Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sequential Events Recorder Event Reports, Motor Start Reports, Motor Operating Statistics, Load Profiles, and Motor Start Trends SEL ASCII, Ethernet*, Modbus TCP, IEC 61850*, NEW Modbus RTU, Telnet, FTP, and DeviceNet* Communications Front-Panel LED Programmable Targets Two Inputs and Three Outputs Standard I/O Expansion*Additional Contact Inputs, Contact Outputs, Analog Inputs, Analog Outputs, and RTD Inputs Single or Dual Ethernet, Copper or Fiber-Optic Communications Port* Battery-Backed Clock, IRIG-B Time Synchronization** Instantaneous Metering Programmable Front Pushbuttons and LED Indicators Forward/Reverse Start Protection Advanced SELOGIC Control Equations 32 Programmable Display Messages
27
Undervoltage
59
Overvoltage
G 50 Q P
55
Power Factor
VAR
60
49
Motor Thermal Overload
46
Current Unbalance
Load Jam
Load Jam
66
Starts-Per-Hour Time Between Starts
37
1
47
Phase Reversal
LC/71
Load Control Percent TCU Current Power*
81 O U
Frequency Over Under
50N
Neutral Overcurrent
Undercurrent Underpower*
87
PTC Thermistor**
NEW
49P
Current Differential
PTC Overtemperature
RTD Inputs*
49R
and Trip
38
Bearing Temperature
NEW
14
Motor Load
Speed Switch
0.7 0.6
Current
5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4
Motor Current
Rotor Resistance
10
12
14
16
18
20
Seconds
Accurate thermal modeling provides protection that maximizes motor availability while providing excellent protection from damage.
SmartGridsandMicrogrids
Whataretheyreally?
by BruceA.Mork,Ph.D.,P.E. WayneW.Weaver,Ph.D.,P.E.
DepartmentofElectrical&ComputerEngineering
MichiganTech
QuickOverviewofEEPower
Sixfaculty,35gradstudents,60UGs Respondingtoworkforceneeds:
14onlinecourses:EE3010 EE6210 OnlineMSEE(~40enrolled) Onlinecertificate,advancedcertificate(~25enrolled) DOETransportationelectrificationprogram
Stateoftheartlabs
Relaying PowerElectronics MotorDrives
Power&EnergyResearchCenter
Multidisciplinary,industrypartners
Motivationforthispresentation
Steadilyincreasingmediabuzz,littlesubstantive information. Onlyasmallsubsetofpossibilitiesarebeing discussed.Smartmeter smartgrid. Littlepracticalsenseforwhatispossible:
a)now,andb)intheforeseeablefuture,and Whatarethetechnologyandfinancialbottlenecks? IEEEPESGeneralMeetinginCalgary Moreusefulinforecentlypublished Mipsycon,MondaySeminar,ThursdayTutorials
Sincethispresentationwasscheduled,
Howdoyou defineSmartGrid?
Wikipedia:deliverselectricityfromsuppliersto
consumersusingdigitaltechnologytocontrolappliancesat consumer'shomestosaveenergy,reducecostandincrease reliabilityandtransparency.
GreenEnergyAct(Canada):Anicknameforanever
wideningpaletteofutilityapplicationsthatenhanceand automatethemonitoringandcontrolofelectricaldistribution.
DOE: TheSmartGridtransformsthecurrentgridtoonethat
functionsmorecooperatively,responsivelyandorganically.
EngineersDefinition
Thatdepends Basically:embeddedprocessors+sensors+data sharing,communications&distributedcontrol. Generation4orG4. Policymakers&media:smartmetersandenergy marketing. Transmission/operations:wideareamonitoring& control&protection,specialswitchingops. Distribution:automation,reliability,timeofday metering,integrationofDR,renewables.
ComponentsofaSmartGrid
Hardware
Sensors,Embeddedprocessors Integrationwithotherhardware
BasicSoftware
SCADA,Energymanagement Vectorprocessors
Communications
Slow(existingSCADAorEMS,moreorless) Highspeed,highbandwidth(needtodevelop)
TransmissionApplications
Phasor measurementunits(PMUs)and synchrophasors. Gridintegrationofrenewables, Advancedmetering,operations WideArea:WAM,WAC,WAMPAC
Emergencycontrol VoltageStability:DynamicVAr control,avoiding voltagecollapse AngleStability:Loadshedding,Intelligentsystem separation
Systemrestoration:remotetielineclosing.
EmergencyControl
(figurefromKundur)
DistributionApplications
AMI Applicationofsmartmeters Realtimepricing Demandsidemanagement Distributionautomation
Automatichighspeedtransfer,reconfiguration
OnCustomerSideofMeter
LoadManagement(coordinatedw/utility) Integrationofenergyresourcesasmicrogrid
InterconnectionwithUtility InterruptibleLoads(waterheater,heat,AC) Electricorhybridelectricvehicle Generation:solar,wind,microhydro Energystorage:battery Optimalcontrolaccordingtogoalofcustomer
Requirements,Concerns
Communicationsbandwidthforfast wideareaapplications Timedelays,GPStimetagging Interoperability Informationoverload,databasesharing Cybersecurity Informationsecurity,privacy Complexity,reliabilityoftechnology applicationsthemselves.
References
1. 2. 3. 4. U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,TheSmartGrid:AnIntroduction. http://www.oe.energy.gov/SmartGridIntroduction.htm IECTC57:IEC61850architectureforsubstationautomation,IEC 61970/61968 theCommonInformationModelCIM. IEEEC37.118 synchrophasors IEEEP2030DraftGuideforSmartGridInteroperabilityofEnergy Technology andInformationTechnologyOperationwiththeElectricPowerSystem,and EndUseApplicationsandLoads. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/2030/2030_index.html IEEEPower&EnergyMagazine,Sept/Oct2009,SmartGrid:Whatisit Really IEEEPotentialsMagazine,Sep/Oct2009,CascadingPowerGridFailures ASEEPrism,Oct2009,UntanglingtheGrid.
5. 6. 7.
Observations
Itsearlyoninanewseriesoftechnologies. Vendorscompetingformarketshare,new standardsaredeveloping. Trytotakeaholisticviewofthesystemand interaction/interoperability
Generation Transmission Distribution Customerside:microgrid,greenbuildings
OnCustomerSideofMeter
LoadManagement(coordinatedw/utility) Integrationofenergyresourcesasmicrogrid
InterconnectionwithUtility InterruptibleLoads(waterheater,heat,AC) Electricorhybridelectricvehicle Generation:solar,wind,microhydro Energystorage:battery Optimalcontrolaccordingtogoalofcustomer
WhatisaMicroGrid?
Small,independentpowersystem Increasedreliabilitywithdistributedgeneration Increaseefficiencywithreducedtransmissionlength andCHP Easierintegrationofalternativeenergysources PROBLEM:Control Damping/Stability Islanding Loadsharing EnergyManagement
ComponentsofaMicrogrid
Defining
MultipleDistributedGenerationPoints ControlSystem/EnergyManagement
Additional
UtilityInterconnectionSwitch PointofCommon Coupling(PCC) EnergyStorage
Microgrid Application
Communities/Neighborhoods Corporate/AcademicCampuses Buildings Militarybasecamps NavalSystems
CommunityMicrogrid Structure
PCC
CorporateBuilding/Campus Microgrids
HVAC
PCC
CHP
HomeMicrogrids
SmartAppliances
Energy Storage
Solar
PCC
PHEV
DCHomeMicrogrid
SmartAppliances
Energy Storage
Solar
PCC
PHEV
N.America
MajorMicrogrid TestSites
Asia
ShimizuCorp TokyoJapan(500kVA) SendaiJapan(1MVA)
Europe
Kythnos IslandGreece(15kVA) DEMOTEC KasselGermany
StandardsforMicrogrid
AtPCC IEEE1547: StandardsforInterconnecting DistributedResourceswithElectricPower Systems UL1741:Inverters,Convertersand ControllersforuseinIndependentPower Systems Harmonics AntiIslanding
AntiIslanding
UL1741TestLoadCircuitatPCC ResonantRLCload Techniquesincludephase/frequencydrift
TechnicalHurdles: ControlandCommunications
Gridconnection
Syncandreconnect PowerExport
CentralizedControlSystem
Globaloptimization Singlepointoffailure
Distributedcontrol
Modularity/flexibility Localoptimization
Communication/ControlStructure
Utility Reciprocating Generator Fuel Cell H2 Storage Electrolyser
PCC
Wind
Droop:TraditionalParalleling Method
P + P2 = PL 1 Q1 + Q2 = QL
Microgrid Study
PCC
DroopinaMicrogrid
AdvanceDistributedControl
Everyelement ofpowersystemhasmultiple objectives/commitments
PointofLoadConverter:Serviceloadpower,maintainstability EnergySources:Supplypower,maintainstability Distribution:Routeenergymostefficiently,maintainstability
GameTheoreticApproachto EnergyManament
Convertcomponentsintoequivalentimpedances. Theindividualdynamicsare 2 ( vi ) & ei = Pin Pout = Pi ri
& ri = ui
Individualsinteractthroughthesystem I = YV Theneachcomponentwillhaveanobjective
J i (ui , u i ) = f i ( Y, I, V , t , u )dt
Foranequilibrium(Nashequilibrium)
J i (ui* , u i* ) J i (ui , u i* )
Examplesystemwith2Players
2 y27 V2 7 y79 R8 y57 5 8 y89 9 y39 V3 6
600
P5
600 400
y69
P6
R5
P (W)
5
y45 4
y46 y14
R6
P (W) 2
6
400 200 0 2 2 1 R6 () 0 0 1 R5 ()
200 0 2 2 1 R6 () 0 0 1 R5 ()
1 V1
GameBasedEnergyManagement
ObjectiveFunctions Loads Sources Storage GameRules Teams Stakelberg (leader/follower) Win gamebymaintainingstable, efficientsystem
Summary
Microgrid isabroaddefinitionofasmall powersystem Benefitsincludereliability,efficiency, renewables Challenges:
Control Communications UtilityinterfaceatPCC
SolutiontoGame
Solution isanequilibriumpoint(Nash)wereeachplayer
2 L5(R6)
600 400
P (W) 600 400 200 0 2 2 1 R6 () 0 0 1 R5 ()
1.5 R6 () 1 0.5 0 0
NE
L6(R5)
P (W)
200 0 2 1 R6 () 0 0 2 2 1 R5 ()
0.5
1 R5 ()
1.5
CERTSMicrogrid
Eto, Joseph, Robert Lasseter, Ben Schenkman, John Stevens, Harry Volkommer, Dave Klapp, Ed Linton, Hector Hurtado, Jean Roy, Nancy Jo Lewis. Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS). 2008. CERTS Microgrid Laboratory Test Bed. California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program. CEC-500-2008-XXX.
& x1 = f1 ( x1 , v1 , i1 , u1 )
& x2 = f 2 ( x2 , v2 , i2 , u2 )
& xi = f i ( xi , vi , ii , ui )