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Examples of Strategies for Advancing Students’ Thinking1
Eliciting Supporting Extending
Facilitates students’ responding Supports describer’s thinking Maintains high standards and expectations for
all students
♦ Elicits many solution methods for one ♦ Reminds students of conceptually similar
problem from the entire class problem situations ♦ Asks all students to attempt to solve
difficult problems and to try various
♦ Waits for and listens to students’ ♦ Provides background knowledge
solution methods
descriptions of solution methods
♦ Directs group help for an individual
♦ Encourages elaboration of students’ student Encourages mathematical reflection
responses
♦ Assists individual students in clarifying ♦ Encourages students to analyse, compare,
♦ Conveys accepting attitude towards their own solution methods and generalise mathematical concepts
students’ errors and problem solving
♦ Encourages students to consider and
efforts Supports listeners’ thinking discuss interrelationships among
♦ Promotes collaborative problem solving concepts
♦ Provides teacherled instant replays
♦ Lists all solution methods on the board to
Orchestrates classroom discussions ♦ Demonstrates teacherselected solution
promote reflection
methods without endorsing the adoption
♦ Uses students explanations for lesson’s of a particular method
content Goes beyond initial solution methods
Supports describer’s and listeners’ thinking
♦ Monitors students’ levels of engagement ♦ Pushes individual students to try
♦ Records symbolic representation of each alternative solution methods for one
♦ Decides which students need problem situation
solution method on the board
opportunities to speak publicly or which
methods should be discussed ♦ Asks a different students to explain a ♦ Promotes use of more efficient
peer’s method solution methods for all students
1
Fraivillig, J. L., Murphy, L. A., & Fuson, K. C. (1999). Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 30, 148170.
Supports individuals in private help sessions ♦ Uses students’ responses, questions,
and problems as core lesson
♦ Encourages students to request assistance
(only when needed) Cultivates love of challenge