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Social Perception K. C.

Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Social Perception
Karl Christoph Klauer
Universitt Freiburg - Institut fr Psychologie

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Wintersemester 2011/2012

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Outline
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Nonverbal Communication
Basic channels Cultural dierences Recognizing deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Facial Expressions
Characterization and Measurement Genetic or learned? Facial Feedback Theory Social Function

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Nonverbal Communication: Introduction


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Nonverbal Communication, 4 min 35 sec

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Nonverbal Communication
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Nonverbal Communication: An unspoken language of facial expressions and body language. Basic Channels Face: Reveals current moods/feelings. Eye contact: Reveals friendliness, shyness, aggression. Body language (position, posture, movement): Reveals emotional states, status, cultural emblems. Touching: Reveals aection, interest, dominance, caring, threat, aggression. Tone of Voice: Reveals emotions.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Gestures (as part of body language) Emblems (Thumbs up, okay). Illustrators Regulators

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Posture
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Movement
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Position
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Handshake
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Tone of Voice
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Touch
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Positive aect, sympathy, sexual interest. Play. Control (gain attention]. Task related (measure pulse, show hand movement). Negative aect (push away). Aggression.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Cultural Dierences
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Emotional expressions Gestures (emblems) Touch

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Cultural Dierences: Some Examples


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Cultural dierences in body language, 4min 50 sec

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The Expression of Emotions: Dierent Norms


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Asia:
No contradiction/disagreement. Women do not laugh in public.

Europe:
No pleasure in others misfortune. Men do not weep.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Study Sad emotional movie: Both American and Japanese viewers show emotions in private conditions. Only Americans in public condition.

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Cultural Dierences in emblems


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Cultural Dierences in Touch


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Frequency of Touch One hour observation of couples in public place. London: 0 Florida: 2 Paris: 110 Puerto Rico: 180

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Lie To Me: Recognizing Deception


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Lie To Me: Recognizing Deception


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Some nonverbal cues: Microexpressions: Fleeting facial expressions.


Frown followed quickly by a smile.

Interchannel discrepancies.
Eyes inconsistent with face.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Nonverbal aspects of speech.


High pitch of voice, errors, hesitations.

Eye contact.
Blink more, pupils dilate, high or low eye contact.

Exaggerated facial expressions.


Broad smile, overly regretful.

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Motivation to Detect Deception May Backre.


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

High motivation: Questions will be asked about the videotape you see. Low motivation: Questions about other messages not on the tape will be asked. 19 / 44

Body Language May be More Revealing Than Facial Expression.


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Facial Expressions: FACS


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Facial action coding, 2 min

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Facial Expressions: Characterization


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Facial muscles, 8 min 59 sec

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Facial Action Coding System


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Ekman & Friesen, 1976 Based on anatomical studies. Facial action units plus frequent combinations. About 100 hours of practice. Translation rules (actions to emotions).

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Facial Expressions of Basic Emotions


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Disgust, worry, sadness, happiness, surprise, anger 24 / 44

Genetic Disposition vs. Cultural Convention?


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Comparative observation. Developmental evidence. Blind persons. Cultural dierences? Angry-face phenomenon.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Comparative Observation
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Developmental Evidence
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Emotional repertoire of newborns (Steiner, 1979). Sweet uid: Smile. Bitter substance, unpleasant smells: Disgust. Loud noise, falling: Shock (closing eyes, inching).

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Born blind
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Darwin, 1872; Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1973. No learning by imitation. Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1973):


Five children born blind and deaf, two with impairment in tactile exploration (Contergan), one child born blind and deaf at age 1.5 years.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Basic emotional facial actions inherited, but coarser and more abrupt than in unimpaired children.

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Emotional expressions: A child born blind


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Blind, 8 min, 30 sec

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Cultural Dierences?
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Ekman cultural dierences, 6 min, 10 sec

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Cultural Dierences?
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Angry-Face Phenomenon
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

If genetic, then there should be survival value. For example, it should be easy to detect facial expressions signalling impending aggression. Hansen & Hansen (1988). Detect angry face in happy crowd vs. detect happy face in angry crowd. Size of crowd was manipulated. Detection is ecient, if independent of crowd size.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Face in the Crowd


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Facial Feedback Theory


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Tourangeau & Ellworth: Emotional expressions not only indicators of emotions, but also causes?

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Less Obtrusive Manipulation (Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

The task was to rate cartoons for how funny they were. Cover Story Paralysis. Learn to hold pen with mouth (lips vs. teeth).

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Related: Approach/Avoidance Behavior


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Many studies on posture/actions. Approach movements: Facilitates perception and processing of positive stimuli. Avoidance movements: Facilitates perception and processing of negative stimuli. Evaluative coding or behavior-aect link?
Neumann, Frster, Strack.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Function of Facial Expressions


Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Readout view.
Strong and compelling link between emotions and facial expressions. Facial expression can, however, be suppressed (to some extent).

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

Social communication view.


Communicate emotions and associated information (e.g., fear in primates). Less intense expression when alone. Lone laughter = pseudointeractions?

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Kraut & Johnston, 1979

Lone Bowlers Dont Smile Recorded smiles of bowlers. Readout view: Smile as a function of score. Social communication view: Smile as a function of whether others can see it.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Fridlund, 1991

Pleasant Videotape and Smiles Participants viewed pleasant videotapes. Four conditions ranging from alone to with friend.

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication


Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Klausurfrage Welches sind im Gesichtsausdruck bereinstimmend gut erkannte Emotionen? (6 Punkte)

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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The End
Social Perception K. C. Klauer Nonverbal Communication
Basic Channels Cultural Dierences Recognizing Deception

Danke fr Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!

Facial Expressions
Characterization Genetic? Facial Feedback Social Function

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