Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
WATER WORKBOOK
TM
a c k n ow le d gements
Landscape For Life is a project of the United States Botanic Garden and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin. Landscape For Life is based on the principles of SITES, The Sustainable Sites Initiative , the nations first rating system for sustainable landscapes (www.sustainablesites. org), an interdisciplinary effort by the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin, and the United States Botanic Garden in conjunction with a diverse group of stakeholder organizations. SITES offers technical tools for professionals who design, construct, operate, and maintain landscapes of all sizes. Landscape For Life presents this information in an easy-to-use form for homeowners and gardeners.
TM
The information in this workbook is also available on the Landscape For Life website (www.landscapeforlife.org). Written by Janet Marinelli Designed by Elizabeth Ennis
A sustainable garden in Texas includes a buffalograss lawn and other native plants that nurture wildlife.
Illustrations page 8, Sustainable Sites Initiative; page 10, Elizabeth Ennis Cover photos, left to right: first two images, Bigstock.com, H. Zell, last two images, Bigstock.com. Photo page i, Andy and Sally Wasowski, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center; page ii, Steve Greer/VIREO; page iii, public domain image via Wikipedia; page 1, Manual Broussard/FEMA; page 2, Ward Wilson; page 5 public domain image via Wikipedia; pages 7 and 8, Nancy Arazon; page 11 left and right, Walter Siegmund; page 15, Holly Shimizu
I n t rod uc tIon
w o r kI ng w Ith nature to create a h e a lt hy, be autI ful home l andsca pe
Landscape For Life shows you how to work with nature for a beautiful, sustainable garden, no matter where you live, whether you garden on a city or suburban lot, a 20acre farm, or the common area of your condominium. Conventional gardens unintentionally often work against nature. They can damage the environments ability to clean air and water, reduce flooding, combat climate change, and provide all the other natural benefits that support life on earthincluding us. The good news is that even one home garden can begin to repair the tattered web of life. Its possible to create a great-looking garden thats healthier for you, your family, your pets, and the environmentand that saves you time and money. The Landscape For Life workbooks help you transform your home garden into a beautiful and healthy refuge for you and your family. You can download the complete workbook, or individual workbooks on Getting Started, Soil, Water, Plants, Materials, and Human Health. Each workbook includes helpful advice on gardening practices that take advantage of natural processes at work on your property.
ii
c o n t ents
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Create a water-thrifty landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Select plants adapted to local precipitation patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Use alternatives to drinking water for irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A guide to water-thrifty irrigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Smart strategies for managing stormwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Create a rain garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Limit impervious surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 A guide to green roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Protect and restore vegetative buffers along waterways and wetlands . . . . . . . . . . .14 Sustainable water features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
iii
wat e r
So much of the earth is covered with water, its sometimes called the water planet. About 97 percent of the water is ocean saltwater. Most freshwater is locked up in the polar icecaps. Only .003 percent of the earths water is available for human consumption. Water is chronically in short supply in arid areas, and can be scarce even in places that historically have had a lot of rain. Yet we often lavish it on our landscapestypically drinking water, which we pay a lot of money to treat and pump. Meanwhile, instead of capturing and using rainwater in our gardens, weve created an entire infrastructure of gutters, downspouts, and sewers to get rid of it. The resulting stormwater runoff can contaminate local waterways with fertilizers, pesticides, and other pollutants. The good news is that its possible to harvest enough non-potable water to meet landscape needs and prevent polluting stormwater from running off our properties. Information on selecting plants adapted to the precipitation patterns in your area, alternatives to drinking water for irrigation, and how to irrigate efficiently follow. For details on using organic mulches to conserve water, see the Soil workbook.
Public water supply and treatment facilities consume enough electricity to power more than 5 million homes for a year. In most cities, pumping and treating water and wastewater accounts for 25 to 50 percent of the entire municipal energy bill.
Sustainable Landscape
Manages rainwater as a resource to be used on
the site
Usually irrigated with municipal drinking water May result in high water bills
Rainfall flowing off a homes roof into a rain barrel is used to irrigate the garden.
Preserve as many well established trees and shrubs as possible, because they generally require less water than newly
planted specimens.
When selecting plants, avoid those labeled hard to establish, as they often require large amounts of water. Favor plants native to your region, which are adapted to the local climate. Be sure to choose native plants that match
the specific conditions at the planting site.
If youre considering a non-native plant, make sure it is not a known invasive species in your region. Some invasive
plants are water guzzlers and can transform the natural hydrology of natural areas, making it even more difficult for the native species to survive. to successful transplanting is getting the roots to grow into the surrounding soil as soon as possible. For many plants in areas with regular rainfall in the warmer months, this is in spring, when roots are growing most actively and there is enough moisture in the soil to support new growth. In warmer areas, fall is a much better planting period, and the best time to plant many woody species is when they are dormant in the winter. Consult plant labels or your local nursery or public garden (http://www.publicgardens.org/gardens) about the best time to plant. landscape requires. Read more about creating a regionally appropriate lawn in the Plants workbook.
To speed establishment and minimize water use, plant at the recommended time for a particular species. They key
The size of your lawn and what type of turf grass you grow can have a huge impact on the amount of irrigation your
Rainwater Collection
Rainwater collected in barrels or other storage tanks has been used for irrigation for centuries. Rain barrels are connected to the downspouts of a homes roof gutters and typically hold around 50 gallons. They come with a screened cover and an overflow spout and hose to divert excess water away from the homes foundation. The typical house has at least four downspouts, at each corner of the house, and rain barrels can be connected to one or more of them. Of late, designers have been creating versatile variations on the rain barrel, including models with sleek profiles that can fit along narrow passages, under decks, or in other underused spaces. Modular designs enable you to add on capacity or even put the tanks in multiple locations. Cisterns, storage tanks made of stone, mortar, plaster, or cement, were once very common in the U.S., especially in rural areas where homes relied on private wells for water. Today, prefabricated cisterns are available in various materials and sizes. A cistern is a more complicated undertaking but can store a lot more water than a rain barrel. Check with the nearest Cooperative Extension office (www.csrees.usda.gov/Extension/) for information on the best systems for your region and how to construct them.
Graywater Collection
A variety of appliances and fixtures produce used water called graywater. An estimated 50 to 80 percent of residential wastewater is dish, shower, sink, and laundry water. Because graywater often contains soaps, detergents, shampoos, or other substances as well as bacterial and other pathogens, its use is regulated by state and local governments (see below). Graywater is most often recommended for subsurface irrigation of non-food plants. Graywater systems vary from simple and low-cost to complex and costly. The simplest way to collect graywater is to plug the drain and employ a bucket to transport bath or shower water for use outdoors. Another common practice (but illegal in some locations) is to drain the washing machine directly onto outside vegetation. Sophisticated systems involve separate plumbing for graywater as well as settling tanks and sand filters to remove solids and pathogens.
What To Do
Irrigate only when your plants need water.
How often to water depends on a number of factors, including what type of soil you have, the type of plants youre growing, whether your plants are established, the season, and weather conditions. Dont irrigate on a fixed schedule, which wastes water by providing it when your plants dont need an extra drink.
Frequent, shallow watering leads to weak, shallow-rooted plants. Less frequent, deep watering encourages roots to grow deep, where the soil stays moist longer.
A variety of relatively simple tools can help you determine when you need to water. The simplest and most inexpensive of all is a rain gauge to measure weekly rainfall. Soil moisture probes employing different technologies are commercially available at varying prices. They measure the moisture level of your soil, giving you a more precise indication of how much, if any, water your plants require.
Rain gauges and soil moisture probes should be used in conjunction with basic knowledge about how much water various parts of your landscape require. For example, vegetables generally need more than established woody plants. And even edible plants require less water when it is overcast and relatively cool than when it is sunny and hot.
Hand water.
According to an American Water Works Association (AWWA) Research Foundation study, manual watering with a hand-held hose tends to conserve more water than other irrigation methods.
If you are going to have an in-ground system, make sure it is a drip system as it used the least amount of any automatic systembut still 16 percent more than watering by hand. In-ground spray systems used 35 percent more water than hand watering, and an automatic spray system used 47 percent more.
Watering by hand conserves more water than any other irrigation method, according to a study by the American Water Works Association. The same study also found that drip irrigation consumes much less water than the in-ground spray irrigation systems used in most home gardens.
As the AWWA study discussed above shows, however, drip systems must be operated properly to be truly waterthrifty. To maximize their efficiency, install climate-based controllers such as sensors that prevent the system from turning on during and immediately after rainfall. Even better are sensors that activate irrigation only when soil moisture drops below a pre-determined level. So-called smart or weather-based irrigation controllers take into account a range of factors to determine when supplemental water is necessary, including temperature, rainfall, humidity, solar radiation, and soil moisture levels. Soaker hoses, which have perforations that slowly leak water into the ground, can also be efficient and effective. If youre in the market for a water-conserving irrigation system, its worth checking out WaterSense. (www.epa. gov/WaterSense/) Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the program seeks to do for irrigation products and services and plumbing fixtures what the Energy Star label has done for electric appliances. Irrigation technologies and services that have been awarded the WaterSense label are listed on the programs website.
Use alternatives to potable water for irrigation. Water your plants early in the morning.
Take advantage of the various sources of non-potable water around your home. See page 3 for details. Mornings are cooler, so water doesnt evaporate as readily as it does in the heat of the afternoon. Evenings are cool, too, but water sitting on leaves overnight can cause fungal diseases.
On the pages that follow, youll find information on stormwater management strategies such as creating a rain garden, limiting impervious surfaces in your landscape, and restoring vegetative buffers along any wetlands and waterways adjacent to your property. Youll also find a guide to green roofs. Collecting rainwater that flows from your gutters not only provides an alternative to drinking water for irrigation but also reduces stormwater runoff; see page 3 for details. It is important to use landscape materials that do not pollute stormwater. For information on polluting materials and alternatives, see the Materials workbook.
The typical house has at least four downspouts, at each corner of the house. Connecting rain barrels to one or more of them not only captures water for irrigating the garden but also helps minimize stormwater runoff.
.6 inches of runoff 2.4 inches of infiltration 1 inch of runoff 2 inches of infiltration 1.6 inches of runoff 1.4 inches of infiltration 2.5 inches of runoff .5 inch of infiltration
As development increases, so do soil compaction and impervious surfaces. Compacted soils, along with driveways, roads, parking lots, rooftops, and other impervious surfaces, make it difficult for rain to infiltrate into the soil, as in a natural setting. As a result, the more impervious surface in a landscape, the less infiltration and the more stormwater runoff it generates. The illustration above shows the percentage of impervious surface and the amount of infiltration and runoff following a 3-inch rainstorm for each kind of landscape.
Where to put it
Locate your rain garden either near the house to catch only roof runoff, or farther away to collect stormwater from the lawn as well as the roof. A rain garden can also capture precipitation flowing off of paved areas. Keep it at least 10 feet from your house to prevent moisture problems. A typical residential rain garden ranges from 100 to 300 square feet, but the time needed to dig the depression, the cost of plants, and the size of your property will help determine how large yours should be. The size of a rain garden that can manage most or all of your runoff also depends on what type of soil you have and how much roof and/or surface area will drain into it. A rain garden should be 4 to 8 inches below the level of the surrounding land.
How big?
How deep?
Rain gardens such as this one in Seattle can be attractive elements of your home landscape. They can also provide valuable wildlife habitat, especially when native species are planted in drifts of three to seven of each for maximum impact.
If your soil drains poorly, you may need to add a layer of sand or gravel at the bottom of your rain garden to prevent it from becoming an ephemeral pond. If you have clay soil with enough rock or other aggregate, or you have clay loam, the sand and gravel bottom is probably unnecessary, unless you want the water to drain very quickly. If your soil is heavy clay, you may also need to amend it with sand and compost. To direct stormwater from a downspout, bury a length of plastic pipe in a shallow trench that slopes down to the rain garden, or create a grassy swale. Its helpful to think of a rain garden as comprised of three wetness zones: In the lowest zone, plant species that can tolerate short periods of standing water as well as fluctuating water levels, because a rain garden will dry
What to plant
grassy swale
porous soil
A rain garden should be 4 to 8 inches below the surrounding land. You can direct stormwater from a roof downspout to the rain garden with a grassy swale, as above, or with buried plastic pipe. The soil in a rain garden should be porous, so if you have heavy clay soil you may need to amend it with sand and compost. Rain garden plants should be appropriate for your region and tolerate both wet and dry periods.
10
out during droughts or at times of year when precipitation is sparse. Species that can tolerate extremes of wet soils and dry periods are also appropriate for the middle zone, which is slightly higher. Put plants that prefer drier conditions at the highest zone or outer edge of your rain garden. To enhance the gardens value as wildlife habitat, plant native species in drifts of three to seven of each for maximum impact. After planting, apply a layer of organic mulch 2 to 3 inches deep to keep down weeds and protect and enrich the soil.
Maintenance
Although rain gardens require some initial effort, they are easy to maintain. Until your plants become established, youll have to weed out undesirable volunteers. Leave the dormant plants standing over the winter in cold climates to provide seeds and shelter for overwintering birds and butterflies. In spring you can cut back or mow the stalks of herbaceous plants if you prefer a neat-and-trim look.
Among the lovely native plants recommended for Pacific Northwest rain gardens are Nootka rose, left, and western columbine, right.
11
Adding a Rain Garden to Your Landscape (www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/PDFpubs/2702.pdf ), University of Maine Cooperative Extension Rain Gardens (www.csgc.ucsd.edu/BOOKSTORE/Resources/GS3%20Rain%20Gardens_8-10-09.pdf ), Sea Grant California and University of California Cooperative Extension Backyard Rain Gardens (www.bae.ncsu.edu/topic/raingarden/), North Carolina Cooperative Extension Rain Gardens (www.water.rutgers.edu/Fact_Sheets/fs513.pdf), Rutgers University Cooperative Extension Rain Gardens (www.sustainability.uconn.edu/pdf/raingardenbroch.pdf), University of Connecticut Cooperative Extension Rain Garden Handbook for Western Washington Homeowners (www.pierce.wsu.edu/Lid/raingarden/ Raingarden_handbook.pdf), Washington State University Extension Pierce County For ideas on what to plant, youll find links to native plant societies of the U.S. and Canada here (http://www. michbotclub.org/links/native_plant_society.htm). The Wildflower Center Native plant Database (www.wildflower. org/plants) is another helpful resource.
What To Do:
Following are some of the ways you can reduce impervious surfaces to enable water to seep into the ground.
Two ribbons of pavement with a low groundcover in between is a more porous alternative to a solid driveway of
concrete or blacktop.
Use stepping stones surrounded by creeping groundcovers instead of continuous impermeable pathways. Opt for dry laid instead of wet laid or mortared patios and walkways. Set in stone dust or sand, these allow
some stormwater to infiltrate into the soil, unlike the impervious cement products typically used as mortar.
Green spaces between patios, pathways, and other impermeable spaces can help prevent stormwater from Restore the structure of any compacted soil on your property, and take steps to prevent soil compaction
elsewhere in your landscape. See the Soil workbook for details. directly through, can be expensive but are worth considering.
accumulating and running off your property. Plant a rain garden to capture stormwater runoff from your roof.
Various types of permeable paving, such as concrete products with a porous structure that allows water to pass Some green roof systems can help manage stormwater and are worth considering if youre in the market for a
new roof.
12
What To Do:
Green roofs are substantial investments. Although theyre not space-age contraptions, building one isnt simply a
matter of hauling potting soil and plants to your rooftop. Its important to consult a landscape architect, engineer, or roofing contractor with experience in green roof installation. A directory of accredited green roof professionals is
13
Determine why you want a green roofwhether its aesthetic value, habitat value, or its ability to save energy or
retain stormwater. Make sure that a green roof is the most efficient way to achieve your goals. goals and ask which green roof system is most likely to achieve them.
If you decide to pursue a green roof, make the consultant or manufacturer you are working with aware of your
What To Do:
If your property borders a waterway or wetland, create a thickly vegetated and undisturbed buffer at least 50
feet wide. These riparian and coastal zones are often regulated, so contact local and regional government agencies for information on appropriate vegetation buffers in your area.
Do not use any pesticides or fertilizerseven organic fertilizers including compostin a vegetated buffer area. Undisturbed buffers provide the best protection. If you need access to the water, create an elevated walkway
made from untreated wood to protect the vegetation as much as possible.
14
sustaIna b l e wat e r fe at u r e s
From decorative fountains and tubs to pre-formed pools and ponds, water features have become popular garden amenities, and for good reason. The sight and sound of water is relaxing, and may promote stress reduction and healing. Wetland plants can be spectacular, whether the delicate water-lilies that float on the still surfaces of ponds, the brilliant cardinal flowers that populate marsh edges, or the carnivorous pitcher plants that grow in spongy bogs. The sound of a cascading waterfall, a trickling stream, or even a bubbling urn adds another dimension to a landscape and can drown out unwanted clatter. Whats more, water features will attract birds and other delightful wildlife to your yard. Countless tomes on how to create a water feature have been published in recent years, but they almost never tell how to construct a feature that conserves energy and potable water.
What To Do:
Use alternatives to potable water, such as collected
rainwater or air-conditioning condensate, in your water feature; see page 3 for details. Systems are now available that combine a rainwater harvesting and storage system with a decorative water feature.
This sustainable water feature uses rainwater channeled from the gutter. When rainfall is sparse it becomes a dry creek bed.
Use solar recirculating pumps, which conserve water and are powered by a renewable source of energy. Consider using an ecological design approach, creating a water garden that includes plants appropriate for
local conditions and functions as a natural ecosystem. A streambed that goes dry for part of the year may be appropriate in an arid area. An in-ground pond that mimics the natural zones of vegetation found in natural ponds may be appropriate for a good-sized property in a high-rainfall areacomplete with floating plants like water-lilies in deep areas; pickerel weed, arrowheads, grasses and sedges that grow partially in water in the emergent zone; and colorful wildflowers, shrubs, or trees found where the wetland grades into upland.
15
www. l a nds ca p e f o r l If e . o r g