Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2011/10/25
Content
1. Background of the structural use of concrete 2. Special features of the Code 2004 3. Ductility 4. 3rd edition or Code 2012 5. Acceptable details 6. Workmanship
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Features
a. b. c. d. e. New stress-strain curve and design formulae Use of high strength concrete Beam-column joint design Serviceability in response to wind loads Ductility detailing
k=0.9 for fcu 45 N/mm2 k=0.8 for 45< fcu 70 N/mm2, or k=0.72 for 70< fcu 100 N/mm2
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K = M/ b d 2 fcu
For fcu <= 45 N/mm2 K = 0.156 for moment redistribution <= 10%; or K = 0.402 (b - 0.4) - 0.18 (b - 0.4)2 for moment redistribution > 10% For 45 < fcu <= 70 N/mm2 K = 0.120 for moment redistribution <= 10%; or K = 0.375 (b - 0.5) - 0.143 (b - 0.5)2 for moment redistribution > 10% For 70 < fcu <= 100 N/mm2 (for which moment redistribution is not allowed) K = 0.094
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e. Ductility detailing
No such provision under BS8110 and the Concrete Code 1987. Ductility will complement the strength of a structure and enhance the overall performance Enhances the probability of survival of a structure under extreme loads
3. Ductility
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Design objectives
3 Main objectives: Strength Serviceability Ductility
Why ductility?
Improve performance of the structures Structures have a much better chance of survival when subject to loads exceeding their strength capacities, e.g. overloading, accidental impact, earthquake, terrorist attack, etc Hong Kong is densely populated with people live and work in multi-storey buildings. Collapse or disproportionate failure of structures will have dire consequences, must be prevented Cost vs benefit
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Ductility - definition
Paulay and Priestley:
The term ductility defines the ability of a structure and selected structural components to deform beyond elastic limit without excessive strength or stiffness degradation.
Ductile behaviour
Load
Ductile behaviour large deformation without excessive strength degradation Brittle behaviour
Deflection
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Material properties
stress
strain
stress
strain
Reinforcing steel
Concrete
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Analogy
The strength of a chain is the strength of its weakest link
Brittle links
Ductile link
Brittle links
Capacity design
1. Select a suitable configuration for plastic mechanism 2. Select suitable locations for plastic hinges 3. Design with suitable strength differentials
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Preferred
Avoid
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Code requirements
Weak beams Strong columns and beam-column joints
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Stress behaviour
Uniaxial stress behaviour Biaxial stress behaviour Triaxial stress behaviour
fcc = fc + 4.1fl
where
fcc = axial compressive strength of confined specimen fc = axial compressive strength of unconfined specimen f l = lateral confining pressure
Concrete confinement
By transverse reinforcement which provides passive confinement maintains concrete core integrity and prevents longitudinal bar buckling significantly increases strength and ductility
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Confinement reinforcement
Unconfined concrete
Compressive stress, fc
Compressive strain, c
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Code requirements
Stringent requirements for links e.g. 135 deg anchorage e.g. restraint of every column main bars within critical zone
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thickness, concrete grade, paste volume (or aggregate content) and RH respectively
Reference : AKH KWAN et al (2010) Shrinkage of Hong Kong granite aggregate concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research
Re
Rm
Reinforcing steel
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C = T = As1 fy C = T = As2 fy Vjh = T+C-Vc Vjv = (hb/hc)Vjh Instead of : C = T = 1.25 As1 fy C = T = 1.25 As2 fy
hb
Nc Vc
Mc
Vjv Vjh Vb
C Vc Mc Nc Column Beam
Guidance on detailing
Vertical joint shear reinforcement may be provided by straight bars or inverted U-bars with adequate anchorages surplus capacity of column longitudinal reinforcement may be used to resist all or part of vertical shear force in the joint Horizontal joint shear reinforcement may be provided by links formed from U-bars with adequate tension lap lengths
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Transverse reinforcement
shall comply with the requirements for columns as stipulated in clauses 9.9.2.2 and 9.9.2.3.
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Ductility couplers
Advantage : Can be placed in any location provided that : the couplers in columns are staggered in 2 layers at min 300 mm apart, with the lower layer at min 300 mm above structural floor level
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Ductility couplers
Requirements : The couplers are tested to AC 133 to establish compliance with Type 2 mechanical splices specified in ACI 318 The splice assembly shall fail in bar-break mode The splice assembly shall have permanent elongation not exceeding 0.1 mm after loading to 0.6fy in accordance with clause 3.2.8.2 of the Code
Ductility couplers
Test to AC 133 Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Connector Systems for Steel Reinforcing Bars :
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Ductility couplers
Result of test to AC 133 :
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5. Acceptable details
Theory vs practicality
(From Moehle)
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Ordinary couplers
Ductility couplers
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6. Workmanship
2 main objectives
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Efforts required
Construction team
Proper fixing of reinforcement In particular : All links must be securely fixed to main bars
RSE
Stringent site control and supervision
BD
Increases audit checking Takes action if defectively bent or loosely fixed reinforcement is found
End