Block File Systems

Blockfilesystems
Blockfilesystems
MichaelOpdenacker ThomasPetazzoni FreeElectrons
Copyright20042011,FreeElectrons. CreativeCommonsBYSA3.0license Latestupdate:Nov25,2011, Documentsources,updatesandtranslations: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/blockfilesystems Corrections,suggestions,contributionsandtranslationsarewelcome!
FreeElectrons.Kernel,driversandembeddedLinuxdevelopment,consulting,trainingandsupport.http//freeelectrons.com
Blockvs.flash
Storagedevicesareclassifiedintwomaintypes:blockdevices andflashdevices
Theyarehandledbydifferentsubsystemsanddifferentfilesystems
Blockdevicescanbereadandwrittentoonaperblockbasis, withouterasing,anddonotwearoutwhenbeingusedforalong time

Harddisks,floppydisks,RAMdisks USBkeys,CompactFlash,SDcard,thesearebasedonflashes, buthaveanintegratedcontrollerthatemulatesablockdevice
Flashedevicescanberead,butwritingrequireserasing,and oftenoccursonalargersizethantheblocksize
NORflash,NANDflash
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Traditionalblockfilesystems
Traditionalfilesystems Canbeleftinanoncoherentstateafterasystemcrash orsuddenpoweroff,whichrequiresafullfilesystem checkafterreboot. ext2:traditionalLinuxfilesystem (repairitwithfsck.ext2) vfat:traditionalWindowsfilesystem (repairitwithfsck.vfatonGNU/LinuxorScandisk onWindows)
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Journaledfilesystems
Designedtostayina correctstateeven aftersystemcrashes orasuddenpoweroff Allwritesarefirst describedinthe journalbeforebeing committedtofiles
Application
Userspace Kernelspace (filesystem) Writetofile
Writeanentry inthejournal Write tofile Clear journalentry
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Filesystemrecoveryaftercrashes
Reboot Reboot
No Discard Discard incomplete incomplete journalentries journalentries
Journal Journal empty? empty?
Thankstothejournal, thefilesystemisnever leftinacorrupted state Recentlysaveddata couldstillbelost
Yes Execute Execute journal journal FilesystemOK FilesystemOK
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Journaledblockfilesystems
Journaledfilesystems ext3:ext2withjournalextension ext4:thenewgenerationwithmanyimprovements. Readyforproduction.Theyarethedefaultfilesystemsforall Linuxsystemsintheworld. TheLinuxkernelsupportsmanyotherfilesystems:reiserFS, JFS,XFS,etc.Eachofthemhavetheirowncharacteristics,but aremoreorientedtowardsserverorscientificworkloads btrfs(ButterFS) Thenextgeneration.Inmainlinebutstillexperimental.
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Creatingext2/ext3volumes
Tocreateanemptyext2/ext3filesystemonablockdeviceor insideanalreadyexistingimagefile
mkfs.ext2/dev/hda3 mkfs.ext3/dev/sda2 mkfs.ext2disk.img
Tocreateafilesystemimagefromadirectorycontainingallyour filesanddirections
Usethegenext2fstool,fromthepackageofthesamename genext2fsdrootfs/rootfs.img Yourimageisthenreadytobetransferredtoyourblockdevice
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Squashfs
Squashfs:http://squashfs.sourceforge.net Readonly,compressedfilesystemforblockdevices> Fineforpartsofafilesystemwhichcanbereadonly(kernel,binaries...) Greatcompressionrateandreadaccessperformance UsedinmostliveCDsandliveUSBdistributions SupportsLZOcompressionforbetterperformance onembeddedsystemswithslowCPUs (attheexpenseofaslightlydegradedcompressionrate) AvailableinmainstreamLinuxsinceversion2.6.29. Patchesavailableforallearlierversions. Benchmarks:(roughly3timessmallerthanext3,and24timesfaster) http://elinux.org/Squash_Fs_Comparisons
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SquashfsHowtouse
Needtoinstallthesquashfstoolspackage Creationoftheimage Onyourworkstation,createyourfilesystemimage: mksquashfsrootfs/rootfs.sqfs
Caution:iftheimagealreadyexistsremoveitfirst, orusethenoappendoption.
Installationoftheimage Let'sassumeyourpartitiononthetargetisin/dev/sdc1 Onyourtarget,copythefilesystemimageonthedevice (CAUTION:don'trunthisonyourworkstation! Youcoulddestroycriticalsystempartitions.) ddif=rootfs.sqfsof=/dev/sdc1 Mountyourfilesystem: mounttsquashfs/dev/sdc1/mnt/root
tmpfs
UsefultostoretemporarydatainRAM: systemlogfiles,connectiondata,temporaryfiles... Don'tuseramdisks!Theyhavemanydrawbacks:fixedinsize, RemainingspacenotusableasRAM,filesduplicatedinRAM(inthe blockdeviceandfilecache)! tmpfsconfiguration:Filesystems>Pseudofilesystems LivesintheLinuxfilecache.Doesn'twasteRAM:growsandshrinksto accommodatestoredfiles.SavesRAM:noduplication;canswapout pagestodiskwhenneeded. Howtouse:chooseanametodistinguishthevarioustmpfsinstances youcouldhave.Examples: mountttmpfsvarrun/var/run mountttmpfsudev/dev SeeDocumentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txtinkernelsources.
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Mixingreadonlyandreadwritefilesystems
Goodideatosplityourblockstorageinto
Areadwritepartitionwithajournaledfilesystem(likeext3) Usedtostoreuserorconfigurationdata. Guaranteesfilesystemintegrityafterpowerofforcrashes. Ramstoragefortemporaryfiles(tmpfs)
readwrite userand configuration data
ext3
readwrite volatiledata
RAM
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tmpfs
BlockStorage
readonly Acompressedreadonlypartition(Squashfs) compressed Typicallyusedfortherootfilesystem(binaries,kernel...). root Compressionsavesspace.Readonlyaccessprotectsyour filesystem systemfrommistakesanddatacorruption.
Squashfs
PracticallabBlockfilesystems
Creatingpartitionsonyourblock storage Bootingyoursystemwithamixof filesystems:SquashFSfor applications,ext3forconfiguration anduserdata,andtmpfsfor temporarysystemfiles.
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Block File Systems

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Blockfilesystems

Copyright20042011,FreeElectrons. CreativeCommonsBYSA3.0license Latestupdate:Nov25,2011, Documentsources,updatesandtranslations: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/blockfilesystems Corrections,suggestions,contributionsandtranslationsarewelcome!

Blockdevicescanbereadandwrittentoonaperblockbasis, withouterasing,anddonotwearoutwhenbeingusedforalong time

Writeanentry inthejournal Write tofile Clear journalentry

No Discard Discard incomplete incomplete journalentries journalentries

Journal Journal empty? empty?

Thankstothejournal, thefilesystemisnever leftinacorrupted state Recentlysaveddata couldstillbelost

Yes Execute Execute journal journal FilesystemOK FilesystemOK

Installationoftheimage Let'sassumeyourpartitiononthetargetisin/dev/sdc1 Onyourtarget,copythefilesystemimageonthedevice (CAUTION:don'trunthisonyourworkstation! Youcoulddestroycriticalsystempartitions.) ddif=rootfs.sqfsof=/dev/sdc1 Mountyourfilesystem: mounttsquashfs/dev/sdc1/mnt/root

Areadwritepartitionwithajournaledfilesystem(likeext3) Usedtostoreuserorconfigurationdata. Guaranteesfilesystemintegrityafterpowerofforcrashes. Ramstoragefortemporaryfiles(tmpfs)

readwrite userand configuration data

readonly Acompressedreadonlypartition(Squashfs) compressed Typicallyusedfortherootfilesystem(binaries,kernel...). root Compressionsavesspace.Readonlyaccessprotectsyour filesystem systemfrommistakesanddatacorruption.

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