INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM Introduction Historical Context Since 1975 International Terrorism Today Media Review on International Terrorism Different

erent Perspective

INRODUCTION The term international terrorism means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.1 The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.2 Terrorism practiced in a foreign country by terrorists who are not native to that country.3 Terrorism is fundamentally an attack on the state. It may be described as an act of violence, committed against innocent people to create fear, with an underlying political motive. This fear is an intended effect and not merely a by-product of terrorism. Terrorists are therefore criminals and not so-called freedom fighters. International Terrorism has international or trans-national consequences in which terrorists strike targets outside and beyond their country of origin such as the 11th September World Trade Centre attack or the strikes by Pakistan-based outfits in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).4 Furthermore, terrorist acts are part of a larger phenomenon of politically inspired violence, and at times the line between the two can become difficult to draw. To relate terrorist event to the larger context, and to give a feel for the conflicts that spawn violence, this report will discuss terrorist acts as well as other violent incidents that are not necessarily international terrorism.5 International terrorism is not a new phenomenon to the world or to India in particular. The 11th September incident has only demonstrated another facet of international terrorism the tremendous potency of technology and innovation besides the globalisation of economies, which have come to transcend national boundaries. Multi-national corporations and non-state players now have a worldwide reach. These have compromised the authority of the state. Non-state players and black money as well as narcotics trade have acquired power, making some of the terrorist groups (JEI, LTTE & PLO) financially viable and independent. The revolution in information technology (IT) and communication also enables instant transmission of ideas and information at a global level, by the terrorist outfits who can now exploit cyber terrorism as well as the deadly and sophisticated Precision-Guided Missiles (PGMs), and other weapons of mass

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destruction. International Terrorism also implies that such terrorist groups, e.g. JEI, Al Qaida, etc. have an organisation/ network/ linkage in a number of countries.6 HISTORICAL CONTEXT SINCE 1975 Terror has been practiced by state and nonstate actors throughout history and throughout the world.7 International terrorism became a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked a Twenty years later, the bombing of a Pan Am Flight over Lockerbie, Scotland, shocked the world.8 The era also gave us our contemporary sense of terrorism as highly theatrical, symbolic acts of violence by organized groups with specific political grievances. The bloody events at the 1972 Munich Olympics were politically motivated.a black september Palestinian group, kidnapped and killed Israeli athletes preparing to compete.Black September's political goal was negotiating the release of Palestinian prisoners. They used spectacular tactics to bring international attention to their national cause. Terrorists also took advantage of the black market in Soviet-produced light weaponry, such as AK-47 assault rifles created in the wake of the Soviet Union's 1989 collapse. Most terrorist groups justified violence with a deep belief in the necessity and justice of their cause. Terrorism in the United States also emerged. Groups such as the Weathermen grew out of the non-violent group Students for a Democratic Society. They turned to violent tactics, from rioting to setting off bombs, to protest the Vietnam War. Al-qaeda In this terrorist group they work for the preservation for holy sites, International Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, Islamic Army for the Liberation of Holy Shrines. Al-Qaeda is an international terrorist network led by Usama bin. Established around 1988 by bin Laden, al-Qaeda helped finance, recruit, transport and train thousands of fighters from dozens of countries to be part of an Afghan resistance to defeat the Soviet Union. To continue the holy war
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beyond Afghanistan, al-Qaeda's current goal is to establish a pan-Islamic Caliphate throughout the world by working with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems "nonIslamic" and expelling Westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries.In February 1998, Al-Qaeda issued a statement under banner of "The World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders" saying it was the duty of all Muslims to kill US citizens-civilian or militaryand their allies everywhere. Al-Qaeda would merge with Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Al-Jihad) of Ayman al-Zawahiri in June 2001. After al-Qaeda's September 11, 2001, attacks on America, the United States launched a war in Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda's bases there and overthrow the Taliban, the country's Muslim fundamentalist rulers who harbored bin Laden and his followers. "Al-Qaeda" is Arabic for "the base."In 1998, several al-Qaeda leaders issued a declaration calling on Muslims to kill Americans-including civilians-as well as "those who are allied with them from among the helpers of Satan."9 The group has targeted American and other Western interests as well as Jewish targets and Muslim governments it saw as corrupt or impious - above all, the Saudi monarchy. Al-Qaeda linked attacks include: INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM TODAY Terrorism today, therefore, has been transformed into a trans-national, high-tech, lethal and global phenomenon. The response to terrorism needs to be structured accordingly and the decision making process also needs to be modernised.10 In present time international terrorism also effected in economically, politically, socially and found many disputes

on international relations to Muslims societies. After 9/11 attack, In economically ,Many industries had being bankrupted due to the global stock market and also with the foreign case flow devalued. Countries, Foreign policy had changed to protect their country, from International Terrorism.11 It is also to know those countries are spending huge amount of their revenue for defense, All those are propose for the protection of their nation state. According to Social expects ,The people had changed social view to words the Muslims communities in to negative prospects. Original religious philosophies and the culture are now decaying. Also there
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is a lack of a consistent and comprehensive policy at the national level. Collective Action to fight by international cooperation is a must, as the economic costs of combating terrorism by a single nation are colossal. Such collective action had not come about till the American-led coalition forces in Afghanistan operated against the Taliban. Collective action is not confined to active combat alone. Simultaneously, foreign sponsors of international terrorism have to be identified and tamed. We cannot continue with the present situation where the Armed Forces bear all the responsibility of dealing with anti-national elements, while other members of society, from the safety of their homes, advocate what they deem to be politically correct measures. A democratic polity and a diverse society such as India do not support stringent measures and antiterrorist legislation, even when necessary. Thus, at present, the security forces have to function in an environment of lack of total physical and legal support. Therefore, legal reforms and stringent anti-terrorist legislation have to be enacted. MEDIA REVIEW ON INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM The media that has a great reach today, Media should be used as a Force Multiplier to shape public opinion and to counter false propaganda. The media must be taken along as a weapon of the state and not of the terrorists. Fundamentalist forces have to be addressed by both strong arm tactics like the Egyptians did under Hosni Mubarak to chase the terrorists out of the city mosques as well as by the promotion of secular polity by containing / neutralising radical religious groups of all religions.12 Technology enhancement, NBC, cyber-terrorism have given the terrorists unlimited powers and to counter these, we must not lose any time to modernise our security apparatus. For this, very heavy investment and effort is required and we must be prepared to follow this effort through. There is also a necessity to have institutional security, through an overall improvement in intelligence interception and police efficiency as the list of political targets continues to grow in the urban and industrial field. The citizens of the country also have to be energised to feel responsible for the well-being of the nation and state apparatus alone will not suffice. Simultaneously, we have to deploy Special Forces for specific tasks and they have to be trained accordingly. There is also a need to evolve a policy framework on internal security by the Home Ministry. Ultimately, The roots of terrorism have to be removed through good governance. Political corruption and lack of good governance is a basic contributor
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to frustration setting in into a society, which is then exploited by unfriendly nations. Needless to say, this has to be addressed immediately by striving to achieve economic well-being, social justice and political aspirations of the populace. In a country of our size and population, this will take considerable time. Therefore, we have to put in a sustained effort to initiate, plan for and implement such efforts seriously, and take them out from merely the realm of election speeches.

DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM Its doubtful that terrorism is any sane persons first choice. Most disgruntled people would start with a petition stating their grievances and setting forth their demands for reform. If denied, they might organize to demonstrate, or protest and might engage in civil disobedience All designed to attract public attention and broaden their support. If denied again, they might attempt legal action, if such avenues are open to them. And if they fail, what then? And what if the denial involves being attacked and beaten by authorities, or being arrested and imprisoned? The reactions of the state government can directly influence the course of future events. Oftentimes, Counter-demonstrators who fear that the government will give in to dissidents demands confront demonstrators. These clashes can lead to violence and destroy hope for resolution of the problems.13 Northern Ireland In 1969, disadvantaged Irish Catholics demanding reforms in housing, employment, civil rights staged a protest march. Counter demonstrators attacked them, while the police first stood by, then joined in the attack. Later, the government appeared willing to address the Catholic grievances, so Protestants mobs attacked Catholic homes with firebombs, forcing terrorized residents to flee as entire streets were burned, while police failed to protect the Catholic communities and/or joined in the attacks. Thus emerged the Irish Republican Army to protect catholic communities under attack. The Catholic communities were unarmed and unprotected by the police, yet Protestant attacks continued and escalated, including a series of bombings, until Catholics were killed. The purpose of these loyalist attacks was to convince the government to
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ignore catholic demands. Unable to quell the inter-community violence the government brought in British troops. This was a temporary improvement until the soldiers also took sides against Catholics.

Israel & Palestine The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians had a very different beginning (See: IsraelPalestine Country Briefing). The U.N. voted to create the state of Israel on the land where the Palestinians lived, under British authority, but without self-government. The Jews attacked immediately to claim their land. As the British exited, neighboring Arab states also claimed the land. The fledgling UN never did intervene to establish two governments as decreed in the UN resolution. Palestinians lost out, but never accepted defeat. Once Egypt and Jordan renounced their claims to Palestine, the Palestinians opted to fight for their own future. By this time Israel was a substantial military power with American warplanes, attack helicopters, tanks and their dreaded bulldozers, used to demolish Palestinian homes and orchards. An essential part of Israels grand nation-building plan is to encourage immigration of Jews from other countries to Israel. As millions of Jews move to Israel, the state must provide jobs and housing settlements. With over 300,000 settlers now living in the Occupied Territories, claimed by Palestine, its difficult to accept that Israel will ever withdraw. But Palestinian extremists have a plan. The current rash of terrorist suicide bombings are intended to exacerbate the climate of fear and increase security costs for a nation that is financially vulnerable. The terrorists goals are to discourage Jewish immigration, motivates others to leave Israel, and thereby force the government to ultimately agree to Palestinian demands. The violence may be unconscionable, but it is not mindless. Surely, there are also extreme factions that somehow envision the destruction of Israel, but the radical fringe exists in every conflict and it is counter-productive to act as if the extremists speak for all the people, or to allow them to scuttle solutions.14

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