The Jeffersonian Era Land Ordinance of 1785 Established a plan for surveying western lands Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Procedure for dividing land into territories 1. Congress would appoint a territorial governor & judges 2. @ 5,000 voting residents, settlers could write temporary state constitution 3. @ 60,000 free inhabitants, settlers could write Congress approved state constitution and granted statehood The Northwest Ordinance (1787) Resulted in the formation of five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin Made slavery illegal in the new territory Impacted education -> as people spread out, leaders wanted to make sure the country maintained a sense of unity and national values

- As a result, a number of states included guaranteed public education in their state constitutions Cultural Nationalism Education -> The Virtuous Citizen An American form of English A well defined American literature - Washington Irving Cultural Nationalism Religious Movements: Deism; Second Great Awakening Noah Webster Key leader of the early education movement in the United States Compiled the first US dictionary that included words and spellings distinct to the US rather than traditional British versions.

Played a major role in forging a national language and helped the nation unify educational standards Ideas A. Jeffersons followers envisioned a society of sturdy, independent farmers 1. favored universal education a. spread Enlightenment ideas 2. limit powers of government B. Reality 1. no education system developed 2. urbanization and economic diversification occurred 3. did manage to limit the power of the government Education A. Education 1. Republicans felt that all white males should get an education 2. Education was done by private institutions a. Only the wealthy could afford b. Religious groups ran many, especially in South 3. Women a. Few women got an education (illiteracy around 50%) b. Idea of Republican Motherhood increased access 1) Mostly to make better wives and mothers c. Some called for more 1) Judith Sargent Murray a) Wrote essay defending womens right to education b) Should have equal opportunity to males

5. Minorities a. Education could be used to reform Native Americans b. Most did not see need to educate African-Americans 1) Were some segregated schools in North 6. Higher Education a. Very few had access to higher education b. Mostly religious studies 1) Ministry was the only field where college was required New Orleans Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure United States trading on the Mississippi River -> sent representatives to negotiate purchase of New Orleans Napoleon not interested at first because he hoped to revitalize French colonial empire in America

Louisiana Purchase (1803) When slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti) revolted and Britain resumed its war with France, Napoleon surprised Jefferson by offering to sell not only New Orleans, but the entire Louisiana region!!! United States largest land purchase, roughly doubling the countrys size Marked a turning point for the new nation economically as it began to pursue prosperity within its own borders rather than from foreign nations

Louisiana Purchase The Lewis And Clark Expedition (1803) Jefferson appointed his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean -> explored much of the Louisiana Territory and beyond Lewis chose William Clark to help him lead the expedition, helped along the way by an Indian guide name Sacajawea Exploration led to the rapid migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest -> the pathway these settlers follow became known as the Oregon Trail

John Marshall and the Supreme Court After the Republican victory of 1800, only power remaining in Federalists hands was control of federal courts John Marshal Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed during the final months of John Adams presidency - Marshals decisions in many landmark cases had the effect of strengthening the central government

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Jefferson wanted to block Federalist judicial appointments made at the last minute by John Adams, known as the Midnight Judges -> ordered Secretary of State James Madison to NOT deliver the appointments William Marbury sued for his commission Ruling: Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789; however, the Judiciary Act itself was unconstitutional. Therefore, the law was unconstitutional, and Marbury could not be given his position

Marbury v. Madison - Importance Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review From this point on, Supreme Court would exercise power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was or was not allowed by the Constitution Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal government

Judicial Impeachments Jefferson supported impeachment as a way of overturning past Federalist measures -> hoped to remove Federalist judges House impeached Samuel Chase, a Supreme Court justice -> Senate acquitted him after finding no evidence of high crimes

Aaron Burr Federalist Conspiracy (1804) secretly formed a political pact with radical New England Federalists and attempted to secede from the Union -> failed (mainly because of Hamilton)

Asked Aaron Burr to be Federalist candidate for governor in 1804 (NY) - Needed New York to secede or plan would fail - Hamilton opposed Burr and accused him of treason Burr lost election and blamed Hamilton Duel with Hamilton (1804) enraged by an insult, challenged him to a duel and fatally shot him Trial for Treason (1806) planned to take Mexico from Spain and unite it with Louisiana with him ruling as Emperor ->Burr arrested and charged with treason; acquitted

Jefferson & Foreign Policy Jefferson tried to avoid war with foreign powers Sought to maintain US neutrality in the face of increasing problems with France & Britain

Barbary Pirates Piracy practiced by the Barbary states on the North African coast -> Washington and Adams had paid tribute to these Pirates to protect U.S. merchants Jefferson sent U.S. naval vessels to the Mediterranean -> did not achieve a decisive victory but offered protection to U.S. trade interests

Challenges to US neutrality France and Britain attempted to blockade each others ports Regularly seized the ships of neutral nations and confiscated their cargoes British impressment continued

Chesapeake-Leopard affair (1807) Off the coast of Virginia, British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake 3 Americans killed and 4 others impressed into British navy Many Americans demanded war -> Jefferson responds with economic sanctions

Embargo Act (1807) Alternative to war with Britain Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port

Backfired! -> embargos effect on the U.S. economy was devastating, especially for New England

Nonintercourse Act (1809) Replaced embargo act Provided that Americans could trade with all nations EXCEPT Britain & France

Macons Bill No. 2 (1810) Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with Britain and France If either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with that nations foe

Napoleons deception Napoleon announced his intention of revoking decrees that had violated U.S. neutral rights -> Madison carried out terms of Macons Bill No. 2 by embargoing Britain Napoleon had no intention of fulfilling his promise -> led to rising tensions with Great Britain

Frontier Pressures Conflict with Native Americans a perennial problem for western settlers Tecumseh and Prophet, a religious leader, attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River - British provided limited aid to Tecumseh Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) General William Henry Harrison crushed Tecumsehs efforts to form an Indian Confederacy - Americans on the frontier blamed British for instigating the rebellion War Hawks Group of young Republicans, many from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio) Known as war hawks because of their eagerness to go to war with Britain Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

War Hawks Goals 1. Defend American honor 2. Gain territory in Canada 3. Destroy Native American resistance on the frontier The War of 1812 Pressures from war-hawk Congress finally persuaded Madison to declare war against Britain June 1812 Divided Nation -> South and West voted for war, North against

Opponents of Mr. Madisons War New England merchants both commercial interests and religious ties to Protestantism made them more sympathetic to the Protestant British than the Catholic French Federalists viewed the war as a Republican scheme to conquer Canada and Florida, with the ultimate aim of increasing Republican voter strength Quids or Old Republicans criticized the war because it violated the classic Republican commitment to limited federal power and to the maintenance of peace

War Strategy Facing Britains overwhelming naval power, Madisons military strategists came up with a two part plan for victory:

1. Napoleons continued success in Europe 2. U.S. land invasion of Canada Invasion of Canada Three part invasion easily repulsed by the British defenders Encouraged further retaliation by the British

Naval Battles U.S. warship Constitution (nicknamed Old Ironsides) raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia

British navy established blockades -> crippled trading and fishing

Chesapeake campaign (1814) Napoleon defeated in Europe -> British increase forces in North America Summer 1814 British army marched through Washington D.C. and set fire to the White House and the Capitol British also attempted to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out after a nights bombardment - witnessed by Francis Scott Key who memorializes the battle in

The Star Spangled Banner Southern Campaign Southern troops commanded by General Andrew Jackson Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814) defeated important British ally the Creek Indian nation Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) Jackson deterred British attempt to control the Mississippi River

- impressive victory, but was fought two weeks after a treaty ending the war had been signed in Ghent, Belgium The Treaty of Ghent (1814) Halted the fighting Returned all conquered territory to prewar claimant Recognized prewar boundary between Canada and the United States Failed to address impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences

*** Basically, the war ended in a stalemate with no gain on either side!!! The Hartford Convention (1814) Before war ended, New England states came close to seceding from the Union Bitterly opposed to both the war and the Republican government in Washington, radical Federalists called a special convention in Hartford, Connecticut to vote on secession Delegates from New England states rejected secession, but adopted the proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses should be necessary for any future declaration of war

News of Jacksons victory in New Orleans + The Treaty of Ghent ended criticism of the war and further weakened the Federalists, now labeled unpatriotic

The Legacy of the War of 1812 1. Having survived two wars with Great Britain, the U.S. gained respect of other nations 2. U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British empire 3. Federalist party came to an end as a force in national politics 4. Talk of nullification and secession set a precedent that would later be used by the South The Legacy of the War of 1812 5. Abandoned by British allies, Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land to white settlement 6. As European goods became unavailable due to British naval blockades, more U.S. factories were built 7. War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would soon be in the forefront of a new generation of political leaders 8. As a result of the war, there was a strong feeling of American nationalism and also a growing belief that the future of the United States lay in the West and away from Europe