System Model:

Switching System SS AUC

VLR Other networks

HLR

EIR

GMSC

MSC

Base Station System BSS

BSC

NMC and OMC

Signaling transmission Call connections and signaling transmission

BTS

MS

Network elements in GSM:

AUC PLMN PSTN ISDN GMSC

HLR

EIR

VLR MSC

BSC

BTS

MS

AUC HLR

Mobile identity SIM card

GMSC

EIR

SA1
VLR MSC

SA2
VLR MSC

BSC BSC

BSC BSC BTS

LA1

LA2

SA - Service Area LA - Location Area BTS - Base Transceiver Station BSC - Base Station Controller MSC - Mobile Switching Center VLR - Visitor Location Register GMSC - Gateway MSC EIR - Equipment Identity Register AUC - Authentication Center HLR - Home Location Register

Base Station System:

BSC BTS

Base Station System

BSS in Ericssons GSM Systems:

BSC/ TRC

RBS

RBS

MSC

TRC

BSC

SS BSS

Transmission Rates in BSS:

RBS RBS RBS RBS 16 Kb/s full-rate

BSC
RBS RBS

MSC/ VLR

BSC/ TRC
64 kbits/s per call RBS RBS

16 Kb/s full-rate

RBS

RBS

BSC

MSC/ VLR

TRC

16 Kb/s full-rate

RBS

RBS 33.8 Kb/s per full-rate call

BSC
64 kbits/s per call RBS 16 Kb/s full-rate RBS

Switching System:

SS

AUC HLR

ILR EIR
SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC

GMSC

DTI

MSC/ VLR

VLR-HLR Interaction:

HLR
te ele D
Up da te

MSC/VLR

MSC/VLR

Mobile Station:

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

ME Mobile Equipment

GSM interfaces:

B VLR

G VLR

D Um MS BTS Abis BSC A C MSC HLR H AUC

E MSC F EIR

A Cell:

Cell

Macro, Mini, Micro and Indoor Cells:

Macro Antenna positions

Mini

Pico

Micro

MSC Service Area:

LA3
MSC

LA1
VLR

LA4

cell 6 cell 1 cell 5

LA5

cell 4 cell 2 cell 3

Relation Between Areas in GSM:

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area (one per operator) MSC Service Area Location Area Cell

"Hardware" view of a Sample Network:

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 BSC 1C BSC 2C

BSC 1B

BSC 2B

BSC 2A MSC/VLR 2 PSTN AUC GMSC ILR BSC 1A MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

"Software" view of a Sample Network:

MSC Service Area 2 MSC Service Area 1 LA 1-B LA 2-A Cell 2-A-25

LA 2-B LA 2-C LA 1-A MSC/VLR 2

LA 2-D PSTN AUC GMSC ILR MSC/VLR 1 HLR EIR

MSC Boundary BSC Boundary PCM Links Base Station

LEGEND

Authentication Procedure:
1. RAND

MSC/VLR

3. SRES MS 2. MS calculates SRES using RAND + Ki (SIM-card) throug A3 and Kc using RAND+Ki through A8. MSC/VLR MS RAND SRES Mobile service Switching Center Mobile Station Random number Signed Response

4. Compare SRES received from MS with SRES in triplet. If they are equal access is granted.

Authentication in GSM:
AUC
Random number (RAND) Signal response (SRES)

HLR

Subscriber number (IMSI) Code key (Ki)

RAND / SRES

VLR
RAND

MSC
SRES

Figure D.6.4

Equipment Identification:

3. Check IMEI

1. IMEI request

EIR
4. Access/barring info

MSC/VLR
2. IMEI MS IMEI International Mobile station Equipment Identity EIR Equipment Identity Register MSC/VLR Mobile services Switching Center

OSS

CNA

OSS Provides Central Supervision of all Network:

Operation and Support System

NMC

OMC

OMC

HLR

MSC BSC TRC

AUC/EIR

BTS

SOG and BGW:

Gateway products for billing information and service

GSM Modes:

Operation Overview:
Roaming Detached (Off) Idle

Paging
Mr. Bond!!

Attached (On)

Handover Busy

Roaming:
LA 1

MSC/VLR

LA 2

MSC/VLR

The RBS Listening for Channel Requests and Measuring the Uplink on an Established Connection:

Access burst!
MS

Signal strength! Quality! Timing!

MS MS

MS

RBS

Monitoring BCCH Carriers:

GSM Frequency Bands:

GSM 900 GHz 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

GSM 1800 GSM 1900 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

Frequency bands for the different GSM-based networks (Values within brackets refer to E-GSM):

Network type
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Frequency band UL/DL

(880)890-915/(925)935-960 MHz 1710 - 1785/1805 -1880 MHz 1850 - 1910/1930 -1990 MHz

Ericssons Implementations
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900

Uplink and Downlink on a Radio Channel:

Downlink

Uplink

System Parameters:
up link down link

f
Carrier spacing Duplex spacing Bandwidth spacing

Duplex Distance:

Uplink MHz Duplex Distance (45 MHz) Bandwidth (2 x 25 MHz) 890 915

Downlink 935 960

Duplex distances for different frequency bands:

Standard Duplex dist.

GSM 900 45 MHz

GSM 1800 95 MHz

GSM 1900 80 MHz

Carrier Separation:

MHz Carrier Separation (200 KHz)

895.4

895.6

Neighboring Cells Cannot Have the Same Frequency (Simplified):

B G A F E D F C G A

TDMA:

Frequency 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Basic TDMA frame, timeslot, and burst structures

4.615 ms 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Data

Training

Data

57

26

57

Burst 148 Bits

156.25 Bits 0.577 ms

Analog Signal:

Digital Signal:

A/D Conversion:

Analog A/D Conversion

Digital

Analog Signal Sampling:

Ts

Analogue signal

Sampling

Sampled signal

Regeneration of Digital Signal:

Transmitted

Received

Regenerated

Quantization:
q7 Sampled value
}

Quantized value

q6 q5

D = Quantized error

q4

q3 Ts q2 q1 q0 2Ts 3Ts 4Ts 5Ts 6Ts 7Ts 8Ts time

Parameters that are important for GSM:

Path loss Shadowing Rayleigh fading Signal strength Time dispersion Time Alignment

Problems
Fading:
Distance Shadowing Rayleigh

Solution

Eventually leading to handover Make a better coverage of the cell or smaller cells Antenna diversity- two antennas on the BS, 5-6 m apart Repeated change of frequencies after each frame

Shadowing:

Rx Signal Strength:

SS (dB)

Global mean value

Fading dip (Rayleigh) Fading margin Receiver sensitivity

Distance (meters)

Rx Signal Strength Versus Distance:

Path loss ( Signal level (dB)

Log normal fading ( )

Rayleigh fading (-)

log (distance)

Rayleigh Fading:

Reuse distance and carrier-to-interference ratio:

A S (dB) S(A,f1) S(B,f1)

C I

>18 dB in analog systems >7 dB in digital systems

Reuse distance for f1

Figure D.5.4

Distance from A

Co-channel interference:

f1 A

Speech quality

f1

Acceptable

Figure D.5.3

Time Dispersion:
1 0 1 0

0 1 1 1

1.

2.

3.

The Time Alignment Problem:

TDMA-frame

TS0

TS1

TS2

A. B.

B. Far away from BTS

BTS

A. Close to BTS

Intermodulation in a 900 MHz cellular system:

Duplex distance (D) RX band
890 900 910 920 930 940

TX band
950 960 MHz

Allocated RX band (B) (10 MHz in this example)

Allocated TX band (B) (10 MHz in this example) IM7 IM5 IM3

Intermodulation (IM) in cellular systems:

System Duplex distance, D, (MHz) 45 95 80 10 Maximum band, B, (MHz) to avoid IM order: IM3 22.5 47.5 40.0 5.0 IM5 15.0 31.7 26.7 3.3 IM7 11.3 23.8 20.0 2.5 IM9 9.0 19.0 16.0 2.0

GSM900 DCS1800 PCS1900 NMT450

Definitions: Worst-case relations IM3 in Rx band if D/B < 2 IM5 in Rx band if D/B < 3 IM7 in Rx band if D/B < 4 IM9 in Rx band if D/B < 5
IM3, IM5, etc.=Intermodulation products of 3rd, 5th, etc., D = Duplex distance (MHz) B = Allocated band (MHz) Worst case = IM from the lowest and the highest frequencies in the allocated band

Co-Channel Interference:
Carrier dB f1 Interference f1

Distance

Adjacent Channel Interference:

Carrier dB f1 Adjacent f2 f2 = f1 + 200 kHz

-9 dB 3 dB

Distance

Locating the BTS close to the reflecting object to combat ISI:

D1

D2

D0

Pointing the antenna away from the reflecting object to combat ISI:

Mountain

Site with antenna pointing away

Channel Coding:

50

Very important bits

Block coder

53 bits

378 bits

132 Important bits

1:2 Convolutional Coder

4 Tail bits

456

78

Not so important bits

Space Diversity:
Tx Rx Received Signal Level Receiver Sensivity Level

No Diversity

Receiver A

Tx Rx (A) Rx (B)
Receiver B

Antenna Diversity

Diversity System Output

A, B combined

Interleaving:

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

message blocks

interleaving

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

interleaved message blocks

Received Interleaved Message Blocks:

1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4 1 X 3 4

Frequency Hopping:
Downlink C1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Uplink C1

3 N

N+1 TDMA frame no.

Downlink C2

Uplink C2

3 N

N+1 TDMA frame no.

Timing Advance:
Start Sending

Time

Synchronization time

Segmentation and Speech Coding:

Speech Signal 20 ms 01100011000111110011100 Speech Code

Interleaving of 20 ms of Encoded Speech:

1 9 17 25 I I I I I I I I I I I I 449 2 10 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 450 3 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 451 4 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 452 8 blocks 5 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 453 6 14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 454 7 15 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 455 8 16 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 456

57 bits

Speech Frame:

A
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

B
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

C
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

D
20 ms speech 456 bits = 8x57

Second Level of Interleaving:

A/8 A/8 A/8 A/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 C/8 C/8 C/8 C/8 D/8 D/8 D/8 A/8 A/8 A/8 A/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 B/8 C/8 C/8 C/8

GSM Transmission Process:

Mobile equipment GSM Network Speaker

Transmitter Modulator 33.8 kbit/s Burst formatting Ciphering Interleaving 22.8 kbit/s Channel coding 13 kbit/s Speech coding Segmentation 8 kHz 13 bits A/D-conversion Microphone Transmitting part

Receiver Demodulator Adaptive Equalization De-ciphering De-interleaving Channel decoding Speech decoding D/A-conversion Receiving part

Receiver Demodulator Adaptive Equalization De-ciphering De-interleaving Channel Decoding Receiving part

Transmitter Modulator Burst formatting Ciphering Interleaving Channel coding 13 kbit/s D/D-conversion 8 kHz 8 bits 64 kbit/s PCM Transmitting part

GPRS Logical Architecture:

Um

BTS
Abis A

ISDN/ PSTN

BSS
TE MT

GMSC MSC/VLR
Gs

EIR
Gf

BSC
Gb

MS
Traffic and signaling Signaling TE MT MS BSS BTS BSC GMSC Terminal Equipment Mobile Terminal Mobile Station Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Base Station Controller Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center MSC Mobile services Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AUC Authentication Center EIR Equipment Identity Register SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Um Air Interface A, Abis Interfaces (GSM) Gx Interfaces (GPRS)

AUC
Gr

SGSN
Gn

HLR External IP Network (Internet) GGSN

Gi

IP-Backbone Network
Gp

External IP Network (Corporate LAN)

Other PLMN

External X.25 Network