Aqueous Humour: Between the iris and the cornea is a space filled with a watery fluid called the

aqueous humour. This has a refractive index of 1.337. The aqueous humour baths both the cornea and the lens. It is constantly replenished by the ciliary body. It drains from the eye through the canal of schlem. Choroid: The choroid lies between the sclera and the retina it provides the blood supply to the eye. The blood supply gives nutrition to the various parts of the eye, just like any other portion of the body. Ciliary body: Just in front of, and continuous with, the choroid is the ciliary body. This is a muscular tissue in the form of a ring, and is roughly triangular in cross-section. The ciliary body has ligaments attached to it. The ligaments are attached to the crystalline lens. The ciliary body controls the tension on these ligaments which in turn alters the power of the lens. The ciliary body also produces aqueous humour. Cornea: The front portion of the sclera has a section that is transparent. This transparent window known as the cornea is attached to the sclera and is the major refractive power of the eye. In other words it is the part of the eye that provides most of its focusing power. Fovea: The centre of the macula; gives the sharpest vision. When we fixate or look directly at an object it is imaged on the fovea. Iris: The iris is in front of the ciliary body. The iris is a muscular and pigmented tissue forming a circular curtain with a hole in the centre. The hole in the centre of the iris is called the pupil. The iris controls the amount of light which enters the eye by changing the pupil's diameter. Macula: The small sensitive area of the retina that gives central vision; contains the fovea. Optic Nerve: The optic nerve connects the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is in the middle of the brain. This is the first connection made by the visual system in the brain. Retina: The retina is made up of transparent, sensory and nervous tissue carrying blood vessels, nerve cells and nerve fibres. At the back of the retina, the nerve fibres all come together and emerge as the optic nerve. The retina lies very close to the choroid (middle coat) but is attached to it only at the optic nerve and the ora serrata (where the retina ends and the ciliary body begins). The nerve endings on the inside of the wall of the retina terminate in light-sensitive cells of two types rods and cones. Rods are used for peripheral vision and night vision. Cones require bright light and provide fine detail and colour vision. The point on the retina where the nerve fibres leave to form the optic nerve is called the optic disc or blind spot.

Sclera: The outside covering of the eye is a protective envelope of leathery connective tissue known as the sclera. This is the white coating on the outside of the eyeball, commonly known as the white of the eye. It completely envelops the globe except at the front of the eye and maintains the shape of the globe. It also provides a firm anchorage for the extra ocular muscles that control the eye's movement. The crystalline lens has several functions: Transparency--to provide a clear medium through which light rays from an object can reach the retina. Optical--to focus a sharp image of an object on the retina. Accommodation--to vary its refractive power, thus providing clear images of objects over a wide range of distances. The dynamic accommodation process maintains a sharp retinal image via a continuous feedback mechanism. Loss of the accommodative function, presbyopia, is considered ``normal'' or ``natural'' in the fifth decade. Anatomic--to create a functional barrier between the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Vitreous Humour: A jelly-like transparent fluid fills the inner chamber of the eye. This fluid is called the vitreous humour and it is contained in a thin membranous sac called the hyaloid membrane (not shown). The fluid of the vitreous humour has a refractive index of 1.337.

STRUCTURE FUNCTION Aqueous humor Vitreous humor Blind spot Ciliary muscles Cornea clear watery fluid found in the anterior chamber of the eye; maintains pressure and nourishes the cornea and lens clear, jelly-like fluid found in the back portion of the eye: maintains shape of the eye and attaches to the retina small area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye: any image falling here will not be seen involuntary muscles that change the lens shape to allow focusing images of objects at different distances transparent tissue covering the front of the eye: does not have blood vessels; does have nerves

Cones Rods Fovea Iris

photoreceptors responsive to color and in bright conditions; used for fine detail photoreceptors responsive in low light conditions; not useful for fine detail central part of the macula that provides sharpest vision; contains only cones circular band of muscles that controls the size of the pupil. The pigmentation of the iris gives "color" to the eye. Blue eyes have the least amount of pigment; brown eyes have the most transparent tissue that bends light passing through the eye: to focus light, the lens can change shape small central area of the retina that provides vision for fine work and reading bundle of over one million axons from ganglion cells that carry visual signals from the eye to the brain hole in the center of the eye where light passes through Thin tissue layer containing blood vessels, sandwiched between the sclera and retina; also, because of the high melanocytes content, the choroid acts as a lightabsorbing layer. layer of tissue on the back portion of the eye that contains cells responsive to light (photoreceptors) tough, white outer covering of the eyeball; extraocular muscles attach here to move the eye

Lens Macula Optic nerve Pupil Choroid

Retina Sclera

The Cornea: The cornea is a round, transparent dome that acts as the outer window of the eye. It is the structure that focuses the light that enters the eye. It comprises five parts. All the parts work together to protect the eye and help in the proper working of the cornea as a whole. The Lens: The lens is that part of the human eye that is located immediately behind the iris. It is transparent, elastic and crystalline. Its role is to focus the light and move towards the retina. The Uvea: The uvea forms the center of the eyeball. It is made up of three parts, choroid, ciliary body and iris. The choroid is a thin membrane that is placed between the outer protective sclera and retina. Its function is to prevent the rays of light from bouncing off on the back side of the eye. Malfunctioning of the choroid may cause the formation of confusing images. The role of ciliary body is to assist in the adjustment of the shape of the lens. The iris is described as a separate part in this section of the article. The Iris: The colored part of the eye is known as iris. It is present in the eye in the form of a thin diaphragm. The iris lies between the cornea and the crystalline lens. The color is due to the presence of a pigment. It is the iris that gives your eyes a particular color. The basic iris colors are blue, green and brown. Majority of humans have varying shades of these colors. It is composed of connective tissues and smooth muscle fibers. The composition of the iris enables it to dilate or contract the pupil, which in turn controls the amount of light that falls on the retina. The Retina: The retina is the innermost layer of the eye. It consists of nerve tissue that senses the light entering the eye. Its function is to send impulses through the optic nerve back to the brain, where it gets translated into the images that we see. There are four types of light-sensitive receptors present in the

retina. These are rods and three different types of cones. Some cones absorb long-wavelength, some absorb middle-wavelength and the rest absorb short-wavelength. The Pupil: The hole in the center of the eye through which the light passes, is called the pupil. The pupil gets bigger and smaller depending on the amount of light falling on the eye. The Optic Nerve: The continuation of the axons of the ganglion cells in the retina is known as the optic nerve. It connects the eye with the brain. The optic nerve emerges from the back of the eye, travels through the skull and stops inside the skull bone. From the skull bone, the nerves move through the lateral geniculate body, the internal capsule and ends up at the back of the brain. This part of the brain is known as visual cortex. It is responsible for receiving information from the eyes and interpreting it. The Sclera: The sclera is the whitish, opaque part of the eye, which is connected to the cornea. Its role is to provide protection and meet the purpose of attachment for the extraocular muscles that enables eye to move. The Vitreous Humor: It is the jelly like substance that is present within the interior chamber behind the lens. It is that part of the human eye whose role is to provide pressure inside the eye and keep it inflated.