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INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF CDMA

CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) reIers to any oI several protocols used in so-called
second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies,
CDMA is a Iorm oI multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single
transmission channel, optimizing the use oI available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-
high-Irequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.

Somewhere close to the Second World War, Hollywood actress-turned-inventor, Hedy Lamarr
and co-inventor George Antheil, co-patented a way Ior controlling torpedoes by sending signals
over multiple radio Irequencies using random patterns. They called this 'Irequency hopping.

AIter some hue and cry, the US Navy discarded their work as architecturally unIeasible. In 1957,
Sylvania Electronic System Division, in BuIIalo, New York, took up the same idea. AIter the
expiry oI the inventor`s patent, they used the same technology to secure communications Ior the
US military.

In the mid-80s, the US military declassiIied what is now called CDMA technology, a technique
based on spread-spectrum technology, Ior use in wireless communication. The spread-spectrum
technology works by digitizing multiple conversations, attaching a code (known only to the
sender and receiver), and then breaking the signals into bits and reassembling them.
Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other telecommunication companies, were attached to
the technology because it enabled many simultaneous conversations, rather than the limited stop-
and-go transmissions oI analogue technology and the previous digital option.








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Architecture of CDMA

Figure 1: Architecture of CDMA network



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A CDMA network consists of the following components:-

Mobile Station(MS) The CDMA mobile station (or mobile phone) communicates with other
parts oI the system through the base-station system.

ase Station (S): The base station (BS) handles the radio interIace to the mobile station. The
base station is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas)

ase Station Controller (SC): The BSC provides the control Iunctions and physical links
between the MSC and BTS. It provides Iunctions such as handover, cell conIiguration data and
control oI RF power levels in base transceiver stations. A number oI BSCs are served by a MSC.

Mobile Switching Center (MSC): The MSC perIorms the telephony switching Iunctions oI the
system. It also perIorms such Iunctions as toll ticketing, network interIacing, common channel
signaling, and others.

Home Location Register (HLR): The HLR database is used Ior storage and management oI
subscriptions. The home location register stores permanent data about subscribers, including a
subscriber's service proIile, location inIormation, and activity status.

Jisitor Location Register (JLR): The VLR database contains temporary inIormation about
subscribers that is needed by the mobile services switching center (MSC) in order to service
visiting subscribers. When a mobile station roams into a new mobile services switching center
(MSC) area, the visitor location register (VLR) connected to that MSC will request data about
the mobile station Irom the HLR, reducing the need Ior interrogation oI the home location
register(HLR).

Authentication Center (AC): The AC provides authentication and encryption parameters that
veriIy the user's identity and ensure the conIidentiality oI each call. The authentication center
(AUC) also protects network operators Irom Iraud.

Operation and Administration (OAM): The OAM is the Iunctional entity Irom which the
network operator monitors and controls the system. The purpose oI operation and support system
is to oIIer support Ior centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that
are required Ior a CDMA network.

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NRATIN A CDMA SINAL

CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64 kbit/sec digital
signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels, modem data, etc.

















F|gure 2: 0|rect 8equence 8pread 8pectrum 8ystem



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Figure 2 shows a simpliIied Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity, the Iigure
shows one channel operating in one direction only.
Signal transmission consists oI the Iollowing steps:
1. A pseudo-random code is generated, diIIerent Ior each channel and each successive
connection.
2. The InIormation data modulates the pseudo-random code (the InIormation data is 'spread).
3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
4. The modulated carrier is ampliIied and broadcast.
Signal reception consists oI the Iollowing steps:
1. The carrier is received and ampliIied.
2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.
3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.
4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.
5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the InIormation data.
















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CDMA CHANNLS


F|gure 3: Tre lorWard ard reverse ||r|s used |r a C0VA crarre|s.

Just when one grasps an understanding oI the CDMA carrier which is 1.25 MHz wide, someone
talks about "traIIic channels" and conIuses the issue. The Iact is that with CDMA, the path by
which voice or data passes is the entire carrier, as described previously.
CDMA traIIic channels are diIIerent: they are dependent on the equipment platIorm, such as
Motorola's SC products, on which the CDMA is implemented. Motorola designates channels
in three ways: eIIective traIIic channels, actual traIIic channels and physical traIIic channels.
The number oI "EIIective" traIIic channels includes the traIIic carrying channels less the
soIt handoII channels. The capacity oI an eIIective traIIic channel is equivalent to the
traIIic carrying capacity oI an analog traIIic channel.

The number oI "Actual" traIIic channels includes the eIIective traIIic channels, plus
channels allocated Ior soIt handoII.

The number oI "Physical" traIIic channels includes the Pilot channels, the Sync channels,
the Paging channels, the SoIt HandoII Overhead channels and the EIIective (voice and
data) traIIic channels.

CDMA uses the terms "Iorward" and "reverse" channels just like they are used in analog
systems. Base transmit equates to the Iorward direction, and base receive is the reverse direction.
("Forward" is what the subscriber hears and "reverse" is what the subscriber speaks.)




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CDMA Forward Channels:

Pilot Channel
The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit to obtain initial system synchronization and to provide
time, Irequency, and phase tracking oI signals Irom the cell site.

Sync Channel
This channel provides cell site identiIication, pilot transmit power, and the cell site pilot pseudo-
random (PN) phase oIIset inIormation. With this inIormation the mobile units can establish the
System Time as well as the proper transmits power level to use to initiate a call.

Paging Channel
The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel aIter it has set its timing to the System
Time provided by the sync channel. Once a mobile unit has been paged and acknowledges that page,
call setup and traIIic channel assignment inIormation is then passed on this channel to the mobile
unit.

Forward Traffic Channel
This channel carries the actual phone call and carries the voice and mobile power control inIormation
Irom the base station to the mobile unit.


CDMA Reverse Channels:

Access Channel
When the mobile unit is not active on a traIIic channel, it will communicate to the base station over
the access channel. This communication includes registration requests, responses to pages, and call
originations. The access channels are paired with a corresponding paging channel.

Reverse Traffic Channel
This channel carries the other halI oI the actual phone call and carries the voice and mobile power
control inIormation Irom the mobile unit to the base station.

Both the Forward and Reverse TraIIic Channels use a similar control structure consisting oI 20
millisecond Irames. For the system, Irames can be sent at either 14400, 9600, 7200, 4800, 3600,
2400, 1800, or 1200 bps.



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MAIN TYPS OF CDMA

i. CDMAON:

This is the older version oI the CDMA technology and now it is now known as cdmaone as well
as IS-95.

ii. CDMA 2000:

We now have cdma2000 and its variants like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO, and MC 3X. The reIer to
variants oI usage oI a 1.25MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel.
This Iirst phase oI cdma2000 - variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X, or just plain 1X - is designed to
double current voice capacity and support always-on data transmission speeds 10 times Iaster
than typically available today, some 153.6 kbps on both the Iorward and reverse links.

iii. CDMA:

Wideband CDMA that Iorms the basis oI 3G networks, Developed originally by Qualcomm,
CDMA is characterized by high capacity and small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme. WCDMA uses 5 MHz bandwidth.









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DIFFRNC BTN SM AND CDMA

In cellular service there are two main competing network technologies: Global System Ior
Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).
O CDMA works by converting speech signals into digital signals, which are then
transmitted over a wireless network and then decoded at the receiver's end. The receiver's
equipment is tuned to identiIy the particular code...

GSM uses a technique called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Using this
technique, it divides the Irequency band or a part oI the electromagnetic spectrum
available with a particular phone company into tiny slots and allots each slot to a
particular caller...

O The main diIIerence between GSM and CDMA is: In GSM, the entire Irequency band is
not available to the end-user, while in CDMA the entire Irequency band is available to
the end-user. So, the Frequency Re-use Iactor is 1 in CDMA.

O In GSM, the entire Irequency band is divided into chunks and each such chunk is divided
into timeslots and each such portion is made available to a user while in CDMA, the
entire Irequency band is available to the user. So, in order to diIIerentiate, the
transmission Irom each user is "spread" or coded using an unique code given to
individual user. At the receiving end, the spread inIormation is decoded.

O CDMA stands Ior Code Division Multiple Access and GSM stands Ior Global system Ior
Mobile Communication. In CDMA phones the soItware is integral with the phone
instrument and in the case oI GSM phones it is through the SIM Card.










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ADVANTAS AND OF CDMA

Advantages:

i. No SIM card is required.

ii. Improved call quality: CDMA provides better and more consistent sound quality than
systems based on other technologies.
iii. Enhanced privacy when compared to systems using other technologies.

iv. Increased talk time and standby time Ior mobiles.

v. They are diIIicult to intercept Ior an unauthorized person.

vi. They are easily hidden. For an unauthorized person, it is diIIicult to ever detect their
presence in many cases.

vii. They are resistant to jamming.

viii. Capacity increases oI 8 to 10 times that oI an AMPS Analog system, and 4 to 5 times
GSM, because oI CDMA`s unique spread spectrum technology.

ix. Many users can share the same carrier Irequency, and without time-sharing. This means
that mobile phone service providers can handle more customers on a CDMA network
than on a GSM network.

x. Improved call quality, with better and more consistent sound , CDMA systems use
precise power controlthat is, the base station sends commands to every mobile phone
currently involved in a call, turning down the power on the nearby ones, and increasing
the power oI those Iurther away. The result is a nice, even noise level across the carrier,
with lower overall power levels and no spiky interIerence.

Disadvantages:

Collision: In general, the collisions at the channel are a disadvantage oI CDMA system and can be
mitigated by careIul selection oI the sequence and power control that is close to perIect.

Roaming: Since most countries have chosen the GSM standard, 'roaming on CDMA is limited.

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APPLICATION OF CDMA TCHNOLOY

Daily applications possible with CDMA

Daily Downloads:
O Ringers
O Characters
O Images
O Horoscopes

Real time stock quotes:
O OI diIIerent stock exchanges

Text Communication:
O Chat
O Instant messaging
O SMS
O E-mail
O Message board
O Member search

Sending photos over the air:
O MMS messages

Position Location Services:
O Navigation assistance
O Friend Iinder

ames and ntertainment:
O Magazine
O Comic book store