whose homework Is never done, wIll faIl the exam.
The homework belongs to the students, It's theIrs, so possessIve.

That dog whose bone you took Is goIng to bIte your leg off.
It Is - or was - the dog's bone.

The cIty, whose football team lost the fInal, never wIns anythIng.
The cIty's made up of people, so It sounds OK.

WHAT

ThIs can be lIterally translated to mean 'the thIng that' or 'that whIch'. It Is not
used anywhere near as often as 'whIch' or 'that' and Is not used In the same
way. For example:

A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do.
I dIdn't know what he was goIng to do next.


Non-defInIng relatIve clauses

These are the ones that gIve extra InformatIon. They are always wrItten
between commas. If you leave out the relatIve clause between the commas It
stIll makes sense. For example:

ValencIa, whIch Is SpaIn's thIrd largest cIty, Is on the MedIterranean coast.
We all know ValencIa, so thIs Is extra InformatIon not needed for
understandIng.

My parents, who are retIred, come to SpaIn every year.
I've only got one set of parents.

I used to lIve In London, where I was born and went to school.



DefInIng relatIve clauses

These are the ones that gIve you the InformatIon you need to understand the
sentence. There are no commas. If you take the relatIve clause away, the
sentence doesn't make sense. For example:

The team that wIns wIll receIve a cup and 1,000 C.
What team?

The man who lIves next door Is always makIng a noIse.
What man?

Has he told you what he's goIng to do?
Has he told me what?

Subject and object relatIve pronouns

The use of who/whIch/that may depend on whether the pronoun Is the subject
or the object of the sentence. For example:

The man who spoke to me told me the story of hIs lIfe.
He spoke to me, so 'who' Is the subject and 'me' Is the object.

The man that I spoke to told me the story of hIs lIfe.
I spoke to hIm, so 'I' Is the subject and 'that' Is the object.

When the pronoun Is the object It can be left out:

The man I spoke to told me the story of hIs lIfe.


If clauses

General InformatIon

In EnglIsh there are four basIc condItIonal structures, although these can be
mIxed accordIng to the sItuatIon. They can also be mIxed In other languages.

The tenses I've used are the BASIC tenses. However, once you know the general
structures you can check what other verb forms you can use.

Zero condItIonal

ThIs Is used when there Is no condItIon, In other words you could substItute 'If'
wIth 'when'. It Is often used when descrIbIng facts or explaInIng how somethIng
works.

Structure: If + present, present

Examples:

If you don't water flowers, they dIe.
If you turn that swItch to the black posItIon, the power gets cut off.
If you mIx water wIth oIl, the oIl floats.



1st condItIonal

The fIrst condItIonal Is used for sItuatIons based on fact. The condItIon
descrIbes somethIng normal and possIble, and the result Is probable and based
on the present or the future.

Structure: If + present, future

Examples:

If you study hard, you wIll pass your exams.
If you clIck on that Icon, you'll lose anythIng you haven't saved.
If It doesn't raIn tomorrow we're goIng to the beach. (present used as future).



2nd condItIonal

ThIs condItIonal Is not based on fact. It refers to a sItuatIon In the present or
future whIch Is unreal, unlIkely or contrary to facts.

To show thIs unrealIty, we have to shIft the tense from the present to the past,
although the condItIon stIll refers to the present or the future.

Structure: If + past, would + InfInItIve

Examples:

If I won the lottery, I would buy a fast car (but I haven't won the lottery, so I
can't buy anythIng).

If I had some money, I would gIve you some (but I haven't got any money, so
you can't have any).

If ValencIa were a good football team I would support them (but they're rubbIsh,
so I don't, and anyway I hate football).


3rd condItIonal

The thIrd condItIonal refers to sItuatIons In the past whIch, because they're In
the past, are ImagInary or ImpossIble. You can't change the past.

Structure: If + past perfect, would (could/mIght) have + past partIcIple

Examples:

If I had studIed more, I would have passed my exams (but I went out every
nIght wIth my frIends, dIdn't open a book, and I faIled).

If I hadn't spent all my money on CDs I could have gIven some to you (but I dId
spend It on CDs and I wouldn't gIve you any money anyway).

If you had been ready on tIme, we wouldn't have mIssed the traIn and we would
have arrIved before all the restaurants closed (but you were too slow and now
we're hungry and there's nowhere open).



















abIn memurlugu mulakatinda sik sorulan mulakat sorularI

KendInI anlatIr mIsIn bIze
KabIn memuru olmak IIn hangI zellIklere sahIp oldugunuz
Neden kabIn memuru olmak IstIyorsunuz?, aIlenIz ne Is yapIyor, daha once ne
Isler yaptIniz
Neden sIzI secelIm?
Soru soran kIsInIn gzlerInIn IIne bakarak sorularI cevaplamaya dIkkat edIn
Hep bIr agIzdan bIsIler sorabIlIrler yakalayabIldIgInIz kadar fazlasInI
yakalamaya aliin


Mlakat sirasinda IInIze yarayacak bazi Ip ulari faydali tavsIyeler:

- KendInIzden emIn bIr sekIlde el sikiiniz
- SyleyeceklerInIzI kendInden emIn, yksek sesle ve IyI bIr gramerle syleyIn
- MlakatI yapan kIsIyI rahatsIz etmeyecek kadar gznn IIne bak.
- Daha nceden sIrketle IlgIlI yeterlI bIlgI edIndIgInIzI gsterIn
- ElestIrIlere aIk olmalisiniz
- KendInIze gvendIgInIzI gster.
- BeklenmedIk ya da zor sorulara dsnmeden cevap verme.
- IlgIsIz ve heyecansIz grnmek IyI degIldIr
- AsIl amacInIn para oldugunu gstermeyInIz asla.
- Oturun denIlmeden oturmayiniz..
- Vcut dIlIne dIkkat et; fazla hareketlI olma, ellerInI mmkn oldugunca az
hareket ettIr, gzlerInI mlakatI yapan kIsIden fazla ayIrma, kollarInI
baglayarak oturma, bu senIn kIsIlerle IletIsIme kapalI oldugunu gsterIr dIyor
bazI psIkologlar.

AIR CHILLER: HAVA SOGUTUCU

ARM REST: KOL DAYANMA YERI

AIR SHOW: UU BILGILENDIRME YAYINI

ASHTRAY: KLLK

ATTENDANT PANEL: HOSTES AGRI SISTEMI

AUDIO: SES

AISLE LIGHT: KORIDOR AYDINLATMASI

BABY BASSINET: BEBEK BEIGI

BCF FIRE EXTINGUISHER: BCF (HALON) YANGIN SNDRC

BOARDING MUSIC: BOARDING MZIGI ,UAGA YOLCU ALIMI SIRASINDA
ALINAN MZIK

BUNK: YATAK

BUNK CUSHION/ COVER:YATAK SNGERI/ KAPLAMASI

BOARDING CARD: BINI KARTI (YOLCULARA VERILEN VE STNDE YER NOSU
YAZAN KARTLAR )

CABIN INTERPHONE: KABIN DAHILI TELEFONU

CABIN LIGHT: KABIN IIGI

CABIN PRESSURE LIGHT:KABIN BASIN LAMBASI

KABIN SIGN: KABIN IARETI

CARPET: HALI

CARPET JOINT PLATE: HALI BIRLEIM LEVHASI

CEILING PANEL: TAVAN PANELI

CIRCUIT BRAKER: SIGORTA

COAT CLOSET/COAT ROOM: ELBISE DOLABI

COCKTAIL TABLE: KOKTEYL MASASI (GEREKTIGINDE IKARTILIP TAKILABILEN
MASALAR)

COFFEE MAKER: KAHVE MAKINASI

COMPARTMENT DOOR: DOLAP KAPAGI

COMPARTMENT LATCH/LOCK: DOLAP MANDALI / KILIT

CRASH AXE: BALTA

CREW SEAT: MRETTEBAT KOLTUGU

CURTAIN RAIL: PERDE RAYI

CUSHION: MINDER

DAMAGED: HASARLANMI

DEMO KIT: DEMO ANTASI (YOLCULARA UU NCESI YAPILAN
BILGILENDIRME IKILARIN GSTERILMESI OKSIJEN MASKESI V.S)

DOKTOR KIT: DOKTOR ANTASI

DOOR HANDLE: KAPI KOLU

DOOR SAFETY PIN: KAPI EMNIYET PIMI

DOOR SAFETY STRAP: KAPI EMNIYET ERIDI ( KAPI AIK OLDUGUNDA VE
NNDE MERDIVEN VEYA KRK OLMADIGI DURUMLARDA EKILEN GVENLIK
BANDI)

DOOR SILL: KAPI EIGI

DOOR SLIDE COVER: KAPI SLIDE KAPAGI ( SLIDE: ACIL DURUMDA TAHLIE
SIRASINDA IIRILEN KAYDIRAK EKLINDE TAHLIYE ARACI..BUNLARIN SUDA
YZEBILEN I DE VAR )

DRAWER: EKMECE

EMERGENCY ANNOUNCEMENT: ACIL DURUM ANONSU

EMERGENCY ESCAPE PATH LIGHTS: ACIL KAI YOLU IIKLARI

EMERGENCY EVACUATION SIGNALLING SYSTEM : ACIL TAHLIYE IKAZ SISTEMI (
BUNA KISACA EVAC DA DENIR)

EMERGENCY EXITLIGHT: (KAPI ZERINDEKI) EXIT YAZILI ACIL IKI IIGI

EMERGENCY LIGHT SWITCH: ACIL IIK ANAHTARI ( BU ANAHTARI FAAL
DURUMA GETIRDIGINIZDE UUK IINDE TAHLIYE IIN YARDIMCI ACIL
IIKLANDIRMA SISTEMI DEVREYE GIRER )

EXPIRE DATE: SON KULLANIM TARIHI

EXTENSION SEAT BELT:UZATMA EMNIYET KEMERI ( AIRI KILOLU
YOLCULARIMIZA KOLTUK KEMERINE ILAVE OLARAK TAKILAN KEMERLER)

FALSE ALARM: YANLI ALARM

FASTEN SEAT BELT/RETURN TO SEAT: KOLTUK KEMERINI BAGLA/ KOLTUGUNA
GERI DN ( KOLTUGUNA GER, DN IKAZ IIGI SADECE TUVALETLERDE
MEVCUT)

FAUCET: MUSLUK

FIRST AID KIT: ILK YARDIM ANTASI

FLASHLIGHT: EL FENERI

FOLDABLE TROLLEY: KATLANIR TROLLEY ( GENELLIKLE GAZETE VE BAZI IRKET
UAKLARINDA B/C IKREM SERVISI IIN KULLANILIR)

FOOD TRAY: YEMEK TEPSISI

FIRE EXTINGUISHER: YANGIN SNDRC

GALLEY: MUTFAK

GALLEY SERVICE SWITCH: MUTFAK SERVIS ANAHTARI ( KOKPITTE MUTFAKLAR
ELEKTRIK VERMEK AMACI ILE DGME "ON" A GETIRLIDIGINDE TM
MUTFAKLARA G SAGLANIR )

GALLEY TRAY: MUTFAK TEPSISI

GASPER FAN: HAVALANDIRMA FAN I

HAND RAIL: TUTAMAK (MERDIVENLERIN KENARINDA TUTNMAK AMACIYLA
KULLANILAN KOLLAR)

HEAD REAST:BA DAYAMA MINDERI

HEAT CONTROL BUTTON/PANEL: ISI KONTROL DGMESI/ PANELI

HEATING: ISITMA

HOT CUP: SICAK SU CEZVESI( BU BIZIM BILDIGIMIZ CEZVELERDEN DEGIL
...KETTLE BYKLGNDE FIE TAKILDIGI ANDA KAYNAK SU ELDE EDILEN
ISITMA ARACI

HALON: BIR TR KPKL VE SADECE ELEKTRIKI YANGINLARDA KULLANILMASI
TAVSIYE EDILEN YANGIN SNDRC (BCF OLARAK ADLANDIRILAN
SNDRCNN MUADILI)

ICE DRAWER: BUZ EKMECESI

INDICATION: GSTERGE

INDICATION IN RED ZONE: GSTERGE KIRMIZI BLGEDE

INFANT LIFE JACKET: BEBEK CAN YELEGI

INFANT SEAT BELT/ INFANT LOOP BELT: BEBEK KEMERI ( BU KEMERLER ANNE
KUCAGINDA OTURAN BEBEKLERE KEMERI ANNENIN KEMERINE GEIRME KAYDI
ILE BEBEGE BAGLANIR )

INSECT: BCEK

LATCH/ LOCK: MANDAL / KILIT

LAVATORY: TUVALET

LAVATORY FIRE EXTINGUISHER: TUVALET (SABIT) YANGIN SNDRC ( BU
YANGIN SNDRCLERI LAVABONUN ALTINDA BIR IKII P KUTUSUNA BIR
IKII SU ISITICISINA BAKAR VE ISI BELLI BIR YKSEKLIGE ULATIGINDA
KENDNINI DEARJ EDER)

LEG REST/ FOOT REST: BALDIR DESTEGI/ AYAK DAYAMA YERI

LIFE JACKET: CAN YELEGI

LIVE JACKET STOWAGE: CAN YELEGI CEBI

LIGHT COVER: IIK KAPAGI

LIQUID SOAP DISPENSER: SIVI SABUNLUK

LOUDSPEAKER: HOPARLR

MAGAZINE: MECMUA

MAGAZINE RACK: MECMUA RAFI

MARKING LIGHT: IARET IIGI

MASK: MASKE (RN: OKSIJEN MASKESI)

MEGAPHONE: MEGAFON

MIRROR. AYNA

MONITOR: MONITR

OVEN: FIRIN

OVEN CONTROL MODULE/ SWITCH: FIRIN KONTROL MODL/ DGMESI

OVERHEAD BIN /RACK: BA ST DOLABI

OKSIJEN: OKSIJEN

OKSIJEN MASK: OKSIJEN MASKESI

OVERHEAD PANEL: BA ST PANELI

PA: PUBLIC ADRESS 'IN KISALTILII : KABIN ANONS

PA HANDSET: KABIN ANONS AHIZESI

PA SYSTEM: KABIN ANONS SISTEMI

PARTITION: ARA PANEL

PARTITION WALL:ARA PANEL/ DUVAR

PASSENGER SIGN: YOLCU IARETI /BILGI LAMBASI

PBE( SMOKE HOOD): KIISEL NEFES ALMA CIHAZI PBE NIN AILIMI
PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT ...BU CIHAZ TMYLE BAIMIZI
BOYNUMUZU YZMZ KAPLAYAN DUMAN DURUMUNDA YANGINLA MCADELE
SIRASINA DUMANA MAARUZ KALMAMAK IIN KAFAYA GEIRILEN VE BELLI BIR
DAYANMA SRESI OLAN BIR CIHAZ DIR

PCU (PASSENGER CONTROL UNIT): YOLU KONTROL NITESI ( MZIK VIDEO
IIK V.S)

PLACARD: ETIKET

PRE -RECORDED ANNOUNCEMENT: NCEDEN KAYIT EDILMI ANONS...OGU
UAKLARDA BELLI VE NEMLI ANONSLARIN OTOMATIK OLARAK YAPAN
CIHAZ...KURUYORSUNUZ VE ZAMANI GELDIGINDE ALITIRIYORSUNUZ

PRESSURE: BASIN

PRESSURE LOW : BASIN DK

PROTECTIVE GLOVES: KORUYUCU ELDIVEN...BU ELDIVENLER YANGINDA
MCADELEDE KULLANILIR VE YKSEK ISININ KIIYE ZARAR VERMESINI NLER


RADIO:RADYO

RADIO BEACON: RADYO SINYAL VERICISI ...BU ALET UAK ACIL INI
YAPTIKTAN SONRA YERININ BELIRLENMESI IIN KABIN EKIBI TARAFINDAN
ALITIRILAN BIR CIHAZDIR ..RADYO DALGALARI YAYAR

READING LIGHT: OKUMA IIGI

RECLINE: YATIRMAK

RECLINE CONTROL: YATI KONTROL

RETURN TO SEAT SIGN: KOLTUGUNA GERI DN IKAZ IIGI ..SADECE
TUVALETLERDE BULUNUR

SAFETY CARD : YOLCU EMNIYET KARTI ( CAN YELEGI KULLANIMINI VE
IKILARI GSTEREN EMNIYET KARTI)

SEALT BELT: KOLTUK KEMERI

SHOULDER BELT: OMUZ KEMERI

SEAT COVER: KOLTUK KILIFI

SEAT NUMBERS: KOLTUK NUMARALARI

SHROUD: KLOZET YAN KAPLAMASI

SIDE FAIRINGS: YAN KAPLAMALARI

SIDEWALL: YAN DUVAR

SINK DRAIN: LAVABO GIDERI

SLIDE: TAHLIYE T ..YOLCULARIN UAKTAN ACIL TAHILEYI IIN KULLANILAN
KAYDIRAK EKLINDEKI TAHLIYE ARALARI ..BUNLARIN SUDA YZEBILEN TR
DE MEVCUT

SILDE PRESSURE INDICATOR: SILDE BASIN GSTERGESI

SMOKE DEDECTOR: DUMAN ALGILAYICISI...BUNLAR TUVALETLERDE TAVANDA
OLURLAR ..DUMAN DURUMUNDA KABINDE IKAZI DUYULUR

SPARE LIFE JACKET: ILAVE CAN YELEGI

STAIR: MERDIVEN

STOWAGE: DOLAP

STOWAGE BIN:BA ST DOLABI

SUNSHADE: GNELIK

SWITCH: ANAHTAR

TAP: MUSLUK

TOILET BOWL: KLOZET

TOILET FLUSH: SIFON

TOILET PAPER: TUVALET KAGIDI

TOILET ROLL HOLDER: TUVALET KAGIT TUTUCUSU

TRANSMITTER: VERICI

TAKE-OFF: KALAKI ( UAGIN KALKII)

TEA: AY

UNTIDY: DAGINIK DZENSIZ

UNDER SHROUD: KAPLAMA ALTI

UNIT: DOLAP /NITE

VENTILATION: HAVALANDIRMA FANI

VTR (VIDEO TAPE RECORDER) : VIDEO KASET OYNATICISI

WASH BASIN: LAVABO ..EVYE

WASTE: P

WASTE COMPARTMENT/WASTE CONTAINER: P DOLABI / BLMESI

WATER BOILER: SU ISITICISI

WATER FIRE EXTINGUISHER: SU BAZLI YANGIN SNDRC ...H2O
....ELEKTRIKI YANGINLARDA KULLANILMAZ...FIRIN BA ST DOLABI NDA VE
ELEKTRIK KABLOLARIN GETIGI VE YANGIN PHESI OLDUGUNU TESPIT
EDILEN ELEKTRIKI BLMELERDE KULLANILMAZ

WATER TAP: MUSLUK

WEAK: ZAYIF

WEAK BATTERY: ZAYIF BATARYA

WHEEL CHAIR: TEKERLEKLI SANDALYE

WORKING LIGHT. ALIMA LAMBASI

baby belt:bebek kemerI

bullnose:basustu dolaplarinin altlarinda bulunan acIl isiklar

baby coat:bebek canyelegi

exterIor emergency light:di acIl iiklar
entry lIght:gIrI iiklari

freon fIre extInguIsher:tuvaletlerde bulunan bir ucu cop kutusuna bir ucu su
isiticisina bakan yangin sondurucu.

gustlock:ruzgar kilitleyicisi (kapilarda bulunan kIlIt sistemI)

InterIor emergency light:I acIl iiklar

jumpseat:ekip koltugu

lIfe raft:cankurtarma botu

medIcal kIt:tibbi yardim cantasi

mInor:ocuk

passenger manIfest:yolcu lIstesI

seat pocket:koltuk cebi

seal:mhr

spare belt:yedek kemer

trolley:yemek servis arabasi

umuncompanIed mInor) refakatsiz cocuk yolcu

vIewIng wIndow: kapi pencereleri