Electrolysis in Molten state

Electrolysis in Aqueous state

1. Molten Lead Bromide contains Lead ion and Bromide ions. 2. Lead ions attracted at cathode. Bromide ions attracted at anode. 3. Lead receives two electrons to form Lead metal. Pb2+ + 2e = Pb. Hence, Grey precipitate is deposited. 4. Bromide ions attracted at cathode. Bromide donates two electrons to form Bromine gas. 2Br- = Br2 + 2e. Hence, Bromine gas is produced at cathode.

1. Copper(II) Sulphate contains Copper(II) ions, Sulphate ions, Hydroxide ions and Hydrogen ions. 2. Copper(II) ions and Hydrogen ions will be attracted at cathode. Copper(II) ions will be selectively discharged because the position of copper in the Electrochemical series is lower than Hydrogen. 3. Sulphate ions and Hydroxide ions will be attracted to the anode. The Hydroxide ions will be selectively discharged because the position of hydroxide ions in the electrochemical series is lower than Sulphate ions. 4. Cu2+ + 2e = Cu 5. 4OH- = 2H2O + O2 + 4e 6. Full equation : Cu2+ + 4OH- = 2CU + 2H2O + O2 7. The product at cathode is deposition of copper metal while at anode is effervescence of oxygen gas. 8. For confirmatory test, effervescence of oxygen gas is tested with glowing wooden splinter; a rekindle of wooden splinter is obtained for several seconds.

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Arrangement of Cations in Electrochemical Series

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au

+ + 2+ 2+ + 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + 2+ 2+ 2+ +

Increasing ability to discharge

Extraction of Aluminium from Aluminium Oxide

2. The electrolyte is made of copperdissolving solution such as Copper(II) sulphate. 3. At anode, Copper will dissolve to form Copper ions. Cu = Cu2+ + 2e 4. At cathode, Copper ions will ionize and accept two electron to form Copper. Cu2+ + 2e = Cu 5. The pure Copper will become thicker and the impure Copper will become thinner.

1. Alimunium oxide (Al2O3) is dissolved into melted cryolite (Na3AlF6) 2. The process lower the melting point of C. 3. The electrode are made of graphite. 4. In molten state, Aluminium oxide will dissociate into Al3+ ions and O2- ions. 5. Al2O3 = 2Al3+ + 3O26. At cathode, 4Al3+ + 12e = 4Al 7. At anode, 6O2- = 302 + 12e 8. The aluminium metal is siphoned to the ground and Oxygen gas will be formed.

Electroplating (coating) of Nickel with Silver

Purification of Metal

1. The pure copper is placed at cathode and impure copper is placed at anode.

1. Silver is placed at anode while a nickel material ( jug, etc.) is placed at cathode. 2. The solution is made form silverdissolving solution such as Silver nitrate. 3. At anode, the Silver dissolves to form Silver ions. Ag = Ag+ + e 4. At cathode, the Silver ions ionizes and accept electron to form Silver metal. Ag+ + e = Ag 5. The formation of Silver metal will electroplate (coat) the Nickel material. 6. The thicken of Silver will be stopped until its thick enough.

C kg F ys M

-Enhancing Technique

Insoluble Ca2+ Ba2+ Pb2+ Ag+ Co3IBrClSO42-

Soluble Ammonium Na+ K+ NO3-

Substitution + Cl2

Chloroalkane
Alkane

Hydrogenation + H2

CnH2n+1 Cracking

Alkene
Dehydration Al2O3 , H2SO4, H3PO4 CnH2n Hydration + H2O

Alcohol
CnH2n+1OH Oxidation Potassium Dichromate, Potassium Manganate(VII)

Esterification Concentrated H2SO4

Carboxylic Acid
CnH2n+1COOH

Ester