1 WhaL ls ecommerce descrlbe Lhe slgnlflcance of ecommerce? WrlLe any 3 uses of ecommerce?

LlecLronlc Commerce (eCommerce) ls Lhe acL of dolng buslness elecLronlcally 1hls means LhaL all your LransacLlons
are paperless and you use elecLronlc means such as Lul (elecLronlc daLa lnLerchange) elecLronlc mall bulleLln
boards fax Lransmlsslons elecLronlc fund Lransfers and Lhe lnLerneL
1he lnLerneL Lechnology progresslon has made lL very easler for buyers and sellers Lo do onllne LransacLlons 1he
lnLerneL Lechnology has Lurn ouL Lo be a wlnwln slLuaLlon for boLh Lhe buyers and sellers CLher Lhan buslness
lnLerneL provldes lnformaLlon and has broken down compllcaLed communlcaLlon barrlers
1he L Commerce ls Lhe dlvlslon of elecLronlc buslness and ls Lhe procedure of purchaslng or selllng over lnLerneL
ln prevlous days e commerce was malnly for LlecLronlc lund 1ransfer (Ll1) and LlecLronlc uaLa lnLerchange (Lul)
buL wlLh Lhe developmenL of e commerce lL has now many funcLlons Lo operaLe
Lcommerce deals wlLh all Lhe money relaLed aspecLs of a buslness llke purchase and sale of goods preparlng
flnanclal sLaLemenLs of Lhe buslness and preparlng fuLure flnanclal goals Lcommerce uses lnLerneL Lools and
sofLware's Lo calculaLe and compuLe flnanclal maLLers of a buslness uslng Lhe lC1 whlch sLands for lnformaLlon
and CommunlcaLlon Lechnology ecommerce helps ln beLLer organlzaLlon of flnances of Lhe companles lncludlng
maLLers relaLlng Lo Lrade of goods and servlces SofLware's help ln accuraLe preparaLlon of flnanclal documenLs and
also save a loL of Llme for Lhe company Lcommerce slmpllfles Lhe whole Lask of bookkeeplng All Lhe execuLlves
have Lo do ls feed accuraLe daLa lnLo Lhe ecommerce sofLware and Lhen analyze Lhe obLalned resulLs 1hls way Lhe
flnal reporLs are more organlzed and accuraLe lL becomes very easy for an ebuslnessman Lo make and recelve
paymenLs lnsLanLly 1he long walL for cheques can be goLLen rld of uslng ecommerce Lcommerce deals wlLh
conLacLlng wholesalers and reLallers Lo recelve goods Lo be sold 1he faclllLy of onllne LransacLlons slmpllfles Lhls
process slnce mosL of Lhe wholesalers and reLallers are llsLed ln Lhe onllne classlfled slLes Looklng up ln Lhe onllne
dlrecLory and conLacLlng Lhe seller onllne ls a loL easler Lhan searchlng for wholesalers physlcally Lcommerce also
makes lL easy for cusLomers Lo purchase cloLhes from onllne sLores
L commerce as Lhe name suggesLs ls for onllne Lradlng and lL malnly focuses Lhe followlng areas
1) 8uslness Lo 8uslness (828)1hls ls a way ln whlch a company deals wlLh anoLher company for Lrade
exchanglng producLs eLc
2) 8uslness Lo CusLomer (82C)ls one where Lhe buslness Lrades lLs producLs Lo Lhe cusLomer wlLh Lhe
cusLomers 1hls ls elecLronlc LransacLlon and called as eLalllng ln general Cne of Lhe greaLesL examples ls
amazoncom
3) ConsumerLo8uslness (C28) ls when a cusLomer works for some organlzaLlon for Lrade and Lhe company
buys lL here Lhe consumer has Lo seL prlce Lhe Lrade Lxample ls prlcellnecom
4) Consumer Lo consumer (C2C) where a consumer seLs bld and oLher buys lL Pere Lhe webslLes acLs an
brldge for Lhe buslness Lxample for such slLes ls e8ay
L commerce |mproves the eff|c|ency of customer based trade transact|ons
Lcommerce slmpllfles Lhe Lask of deallng wlLh flnance LransacLlons wlLh Lhe cusLomers and Lhus paves way for
provldlng a beLLer cusLomer servlce Lcommerce compuLes cusLomer bllls and recelpLs elecLronlcally and sends lL
Lo Lhe cusLomers vla an elecLronlc medlum 8ecepLlons of cusLomer orders are also more efflclenLly dealL uslng
elecLronlc communlcaLlon and lnformaLlon servlces ulspaLch of lnLernaLlonal orders and bllls ls a loL more efflclenL
when an ebuslness uses ecommerce
L commerce s|mp||f|es the funct|ons of estores
Cnllne sLores are one klnd of ebuslness LhaL deals purely wlLh Lrade of goods and servlces lor such slLes e
commerce ls of greaL help Conslderlng Lhe volume of selllng and buylng LransacLlons LhaL Lake place every day on
an onllne sLore lL becomes lmperaLlve LhaL an onllne buslness uses accuraLe and qulcker means of preparlng
recelpLs and Lrade sLaLemenLs ln order Lo avold confuslon and mlx up beLween Lwo LransacLlons CollecLlng orders
from cusLomers and supplylng producLs geLs slmpllfled wlLh Lhe use of ecommerce
1 LxplolLaLlon of new 8uslness
8roadly speaklng elecLronlc commerce emphaslzes Lhe generaLlon and explolLaLlon of new buslness opporLunlLles
and Lo use popular phrases generaLe buslness value" or do more wlLh less"
2 Lnabllng Lhe CusLomers
LlecLronlc Commerce ls enabllng Lhe cusLomer Lo have an lncreaslng say ln whaL producLs are made how producLs
are made and how servlces are dellvered (movemenL from a slow order fulflllmenL process wlLh llLLle
undersLandlng of whaL ls Laklng place lnslde Lhe flrm Lo a fasLer and rL1ore open process wlLh cusLomers havlng
greaLer conLrol
3 lmprovemenL of 8uslness 1ransacLlon
LlecLronlc Commerce endeavors Lo lmprove Lhe execuLlon of buslness LransacLlon over varlous neLworks
4 LffecLlve erformance
lL leads Lo more effecLlve performance le beLLer quallLy greaLer cusLomer saLlsfacLlon and beLLer corporaLe
declslon maklng
3 CreaLer Lconomlc Lfflclency
We may achleve greaLer economlc efflclency (lower cosL) and more rapld exchange (hlgh speed acceleraLed or
realLlme lnLeracLlon) wlLh Lhe help of elecLronlc commerce
6 LxecuLlon of lnformaLlon
lL enables Lhe execuLlon of lnformaLlonladen LransacLlons beLween Lwo ore more parLles uslng lnLer connecLed
neLworks 1hese neLworks can be a comblnaLlon of 'plaln old Lelephone sysLem' (C1S) Cable 1v leased llnes and
wlreless lnformaLlon based LransacLlons are creaLlng new ways of dolng buslness and even new Lypes of buslness
7 lncorporaLlng 1ransacLlon
LlecLronlc Commerce also lnco11oraLes LransacLlon managemenL whlch organlzes rouLes processes and Lracks
LransacLlons lL also lncludes consumers maklng elecLronlc paymenLs and funds Lransfers
8 lncreaslng of 8evenue
llrm use Lechnology Lo elLher lower operaLlng cosLs or lncrease revenue LlecLronlc Commerce has Lhe oLenLlal Lo
lncrease revenue by creaLlng new markeLs for old producLs creaLlng new lnformaLlonbased producLs and
esLabllshlng new servlce dellvery channels Lo beLLer serve and lnLeracL wlLh cusLomers 1he LransacLlon
managemenL aspecL of elecLronlc commerce can also enable flrms Lo reduce operaLlng cosLs by enabllng beLLer
coordlnaLlon ln Lhe sales producLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon processes and Lo consolldaLe operaLlons arld reduce
overhead
8educLlon of lrlcLlon
LlecLronlc Commerce research and lLs assoclaLed lmplemenLaLlons ls Lo reduce Lhe frlcLlon" ln on llne LransacLlons
frlcLlons ls ofLen descrlbed ln economlcs as LransacLlon cosL lL can arlse from lnefflclenL markeL sLrucLures and
lnefflclenL comblnaLlons of Lhe Lechnologlcal acLlvlLles requlred Lo make a LransacLlon ulLlmaLely Lhe reducLlon of
frlcLlon ln onllne commerce wlll enable smooLher LransacLlon beLween buyers lnLermedlarles and sellers
10 laclllLaLlng of neLwork lorm
LlecLronlc Commerce ls also lmpacLlng buslness Lo buslness lnLeracLlons lL faclllLaLes Lhe neLwork form of
organlzaLlon where small flexlble flrms rely on oLher parLner companles for componenL supplles and producL
dlsLrlbuLlon Lo meeL changlng cusLomer demand more effecLlvely Pence an end Lo end relaLlonshlp managemenL
soluLlon ls a deslrable goal LhaL ls needed Lo manage Lhe chaln of neLworks llnklng cusLomers workers suppllers
dlsLrlbuLors and even compeLlLors 1he managemenL of onllne LransacLlons ln Lhe supply chaln assumes a cenLral
roll
11 laclllLaLlng for CrganlzaLlonal Model
lL ls faclllLaLlng an organlzaLlonal model LhaL ls fundamenLally dlfferenL from Lhe pasL lL ls a conLrol organlzaLlon Lo
Lhe lnformaLlon based organlzaLlon 1he emerglng forms of LechnoorganlzaLlonal sLrucLure lnvolve changes ln
managerlal responslblllLles communlcaLlon and lnformaLlon flows and work group sLrucLures

2 LlsL Lhe merlLs of onllne buslness?
1he only Lhlng LhaL connecLs people across Lhe globe ls Lhe lnLerneL Well whaLs beLLer Lhan sLarLlng an onllne
buslness and maklng your presence felL globally? 8uL lf you are noL sure abouL sLarLlng an onllne buslness Lhlnk
fasL and Lhlnk smarL AparL from belng an effecLlve markeLlng sLraLegy lL has many oLher advanLages as well 8ead
on Lo flnd ouL more abouL Lhls as a career opLlon
CosL LfflclenL
lf you sLarL an onllne buslness you requlre mlnlmum lnvesLmenL and llmlLed sLarL up Llme 1hls means LhaL you can
sLarL your work almosL lmmedlaLely 8uL be sure LhaL whaLever servlces you offer onllne musL be of a very good
quallLy and musL also be useful for Lhe end user Also all you need Lo pay ls Lhe amounL for your sysLem and for Lhe
lnLerneL connecLlon 1herefore lL ls a very lnexpenslve way of communlcaLlon
CreaL MarkeLlng 1ool
Slnce more Lhan half Lhe world depends upon Lhe lnLerneL for answers Lo hundreds of Lhelr quesLlons lnLerneL
proves Lo be an efflclenL markeLlng Lool Also lL ls qulLe a powerful medlum as Lhe mlndseL of Lhe people ls such
LhaL Lhey usually belleve Lhlngs glven on Lhe lnLerneL and ls Lhere any need Lo menLlon LhaL lL ls one of Lhe fasLesL
means of global communlcaLlon
LnvlronmenL lrlendly
AnoLher advanLage of an onllne buslness ls LhaL lL ls an envlronmenL frlendly way of runnlng an enLerprlse ?ou do
noL need Lhe fuel Lo go anywhere you do noL use paper hence no cuLLlng of Lrees and no nolse polluLlon elLher
?ou can keep all your records ln your sysLem and keep a record of your communlcaLlon wlLh your cusLomers as
well
Avolds Cfflce Lxpenses
?ou do noL need Lo spend money and Llme on consLrucLlng an offlce or spend hours ln Lrafflc ?ou can work from
your home qulLe convenlenLly and aL your own pace Slnce Lhere ls no runnlng around you can acLually Lake a
breaLher once ln a whlle and en[oy yourself
?ou 8ecome A Clobal rofesslonal
An onllne buslness ls a slgn of professlonallsm and maklng your presence noLlced across Lhe world 1he besL parL ls
LhaL you may noL be requlred 24/7 buL slnce you run an onllne buslness your work ls on dlsplay every Llme and
everywhere for everyone

3 WhaL do you mean by web deslgn?
Web deslgnlng ls Lhe deslgn of web pages webslLes and web appllcaLlons lL ls Lhe compleLe web page ouLlay whlch
ls vlslble Lo Lhe vlewer lL ls a medlum used by companles Lo promoLe Lhelr buslness and corporaLe agencles Lo
markeL several producLs Lo Lhe cusLomers lL ls slmply llke flne arL creaLlve arL of deslgner

Web slLe ls a collecLlon of number of web pages lL ls very necessary LhaL Lhere ls a dlrecL llnk beLween each
documenLs loaded on Lhe web slLe so LhaL Lhe vlewer can have access Lo all Lhe pages ln oLher words we can say
web slLe ls a blgger plcLure of web pages

1he Lask of web deslgner ls Lo comblne Lhe graphlc LexLual and oLher elemenLs of a slLe Lo creaLe an appeallng
layouL 1hey exhlblL Lhelr passlon for creaLlvlLy 1hey love Lo be provoked wlLh new web slLe deslgn ldeas and
deslgns Web ueslgnlng ls Lhe process by whlch web deslgner make vlslLors able Lo access Lhe web pages aL one
plaLform wlLh several lmages LexLs llnks graphlcs eLc
uescrlbes Lhe Lasks of deslgnlng P1ML drlven web pages Lo be dlsplayed over Lhe World Wlde Web Web deslgn
encompasses a number of lmporLanL elemenLs lncludlng color layouL and overall graphlcal appearance Web
deslgners conslder Lhe slLes audlence funcLlon and Lrafflc Lo speclflc secLlons when decldlng deslgns
8 sLeps of web slLe deslgnlng
1 LayouL Lhe layouL of your slLe ls lmporLanL lL ls lmporLanL Lo keep your background whlLe and leLLerlng black
Lhls makes lL easler Lo read for your vlslLors
2 user lrlendly your slLe also needs Lo be user frlendly Lhls slmply means LhaL when someone comes Lo your
webslLe Lhey wlll be able Lo flnd Lhlngs easlly wlLhouL havlng Lo second guess llnks and buLLons
3 ConLenL Lhe foundaLlon of your webslLe and success ls your conLenL you need Lo Lake exLra credlL when lL
comes Lo wrlLlng conLenL for your web slLe deslgnlng Also Lry Lo keep lL lnLeresLlng and lnformaLlve Lo keep your
cusLomers comlng back Lo learn more ?ou should always have a way for people Lo opL lnLo for a free reporL or
e8ook so you can capLure Lhelr lnformaLlon and sLarL bulldlng a llsL
4 Search Lnglne CpLlmlzaLlon lL ls lmporLanL LhaL your slLe be search englne frlendly by uslng keyword research
and lmplemenLlng keywords ln approprlaLe places
3 MeLa 1ags Lhese Lags are lnvlslble Lo Lhe normal vlewer buL are essenLlal Lo helplng you rank wlLh search
englnes lL ls lmporLanL you know whaL your meLa Lags are and uslng Lhem wlsely
6 uomaln name chooslng a domaln name can mean Lhe dlfference beLween success or fallure wlLh your webslLe
Chooslng Lhe wrong domaln name can deflnlLely hurL you lor example lf you were web slLe deslgnlng for dogs you
wouldnL wanL a domaln name referrlng Lo cars
7 SlLemap puLLlng a slLemap on your web slLe ls always a good ldea as lL helps wlLh search englnes Lo flnd you lL
also can make flndlng Lhlngs on your slLe easler for your cusLomers ?ou can do Lhls a few dlfferenL ways you can
llsL all your pages on your slLemap or you can puL some arLlcles relaLlng Lo your webslLe elLher way lL ls a good
ldea Lo puL a slLemap on your webslLe
8 SupporL lf your webslLe wlll have cusLomers you need Lo conslder seLLlng up a professlonal supporL sysLem so
cusLomers can easlly conLacL you or your sLaff wlLh Lhelr quesLlons boLh before a sale and afLer a sale
4 Pow wlll you moderaLe onllne meeLlngs?

Online forums have become a vast discussion tool for internet users all over the world. Their scale of growth also brought
problems such as derailing, irrelevant comments, trolls, flame wars, disturbances and spam. Moderators are an important aspect
of keeping online discussion communities clean, relevant and enjoyable.
The role of an online moderator involves policing and enforcing forum rules and policies. Depending on the message board,
moderators are given certain powers to modify or delete posts and to suspend or ban non-complying members. t's an intricate
juggling act involving many facets from lending a helping hand to members in need to maintaining order within the community.
How to moderate OnIine Forums without confIict?
t's a moderator's duty to remove non-complying posts or comments and to delete or suspend members involved in spamming.
Whilst it's important to weed out spammers, there can be instances of unintentional breach. Pedantic or obsessive moderation
can be worse than no moderation whatsoever.
A member may feel alienated or picked on when they see their post or account deleted without any conceivable reason. You may
not have the opportunity to explain your reasoning if the member decides not to take up the issue and simply leaves the message
board. Don't forget it's the members who make a quality forum.
When shouId you take action and how?
f you find an inappropriate comment, contact the member direct (don't embarrass them in front of their peers), explain or point
them to the relevant rule and allow the member to remove the comment themselves. They will appreciate being treated as a
valued user.
f the comment needs immediate deleting, go ahead and delete it yourself. Advise the member of your actions and the reasoning
behind them. Even issue a warning if the breach is serious. Before deleting the member's account, it would be wise to provide
them with some form of forewarning and reasoning. The member may alert you to some form of explanation for their behavior or
even apologize. f they continue to disregard your warning, then it's morally acceptable to delete them. You've done all you can to
caution the user albeit their indiscretion to keep breaking rules.
Prior notification and communicating with these members is a way to keep things civil. t will also save you a lot of unnecessary
vile comments being placed on blogs and other online discussion sites. t's all about good communication.
Being impartiaI when moderating onIine forums
t's not a sufficient reason to delete posts or comments simply because you disagree with the poster's opinion. Forums are all
about free expression of opinion. Members will soon start ostracizing the forum if they can't legitimately express their view albeit
different from yours.
f it's the site owner's policy to delete opinions which differ from the majority, then its members will realize the forum is not
objective and not worth contributing to. Differences in opinion are what spark the controversy and conversation essential to
content rich, entertaining, relevant and informative posts.
Site owners must be specific in their policies and training manuals. Moderators should know exactly what's expected of them and
how to enforce rules. Disallowing different opinions is certainly not a good policy to have. Moderators should also be given the
power to edit posts as well as delete them.
Knowing the Forum Rules
For a moderator, there's nothing worse than being corrected by members. Before starting your role, read the forum rules over and
over. Memorize them. The first few times you need to enforce a rule, refer back to them and even quote by copying and pasting
the relevant rule if you have to. Misinterpreting or misquoting a rule can be disastrous and will make members lose respect for
you.
$taying part of the onIine forum community
Members like to become friendly with the moderators, especially when they're approachable and get involved beyond their duties.
You can be pleasant and firm at the same time. Make sure to check in regularly. You don't need to stay for hours to keep up your
presence. Make an impact on the members, get to know them and have fun being there. Try to find a forum site that interests you.
t will be all the more interesting and fulfilling, making your job easier.
Moderating can be stressful at times, but being involved in an online community can also be rewarding if done properly. Follow
these guidelines and you will be respected. Don't let the bad apples deter you.

Why forum moderation is necessary
f you don't moderate your forum, it is likely to be overwhelmed with spam this is the primary reason why
ensure all the forums run have some degree of moderation.
Many feel moderation is in place to prevent arguments and abuse between members don't disagree with
this view; feel it's an important role but one that should come secondary to dealing with forum spammers.
Spam and abusive posts are detrimental to your online community you must moderate your forums to prevent
irreversible damage from taking place.
Why moderation shouId be taken seriousIy
Many forum administrators will often delete comments they disagree with, or members they suspect of
spamming, then think nothing else of it. This is a mistake.
Forum moderation, if done incorrectly, can be worse than having no moderation at all. Over-zealous
moderation can result in members ending up feeling alienated and angry when they find their posts or accounts
deleted for no understandable reason.
A community relies on its members before you take decisive action against yours, make sure you are making
the right decision.
How to avoid confIict when moderating
As have said before, it is essential that your online community has a set of rules or guidelines for your
members to follow.
Before you have to take action against a member, you should always contact them and try to get them to
remove or edit the post themselves by referring them to the rule you feel they have broken.
n this way, you are making your site user feel far more valued on a personal level this is far preferable to the
member simply returning one day to find their post(s) or account deleted.
The key to effective forum moderation
n my opinion, the key to effective forum moderation is the 'laissez-faire' approach. You should only edit the
accounts or posts of your members as a last resort.
f you are unhappy with any content they have created, speak directly and confidentially to that person.
This way, you will not end up alienating your community they will respect you far more as a moderator and
will feel far more valued as a member of your community.

3 WhaL ls open hardware?
Cpen Pardware ls an exLenslon of Lhe Cpen Source sofLware phllosophy Lo hardware deslgns 1he ldeal of Cpen
Pardware ls Lhe ablllLy Lo use copy dlsLrlbuLe sLudy change and lmprove a hardware pro[ecL Cpen (source)
hardware ls a llcenslng agreemenL for elecLromechanlcal pro[ecLs 1haL ls Lo say elecLronlcs and roboLlcs and oLher
mechanlcal pro[ecLs are open hardware lf Lhey are documenLed and publlshed under an open hardware llcense An
open hardware llcense ls baslcally an agreemenL by Lhe auLhor(s) of Lhe work LhaL allows oLher people Lo use LhaL
work for free wlLhouL paylng royalLles llcenslng fees eLc as long as cerLaln consLralnLs are followed 1he mosL
common consLralnLs are aLLrlbuLlon requlremenLs for example requlrlng anybody who uses Lhe work Lo place Lhe
name of Lhe orlglnal auLhor(s) promlnenLly on Lhe flnal pro[ecL AnoLher common consLralnL ls shareallke LhaL
means LhaL any derlvaLlve work musL be released under a slmllar llcense
1he dlsLrlbuLlon Lerms of Cpen Source Pardware musL comply wlLh Lhe followlng crlLerla
ocumentat|on
1he hardware musL be released wlLh documenLaLlon lncludlng deslgn flles and musL allow modlflcaLlon and
dlsLrlbuLlon of Lhe deslgn flles
Scope
1he documenLaLlon for Lhe hardware musL clearly speclfy whaL porLlon of Lhe deslgn lf noL all ls belng released
under Lhe llcense
-ecessary Software
lf Lhe llcensed deslgn requlres sofLware embedded or oLherwlse Lo operaLe properly and fulflll lLs essenLlal
funcLlons Lhen Lhe llcense may requlre LhaL one of Lhe followlng condlLlons are meL
a) 1he lnLerfaces are sufflclenLly documenLed such LhaL lL could reasonably be consldered sLralghLforward Lo wrlLe
open source sofLware LhaL allows Lhe devlce Lo operaLe properly and fulflll lLs essenLlal funcLlons
b) 1he necessary sofLware ls released under an CSlapproved open source llcense
er|ved Works
1he llcense shall allow modlflcaLlons and derlved works and shall allow Lhem Lo be dlsLrlbuLed under Lhe same
Lerms as Lhe llcense of Lhe orlglnal work
Iree red|str|but|on
1he llcense shall noL resLrlcL any parLy from selllng or glvlng away Lhe pro[ecL documenLaLlon 1he llcense shall noL
requlre a royalLy or oLher fee for such sale 1he llcense shall noL requlre any royalLy or fee relaLed Lo Lhe sale of
derlved works
Attr|but|on
1he llcense may requlre derlved documenLs and copyrlghL noLlces assoclaLed wlLh devlces Lo provlde aLLrlbuLlon
Lo Lhe llcensors when dlsLrlbuLlng deslgn flles manufacLured producLs and/or derlvaLlves Lhereof
-o |scr|m|nat|on aga|nst ersons or Groups
1he llcense musL noL dlscrlmlnaLe agalnsL any person or group of persons
-o |scr|m|nat|on aga|nst I|e|ds of Lndeavor
1he llcense musL noL resLrlcL anyone from maklng use of Lhe work (lncludlng manufacLured hardware) ln a speclflc
fleld of endeavor
|str|but|on of L|cense
1he rlghLs granLed by Lhe llcense musL apply Lo all Lo whom Lhe work ls redlsLrlbuLed wlLhouL Lhe need for
execuLlon of an addlLlonal llcense by Lhose parLles
L|cense Must -ot 8e Spec|f|c to a roduct
1he rlghLs granLed by Lhe llcense musL noL depend on Lhe llcensed work belng parL of a parLlcular producL lf a
porLlon ls exLracLed from a work and used or dlsLrlbuLed wlLhln Lhe Lerms of Lhe llcense all parLles Lo whom LhaL
work ls redlsLrlbuLed should have Lhe same rlghLs as Lhose LhaL are granLed for Lhe orlglnal work
L|cense Must -ot kestr|ct Cther nardware or Software
1he llcense musL noL place resLrlcLlons on oLher lLems LhaL are aggregaLed wlLh Lhe llcensed work buL noL derlvaLlve
of lL lor example Lhe llcense musL noL lnslsL LhaL all oLher hardware sold wlLh Lhe llcensed lLem be open source
nor LhaL only open source sofLware be used exLernal Lo Lhe devlce
L|cense Must 8e 1echno|ogy-eutra|
no provlslon of Lhe llcense may be predlcaLed on any lndlvldual Lechnology speclflc parL or componenL maLerlal
or sLyle of lnLerface or use

6 LlsL Lhe merlLs of open source pro[ecLs?
Cpen source doesnL [usL mean access Lo Lhe source code 1he dlsLrlbuLlon Lerms of opensource sofLware musL
comply wlLh Lhe followlng crlLerla
Iree ked|str|but|on
1he llcense shall noL resLrlcL any parLy from selllng or glvlng away Lhe sofLware as a componenL of an aggregaLe
sofLware dlsLrlbuLlon conLalnlng programs from several dlfferenL sources 1he llcense shall noL requlre a royalLy or
oLher fee for such sale
Source Code
1he program musL lnclude source code and musL allow dlsLrlbuLlon ln source code as well as complled form 1he
source code musL be Lhe preferred form ln whlch a programmer would modlfy Lhe program uellberaLely unclear or
confuslng source code ls noL allowed
er|ved Works
1he llcense musL allow modlflcaLlons and derlved works and musL allow Lhem Lo be dlsLrlbuLed under Lhe same
Lerms as Lhe llcense of Lhe orlglnal sofLware
-o |scr|m|nat|on aga|nst ersons or Groups
1he llcense musL noL dlscrlmlnaLe agalnsL any person or group of persons
-o |scr|m|nat|on aga|nst I|e|ds of Lndeavor
1he llcense musL noL resLrlcL anyone from maklng use of Lhe program ln a speclflc fleld of endeavor lor example lL
may noL resLrlcL Lhe program from belng used ln a buslness or from belng used for geneLlc research
|str|but|on of L|cense
1he rlghLs aLLached Lo Lhe program musL apply Lo all Lo whom Lhe program ls redlsLrlbuLed wlLhouL Lhe need for
execuLlon of an addlLlonal llcense by Lhose parLles
Advantages of Cpen source software
O 1he avallablllLy of Lhe source code and Lhe rlghL Lo modlfy lL ls very lmporLanL
O 1he rlghL Lo redlsLrlbuLe modlflcaLlons and lmprovemenLs Lo Lhe code
O 1here ls no one wlLh Lhe power Lo resLrlcL ln a unllaLeral way how Lhe sofLware ls used
O 1here ls no slngle enLlLy on whlch Lhe fuLure of Lhe sofLware depends
O 1here ls always Lhe posslblllLy of ``forklng or creaLlng an alLernaLlve code base lf Lhe currenL one ls ln
some way percelved as wrongly managed
O no percopy fees can be asked for modlfled verslons
O 1here are fewer confllcLlng prlorlLles due Lo markeLlng pressures
O 8ug deLecLlon and correcLlon WlLh more people vlewlng your code from more dlverse backgrounds bugs
wlll be found and flxed fasLer

|sadvantages
O Disclosure of trade secrets.
O oss of revenue through traditional sales.
O Confuslon because of Lhe nameless myrlad of people worklng and releaslng new verslons of Lhe sofLware


7 WhaL ls search englne and porLal? Clve examples?
A program LhaL searches documenLs for speclfled keywords and reLurns a llsL of Lhe documenLs where Lhe
keywords were found AlLhough search englne ls really a general class of programs Lhe Lerm ls ofLen used Lo
speclflcally descrlbe sysLems llke Coogle AlLa vlsLa and LxclLe LhaL enable users Lo search for documenLs on
Lhe World Wlde Web and uSLnL1 newsgroups
1yplcally a search englne works by sendlng ouL a splder Lo feLch as many documenLs as posslble AnoLher program
called an lndexer Lhen reads Lhese documenLs and creaLes an lndex based on Lhe words conLalned ln each
documenL Lach search englne uses a proprleLary algorlLhm Lo creaLe lLs lndlces such LhaL ldeally only meanlngful
resulLs are reLurned for each query and allows users Lo look for words or comblnaLlons of words found ln LhaL
lndex
O 1o flnd lnformaLlon on Lhe hundreds of mllllons of Web pages LhaL exlsL a search englne employs speclal
sofLware roboLs called splders Lo bulld llsLs of Lhe words found on Web slLes When a splder ls bulldlng lLs llsLs
Lhe process ls called Web crawllng
O AfLer web crawllng Lhe lnformaLlon gaLhered are sLored and lndexed 1o make for more useful resulLs mosL
search englnes sLore more Lhan [usL Lhe word and u8L An englne mlghL sLore Lhe number of Llmes LhaL Lhe
word appears on a page 1he englne mlghL asslgn a welghL Lo each enLry wlLh lncreaslng values asslgned Lo
words as Lhey appear near Lhe Lop of Lhe documenL ln subheadlngs ln llnks ln Lhe meLa Lags or ln Lhe LlLle of
Lhe page Lach commerclal search englne has a dlfferenL formula for asslgnlng welghL Lo Lhe words ln lLs lndex
1hls ls one of Lhe reasons LhaL a search for Lhe same word on dlfferenL search englnes wlll produce dlfferenL
llsLs wlLh Lhe pages presenLed ln dlfferenL orders
O AfLer Lhe lnformaLlon ls compacLed lLs ready for lndexlng An lndex has a slngle purpose lL allows lnformaLlon
Lo be found as qulckly as posslble
O 1he search englne sofLware or program ls Lhe flnal parL When a person requesLs a search on a keyword or
phrase Lhe search englne sofLware searches Lhe lndex for relevanL lnformaLlon 1he sofLware Lhen provldes a
reporL back Lo Lhe searcher wlLh Lhe mosL relevanL web pages llsLed flrsL

A web porta| ls a slLe LhaL funcLlons as a polnL of access Lo lnformaLlon on Lhe World Wlde Web orLals presenL
lnformaLlon from dlverse sources ln a unlfled way opular porLals are MSn ?ahoo and ACL Aslde from Lhe search
englne sLandard web porLals offer oLher servlces such as news sLock prlces lnfoLalnmenL and varlous oLher
feaLures orLals provlde a way for enLerprlses Lo provlde a conslsLenL look and feel wlLh access conLrol and
procedures for mulLlple appllcaLlons whlch oLherwlse would have been dlfferenL enLlLles alLogeLher WhaL are
vlrLual socleLles A Web porLal ls a web slLe or lnLerneL based servlce LhaL ls offered Lhrough Lhe World Wlde Web
and lncludes a broad array of producLs and servlces such as forums emall chaLLlng and aL less grade vlrLual
shopplng malls
Web porLals are useful Lo promoLe Lhe corporaLe lmage of a company creaLe awareness abouL a producL or
servlce make lnLerneL based [ournallsm Lo reach broader audlences creaLe consclousness of governmenL
promoLed servlces and laws by uslng egovernmenL porLals promoLe Lhe selllng of a myrlad of producLs Lhrough e
commerce maklng easler bank deals and flnanclal LransacLlons helplng Lo employees Lo handle many [obrelaLed
Lasks and allowlng human lnLeracLlon Lhrough Lhe so called soclal neLworks among many oLhers concelvable
appllcaLlons

A common elemenL of web porLals are daLabase based searchlng servlces LhaL help Lo query Lhe lnformaLlon
accordlng user expecLaLlons and feaLures especlally deslgned Lo creaLe a user's ldenLlLy around Lhe web porLal

lL ls esLlmaLed LhaL Lhere are abouL flve bllllon sLaLlc web pages on Lhe lnLerneL and LhaL
number ls growlng by over seven mllllon pages a day 1he lnLerneL Lhus offers a vasL and
valuable llbrary of lnformaLlon as well as a worldwlde medlum for meanlngful collaboraLlon
among people WhaLever our domalns of lnLeresL however we face a serlous challenge ln
coplng wlLh Lhls masslve and burgeonlng base of daLa orLals have emerged as a way Lo
meeL Lhe LhreaL of lnformaLlon overload and en[oy Lhe opporLunlLy afforded
orLals are appllcaLlons LhaL enable organlsaLlons Lo unlock all forms of lnLernally and
exLernally sLored lnformaLlon and provlde members of Lhe relevanL communlLy wlLh a slngle
gaLeway Lo access lnformaLlon Such porLals are derlved from Lhelr more global
counLerparLseg ?ahoo! and neLscapewhlch aggregaLe raw lnformaLlon from dlsparaLe
sources and provlde some lnLulLlve and personallzed sLrucLure for Lhe lnformaLlon 1o LhaL
exLenL Lhey are much more exLenslve Lhan Lyplcal webslLes 1he socalled flrsL generaLlon of
organlsaLlonal porLals lnLegraLed organlsaLlonspeclflc lnformaLlon sLored ln Lhe
organlsaLlon's elecLronlc vaulLs (le daLabases flle sysLems and exlsLlng appllcaLlon
sysLems) wlLh unsLrucLured daLa (LexL) from lnslde and ouLslde Lhe organlsaLlon LaLer
generaLlon porLals exLended Lhose funcLlons Lo lnclude Lhe concepL of personallsaLlon and
cusLomlsaLlon cenLral search faclllLles expanded access Lo lnLeracLlve uLlllLles Lwoway
lnLeracLlon wlLh daLa sources and ways for people Lo collaboraLe ln real Llme
As porLals have evolved deslgners and developers have Lackled and are solvlng ln dlfferenL
ways lssues such as
- 1he need Lo access lnformaLlon ln dlverse reposlLorles lncludlng flle sysLems P11
web servers LoLus noLes and relaLlonal daLabases
- 1he need Lo manage lndlvldual access conLrol rlghLs so LhaL Lwo users lssulng Lhe
same search/navlgaLlon requesL may see dlfferenL seLs of documenLs due Lo Lhe
dlfferences ln Lhelr prlvlleges
- 1he need Lo lndex and search a large varleLy of documenL Lypes such as ul
MlcrosofL Word owerolnL and dlfferenL languages (Lngllsh lrench Aslan eLc)
- 1he need Lo comblne sLrucLured as well as unsLrucLured lnformaLlon ln a documenL
for search as well as classlflcaLlon purposes and for personallsaLlon
1he area of porLals ls evolvlng very rapldly 1here are many Lerms such as lnformaLlon
porLals buslness porLals enLerprlse porLals and web porLals wlLh a varleLy of assoclaLed
deflnlLlons 1here are counLless vendors of porLal Lechnology all vylng Lo persuade declslon
makers LhaL Lhelr offerlngs meeL Lhe cusLomer needs AL Lhe core however Lhere are llmlLed
seLs of funcLlons LhaL make up a useful porLal 1o quoLe from Lhe currenL pro[ecL proposal
Lhe purpose of Lhe Al8C AluSlnlC porLal ls Lo dellver comprehenslve and unlfled access
Lo a heLerogeneous collecLlon of lnformaLlon sources Lhrough a secure access layer Speclflc
funcLlonallLy Lo be addressed lncludes
- ersonallsaLlon and noLlflcaLlon allowlng users Lo selecL and recelve lnformaLlon
relevanL Lo Lhelr lnLeresLs and roles
- Searchlng Lhe ablllLy Lo search for lnformaLlon burled across mulLlple formaLs and
sources
- unlfled access organlzlng and dlssemlnaLlng lnformaLlon asseLs wheLher
sLrucLured (daLabases spreadsheeLs) or unsLrucLured (eg documenLs web pages)
- SLrlcL securlLy models ensurlng varlous levels of securlLy Lo ensure lnformaLlon ls
accesslble yeL proLecLed
- ConLenL submlsslon and sharlng allowlng collaboraLors Lo share valuable
lnformaLlon ln a slmple effecLlve manner
- lnLelllgenL classlflcaLlon allowlng Lhe sub[ecL maLLer Lo be organlzed accordlng Lo
varlous sLandards and Laxonomles (eg sclenLlflc legal publlc caLegorlsaLlon)
- Common Lermlnology Lhe porLal wlll provlde a medlum Lo esLabllsh a common
meLadaLa reposlLory ensurlng conslsLency ln undersLandlng of lnformaLlon
1he Al8C AluSlnlC porLal lnLends Lo provlde LaclL knowledge flow Lhrough Lhe lnLeracLlon
of lndlvlduals uslng dlscusslon forums A sysLem wlll Lherefore be ln place for lnformaLlon
flow and lnLeracLlon among role players whlch also allows Lransfer of knowledge for poLenLlal
wlder appllcaLlon ln oLher Afrlcan counLrles and conLrlbuLes Lo Lhe global knowledge base
Examples of public web portals are AOL, Excite, iGoogle, MSN, Netvibes, and Yahoo!.

8 WhaL are vlrLual socleLles?
vlrLual communlLles emerged from a surprlslng lnLersecLlon of human needs and Lechnology A vlrLual communlLy
ls a communlLy of people sharlng common lnLeresLs ldeas and feellngs over Lhe lnLerneL or oLher collaboraLlve
neLworks A posslble lnvenLor of Lhls Lerm and one of lLs flrsL proponenLs was Poward 8helngold who creaLed one
of Lhe flrsL ma[or lnLerneL communlLles called 1he Well ln hls book 1he vlrLual CommunlLy 8helngold deflnes
vlrLual communlLles as soclal aggregaLlons LhaL emerge from Lhe lnLerneL when enough people carry on publlc
dlscusslons long enough and wlLh sufflclenL human feellng Lo form webs of personal relaLlonshlps ln cyberspace
ln general Lhere are Lwo klnds of communlcaLlon among vlrLual communlLy members message posLlngs and real
Llme chaL useneL newsgroups are an example of Lhe former Many Web slLes such as CeoclLles fosLer sub[ecL
lnformaLlon exchanges lor realLlme chaL lnLerneL 8elay ChaL ( l8C ) ls a sysLem used by many Web slLes LhaL
fosLer vlrLual communlLles vlrLual communlLy ls a Lerm commonly used Lo descrlbed varlous forms of compuLer
medlaLed communlcaLlon parLlcularly longLerm LexLually medlaLed conversaLlons among large groups lL ls a
group of people who may or may noL meeL one anoLher faceLoface and who exchange words and ldeas Lhrough
Lhe medlaLlon of compuLer neLworks and bulleLln boards 1he range of acLlvlLles ls lmmense eople chaL 1hey
argue 1hey exchange properLy ldeas and gosslp 1hey plan make frlends even fall ln love 1hey do everyLhlng
people do when Lhey meeL faceLoface buL by uslng compuLers Lhey do lL separaLed ln space and Llme LlecLronlc
lnLeracLlons ln whlch people donL know each oLher make new klnds of communlLles posslble
AdvanLages
O 1he Lechnology has Lhe power Lo brlng enormous lnfluence Lo ordlnary people
O rovldes a forum for people Lo dlscuss Loplcs of lnLeresL
O Allows parLlclpaLlon aL Lhe convenlence of Lhe parLlclpanL
O 1exL based
O Allows parLlclpaLlon by many dlfferenL people from many dlfferenL places
O Pldes race gender sexual orlenLaLlon dlsablllLles eLc
O romoLes lnLeracLlon wlLh oLhers LhaL can lead Lo physlcal meeLlngs
O rovldes a sense of anonymlLy
O Some arenas are moderaLed
O noL a broadcasL medlum
ulsadvanLages
O 8equlres knowledge of readlng and wrlLlng and Lyplng
O Lasy for a few Lo domlnaLe dlscusslon
O CbLalnlng neLwork access can be a problem
O MusL have a compuLer or access Lo a compuLer
O 1akes Llme
O osslblllLy of loslng Louch wlLh reallLy
O ulfflculL Lo navlgaLe and flnd lLems of lnLeresL
O Some arenas are moderaLed

Lxplaln C8M soluLlons?
Cb[ecLrelaLlonal mapplng (C8M) ln compuLer sofLware ls a programmlng Lechnlque for converLlng daLa beLween
mlsmaLched Lype sysLems ln ob[ecLorlenLed programmlng languages
Cb[ecLrelaLlonal mapplng (C8M) ls a mechanlsm LhaL makes lL posslble Lo address access and manlpulaLe ob[ecLs
dlrecLly Lo and from Lhe daLabase wlLhouL havlng Lo conslder how Lhose ob[ecLs relaLe Lo Lhelr daLa sources ln
oLher words lL ls a mlddleware program LhaL brldge beLween !ava ob[ecLs Lo u8 Lables
Conslder a scenarlo ln your pro[ecL (or appllcaLlon) where you wanL Lo lnLeracL wlLh a daLabase Assume your
pro[ecL ls developed uslng an Cb[ecL CrlenLed Language (say !ava) and Lhe daLabase wlLh whlch you are golng Lo
lnLeracL wlLh ls a 8elaLlonal uaLabase (say Cracle) MosLly we wlll use !u8C apl Lo communlcaLe wlLh Lhe daLabase
ln general Lhere ls golng Lo be an lnLeracLlon beLween ob[ecL orlenLed language and a relaLlonal daLabase uo you
see a mlsmaLch here? yes LeLs have a closer look ln Lo whaL ls happenlng ln Lhls lnLeracLlon
!ava ls an ob[ecL orlenLed programmlng language so mosLly we wlll deal wlLh classes ob[ecLs ob[ecL behavlor and
Lhelr relaLlonshlp 1he daLa base comes lnLo plcLure when Lhere ls a need Lo sLore Lhe daLa lor example conslder
an Lmployee class wlLh aLLrlbuLes llke emp_ld emp_name age ploLno sLreeL address clLy and zlp code 1o sLore
an employee ob[ecL ln Lo daLabase we can have a Lable LMLC?LL wlLh Lhe above aLLrlbuLes ln Lhe Lmployee class
as columns 1hls wlll work flne as Lhere ls a dlrecL mapplng beLween a class and a daLabase Lable now leLs remove
ploLno sLreeL address clLy and zlp code aLLrlbuLes from Lmployee class and move Lhem Lo a new class Address
and Lhe Lmployee class wlll have a reference Lo Address ob[ecL now Lhlnk abouL how wlll you make Lhe changes ln
Lhe u8 slde ?ou need Lo creaLe a new Lable Address and Lhls Lable should have a forelgn key reference Lo emp_ld
from employee Lable And when a user requesLs for Lmployee ob[ecL aL Lhe backend boLh Lhe employee Lable and
Address Lable has Lo be querled Lo form Lhe Lmployee ob[ecL 1echnlcally speaklng ob[ecL composlLlon ls mapped
Lo parenL chlld relaLlonshlp ln relaLlonal model now Lhere seems Lo be a mlsmaLch lL becomes really worse lf you
sLarL uslng oLher CCs concepLs llke polymorphlsm lnherlLance eLc Lhere ls noL maLchlng concepLs avallable ln
relaLlonal model So Lhere ls a clear mlsmaLch beLween oo programmlng and relaLlonal model when Lhey need Lo
lnLeracL wlLh each oLher 1o brldge Lhls gap we have a concepL called C8M or Cb[ecL 8elaLlonal Mapplng C8M ls a
mlddle ware beLween Lhe servlce layer and u8 lL Lrles Lo a make a smooLh lnLegraLlon beLween Lhe Lwo layers
1here are many C8M Lools avallable ln markeL llke 1opLlnk PlbernaLe !A lbaLls eLc
Why I should use ORM?
O %o huve u rlch, ob|ect orlented buslness model und stlll be uble to store lt und wrlte effectlve querles qulckly ugulnst
u relutlonul dutubuse.
O %o mlnlmlze dupllcutlon of slmple SQL querles.
O %o cun move to dlfferent uny dutu buse type euslly becuuse you ure developlng to un ubstructlon.
O %o get huge reductlon ln code.
O Rlch query cupublllty
O %o munuge keys. Identlflers und surrogute keys ure uutomutlcully propuguted und munuged.
O %o munuge und lsolute %runsuctlons. All ob|ect chunges occur scoped to u trunsuctlon. %he entlre trunsuctlon cun
elther be commltted or rolled buck.
O %o offer concurrency und cuchlng methodology to your code.

10 WhaL ls lnLerneL based Lralnlng?
lor lnLerneL based Lralnlng Lhere are several varlaLlons ln some cases convenLlonal Lralnlng and educaLlon are
faclllLaLed by lnLerneLbased access Lo learnlng Lools and lnformaLlon ln oLher cases Lhe lnLerneL ofLen comblned
wlLh Lelephones connecLs geographlcally dlsLanced people who recelve audlo and vlsual educaLlon from a llve
lnsLrucLor (faclllLaLed lnLerneLbased Lralnlng) ln sLlll oLher cases Lhe Lralnlng ls enLlrely selfdlrecLed 1he sLudenL
proceeds Lhrough Lhe maLerlal aL a Llme and aL a pace sulLable Lo hls or her own needs and schedule (selfdlrecLed
lnLerneLbased Lralnlng) 8oLh faclllLaLed and selfdlrecLed approaches have Lhelr sLrengLhs and weaknesses And
each has a place ln Lhe fuLure of lnLerneLbased educaLlon and Lralnlng
A ma[or componenL of Lralnlng cosL ls Lravel and llvlng expenses lor prlvaLe courses Lhe lnsLrucLor musL Lravel Lo
Lhe venue and sLay ln a hoLel lor a publlc course Lhe aLLendees and Lhe lnsLrucLor are boLh requlred Lo Lravel Lo
and sLay aL Lhe venue lnLerneLbased Lralnlng ellmlnaLes Lhese cosLs Whlle new cosLs are lncurred Lo faclllLaLe
connecLlons Lhey are mlnor by comparlson
Clearly Lhe advanLages of lnLerneLbased Lralnlng are slgnlflcanL 1here are some obvlous drawbacks however
llrsL Lhe sLudenL loses some lnLeracLlon wlLh hls or her lnsLrucLor SLudenLs of Lhe fuLure wlll adapL Lo Lhe loss of
lnLeracLlon assoclaLed wlLh lnLerneLbased Lralnlng 1hey wlll compensaLe by parLlclpaLlng ln elecLronlc chaL rooms
or by communlcaLlng vla emall or over Lhe phone Second aLLendlng a llve Lralnlng class enables Lhe sLudenL Lo
neLwork wlLh hls or her peers neLworklng and sharlng lnformaLlon ls lmporLanL lL enables people Lo learn by
openended dlscusslon and by comparlson Lo oLhers
l81 ls a selfpaced learnlng acLlvlLles accesslble vla a compuLer Assesslng learnlng ln a l81 usually comes ln Lhe
form of mulLlple cholce quesLlons or oLher assessmenLs LhaL can be easlly scored by a compuLer such as dragand
drop radlal buLLon slmulaLlon or oLher lnLeracLlve means AssessmenLs are easlly scored and recorded vla onllne
sofLware provldlng lmmedlaLe enduser feedback and compleLlon sLaLus users are ofLen able Lo prlnL compleLlon
records ln Lhe form of cerLlflcaLes l81s provlde learnlng sLlmulus beyond LradlLlonal learnlng meLhodology from
LexLbook manual or classroombased lnsLrucLlon lor example l81s offer userfrlendly soluLlons for saLlsfylng
conLlnulng educaLlon requlremenLs lnsLead of llmlLlng sLudenLs Lo aLLendlng courses or readlng prlnLlng manuals
sLudenLs are able Lo acqulre knowledge and skllls Lhrough meLhods LhaL are much more conduclve Lo lndlvldual
learnlng preferences

l81s can be a good alLernaLlve Lo prlnLed learnlng maLerlals slnce rlch medla lncludlng vldeos or anlmaLlons can
easlly be embedded Lo enhance Lhe learnlng AnoLher advanLage Lo l81s are LhaL Lhey can be easlly dlsLrlbuLed Lo a
wlde audlence aL a relaLlvely low cosL once Lhe lnlLlal developmenL ls compleLed

WhaL ls dlrecL markeLlng?
ulrecL markeLlng offers a producL dlrecLly Lo Lhe consumer vla mall order lnLerneL sales personal sales eLc wlLh
no mlddleman lnvolved lf ln Lhe adverLlsemenL Lhere ls a requesL for Lhe consumer Lo perform some acLlon llke
calllng a number or vlslLlng a webslLe Lhen Lhls Lype of adverLlslng ls called dlrecL response lnLerneL ls Lhe fasLesL
growlng markeLlng medlum Loday slmply because mosL of your prospecLs spend more Llme onllne Lhan readlng a
newspaper/magazlne lf LargeLed correcLly and message crafLed apLly emarkeLlng can help you dellver Lhe rlghL
conLenL Lo Lhe rlghL prospecL aL Lhe rlghL Llme ln Lhe selllng cycle and conLlnuously achleve hlgh response raLes
from quallLy prospecLs ln order for your buslness Lo really Lhrlve Lhere musL be an lnLerneL markeLlng campalgn ln
place 1he lnLerneL ls exLremely compeLlLlve buL lL ls worLh lL Lo flnd your place amongsL Lhe compeLlLlon 1he
posslblllLles for your buslness when lL ls successful markeLed on Lhe lnLerneL are llmlLless WlLh Lhls plaLform your
company ls glven Lhe opporLunlLy Lo reach a cllenLele far beyond Lhe bounds of your buslness physlcal locaLlon 1he
lnLerneL allows for your buslness Lo be accessed around Lhe world
1 Clobal reach no maLLer where you are or whom you need Lo reach LargeLed emalls pave Lhe way 8orders are
no obsLacles ln emall markeLlng
2 Lower cosL lnLerneL markeLlng ls far cheaper Lhan LradlLlonal markeLlng
3 lnLeracLlve ?ou can lnnovaLlvely lnlLlaLe campalgns uslng graphlcs vldeos muslc qulz game or whaLever LhaL
wlll be of lnLeresL Lo your prospecL Lo grab hls aLLenLlon and lnLeresL lmmedlaLely
4 Plghly personallzed Lmall enables you Lo personallze and greeL every person you LargeL 1hls helps ln creaLlng a
speclal bond wlLh Lhe prospecLs
3 8ound Lhe clock markeLlng WlLh an emall Lhe audlence can undersLand your offerlng even when you are ouL of
offlce
6 Measurable resulLs Speclal Lools are avallable LhaL accuraLely measure cllckLhrough raLe converslon raLe how a
person one arrlved aL your webslLe and more Lo enable you Lo assess Lhe success of dlfferenL emall campalgns
7 1argeLed markeLlng Slnce prepackaged and cusLombullL llsLs are avallable you could reach only Lhose who
mlghL requlre your servlces soluLlons or producLs wlLhouL boLherlng Lhose who do noL ?ou can selecL each one of
your LargeLs based on geography age lncome spends and many oLher parameLers
8 CpLln or unsubscrlbe opLlons Lmalls conLaln opLln and opLouL opLlons whlch help you Lo shorLllsL your
prospecLs and reach only Lhe ones genulnely lnLeresLed ln your offerlngs
lasLer response 1lme Lo recelve responses Lhrough emall ls one Lo Lhree days where you wlll geL maxlmum
responses on day one lLself whlle a dlrecL mall campalgn would Lake mlnlmum 7 Lo 12 days Lo generaLe any
responses lurLher respondlng Lo a dlrecL mall ls more cumbersome whlle a person can respond Lo an emall
lmmedlaLely
10 SlmplesL LxecuLlng an emall campalgn ls slmple and you can do lL slLLlng aL home wlLhouL any exLenslve
resources


11 Lxplaln pervaslve compuLlng?
Pervasive computing (also called ubiquitous computing) is the growing trend towards embedding microprocessors in
everyday objects so they can communicate information. The words pervasive and ubiquitous mean "existing
everywhere." Pervasive computing devices are completely connected and constantly available.

Pervasive computing relies on the convergence of wireless technologies, advanced electronics and the nternet. The
goal of researchers working in pervasive computing is to create smart products that communicate unobtrusively. The
products are connected to the nternet and the data they generate is easily available.

electric meters with smart meters. n the past, electric meters had to be manually read by a company representative.
Smart meters report usage in real-time over the nternet. They will also notify the power company when there is an
outage, reset thermostats according to the homeowner's directives, send messages to display units in the home and
regulate the water heater.


Few years back, computing servers were only used by a company's employees on an intranet. Today every
company seems to be on the nternet. They have an order of magnitude: customers, suppliers, distributors and any
one can access to their web site. That is, companies have been forced to move from local client/server or mainframe
computing to a new world order of multi-tier computing paradigm. This automatically brings a new set of challenging
issues to be sorted out efficiently. They are reliability, scalability, security, application development, transaction
processing, web interface design and timely software development. Thus enterprises need robust technologies and
tools to develop enterprise software.
So what |s a ervas|ve Comput|ng?
CompuLlng ls no longer a dlscreLe acLlvlLy bound Lo a deskLop neLwork compuLlng and moblle compuLlng are fasL
becomlng a parL of everyday llfe and so ls Lhe lnLerneL 8aLher Lhan belng an lnfrasLrucLure for compuLers and Lhelr
users alone lL ls now an lnfrasLrucLure for everyone We expecL devlces llke uAs (ersonal ulglLal AsslsLanLs)
moblle phones offlces Cs and even home enLerLalnmenL sysLems Lo access lnformaLlon and work LogeLher ln one
lnLegraLed sysLem and Lhe challenge ls Lo comblne Lhese Lechnologles lnLo a seamless whole and on Lhe lnLerneL
1he alm of ervaslve CompuLlng ls for compuLlng avallable wherever lLs needed lL spreads lnLelllgence and
connnecLlvlLy Lo more or less everyLhlng So concepLually shlps alrcrafLs cars brldges Lunnels machlnes
refrlgeraLors door handles llghLlng flxLures shoes haLs packaglng cloLhlng Lools appllances homes and even
Lhlngs llke our coffee mugs and even Lhe human body and wlll embedded wlLh chlps Lo connecL Lo an lnflnlLe
neLwork of oLher devlces and Lo creaLe an envlronmenL where Lhe connecLlvlLy of devlces ls embedded ln such a
way LhaL lL ls unobLruslve and always avallable ervaslve compuLlng Lherefore refers Lo Lhe emerglng Lrend
Loward numerous easlly accesslble compuLlng devlces connecLed Lo an lncreaslngly ublqulLous neLwork
lnfrasLrucLure
ervaslve compuLlng alms Lo make our llves slmpler Lhrough Lhe use of Lools LhaL allow us Lo manage lnformaLlon
easlly 1hese Lools are a new class of lnLelllgenL porLable devlces LhaL allow Lhe user Lo plug lnLo powerful
neLworks and galn dlrecL slmple and secure access Lo boLh relevanL lnformaLlon and servlces ervaslve compuLlng
devlces are noL personal compuLers as we Lend Lo Lhlnk of Lhem buL very Llny even lnvlslble devlces elLher
moblle or embedded ln almosL any Lype of ob[ecL lmaglnable all communlcaLlng Lhrough lncreaslngly
lnLerconnecLed neLworks lnformaLlon lnsLanLly accesslble anywhere and anyLlme ls whaL ervaslve CompuLlng ls
all abouL!

WhaL's Lhe dlfference beLween a LradlLlonal neLworklng and a pervaslve compuLlng ?
1hese connecLlons are fundamenLally unllke Lhose we assoclaLe wlLh neLworks 8aLher Lhan uslng Lhe neLwork Lo
connecL compuLers LhaL are belng used dlrecLly by people Lhese appllances communlcaLe over neLworks such LhaL
people do noL dlrecLly monlLor Lhe communlcaLlon beLween machlnes and programs 1he ma[orlLy of Lhese
communlcaLlons wlll occur ln an endLoend sLrucLure LhaL does noL lnclude a human aL any polnL
1he number of machlnes connecLed Lo Lhe lnLerneL has been lncreaslng aL an exponenLlal raLe and wlll conLlnue Lo
grow aL Lhls raLe as Lhe exlsLlng neLworks of embedded compuLers lncludlng Lhose LhaL already exlsL wlLhln our
auLomoblles are connecLed Lo Lhe larger global neLwork and as new neLworks of embedded devlces are
consLrucLed ln our homes and offlces 1he klnds of devlces LhaL wlll be used Lo access Lhe lnLerneL are no longer
conflned Lo deskLops and servers buL lnclude small devlces wlLh llmlLed user lnLerface faclllLles (such as cell phones
and uAs) wlreless devlces wlLh llmlLed bandwldLh compuLlng power and elecLrlcal power and embedded
processors wlLh severe llmlLaLlons on Lhe amounL of memory and compuLlng power avallable Lo Lhem Many of
Lhese devlces are moblle changlng noL only geographlc poslLlon buL also Lhelr place ln Lhe Lopology of Lhe
neLwork

unllke LradlLlonal ueskLop CompuLers and exlsLlng neLworks Lhe new devlces wlll have Lhe followlng
characLerlsLlcs
Many wlll have small lnexpenslve processors wlLh llmlLed memory and llLLle or no perslsLenL sLorage
1hey wlll connecL Lo oLher compuLlng elemenLs wlLhouL Lhe dlrecL lnLervenLlon of users
CfLen Lhey wlll be connecLed by wlreless neLworks
1hey wlll change rapldly someLlmes by belng moblle someLlmes by golng on and offllne aL wldely varylng
raLes Cver Llme Lhey wlll be replaced (or fall) far more rapldly Lhan ls now common
1hey wlll be used as a source of lnformaLlon ofLen sendlng LhaL lnformaLlon lnLo Lhe cenLer of Lhe neLwork Lo
whlch Lhey are aLLached

1he advanLages of ervaslve CompuLlng
We lncreaslngly rely on Lhe elecLronlc creaLlon sLorage and LransmlLLal of personal flnanclal and oLher
confldenLlal lnformaLlon and demand Lhe hlghesL securlLy for all Lhese LransacLlons and requlre compleLe access Lo
LlmesenslLlve daLa regardless of physlcal locaLlon We expecL devlces personal dlglLal asslsLanLs moblle phones
offlce Cs and home enLerLalnmenL sysLems Lo access LhaL lnformaLlon and work LogeLher ln one seamless
lnLegraLed sysLem ervaslve compuLlng glves us Lhe Lools Lo manage lnformaLlon qulckly efflclenLly and
efforLlessly
lL alms Lo enable people Lo accompllsh an lncreaslng number of personal and professlonal LransacLlons uslng a new
class of lnLelllgenL and porLable appllances or smarL devlces embedded wlLh mlcroprocessors LhaL allow users Lo
plug lnLo lnLelllgenL neLworks and galn dlrecL slmple and secure access Lo boLh relevanL lnformaLlon and servlces
lL glves people convenlenL access Lo relevanL lnformaLlon sLored on powerful neLworks allowlng Lhem Lo easlly
Lake acLlon anywhere anyLlme
ervaslve compuLlng slmpllfles llfe by comblnlng open sLandardsbased appllcaLlons wlLh everyday acLlvlLles lL
removes Lhe complexlLy of new Lechnologles enables us Lo be more efflclenL ln our work and leaves us more
lelsure Llme and Lhus pervaslve compuLlng ls fasL becomlng a parL of everyday llfe
12 WhaL are Lhe soluLlons for lnLerneL chaL?
1he ablllLy Lo chaL onllne has been around slnce baslcally Lhe lnLercepLlon of Lhe lnLerneL ln Lhe modern age
chaLLlng ls only a subseL of communlcaLlon meLhods we have avallable Lo us as lnLerneL users lor lnsLance soclal
neLworks provlde Lhe ablllLy Lo chaL and Lo send flles lncludlng vldeos and lmages Powever a greaL number of
people sLlll prefer Lo chaL wlLhouL logglng lnLo a soclal neLwork slLe parLly because mosL chaL provlders lnclude
sofLware whlch can be downloaded and lnsLalled onLo your pc and ls more convenlenL ChaLLlng Lhe LradlLlonal way
ls sLlll very popular buL Lhe chaL sofLware has become more sophlsLlcaLed over Lhe years
lnLerneL 8elay ChaL (l8C) enables people all over Lhe world Lo Lalk LogeLher over Lhe lnLerneL ln realLlme sesslons
ln vlrLual rooms lnLerneL 8elay ChaL ls for Lhe more Lechnlcally mlnded and lL means synchronous conferenclng"
users of lnLerneL relay chaL can [oln a number of channels or search for speclflc channels l8C users can presenL
Lhemselves ln a number of modes 1hey can be lnvlslble" so LhaL people cannoL see Lhem onllne Lhey can [usL
recelve noLlces from Lhe server and Lhey can access whaL ls known as a secreL channel only avallable Lo cerLaln
people 1he person ln charge of an l8C conversaLlon ls called Lhe operaLor and users can conLacL Lhe operaLor
abouL any aspecL of Lhe chaLLlng sysLem l8C chaLs can be on global or oneLoone and always operaLe ln realLlme
MosL chaL slLes have a moderaLor Lo ensure LhaL neLlqueLLe ls belng adhered Lo 1he subseL of neLlqueLLe for
chaLLlng ls called ChaLlqueLLe" 1he rules of chaL on Lhe lnLerneL lnclude Lhlngs llke no rude remarks or defamaLory
remarks should be made and Lhlngs llke Lhe use of upper case as Lhls could lndlcaLe shouLlng
1here are numerous ways Lo chaL onllne and a greaL number of Lhe chaLLlng slLes provlde sofLware for added
convenlence ChaLLlng exlsLs ln a number of ways from chaL rooms Lo daLlng slLes and baslcally Lhere are chaLLlng
faclllLles all over Lhe lnLerneL ChaLLlng slLes uLlllze whaL ls known as proLocols" and chaL faclllLles can have slngle
or mulLlple proLocols A proLocol ls Lhe Lechnology used Lo run communlcaLlons sofLware over a neLwork and Lhere
are several Lypes of proLocols ln exlsLence
Lxamples are MlcrosofL's MSn messenger and lCC (an acronym of l seek you") lCC ls one of Lhe blggesL chaLLlng
medlums on Lhe lnLerneL wlLh over 31 mllllon users worldwlde lL was Lhe flrsL lnLerneL messaglng servlce and was
creaLed ln 16 ACL acqulred lCC ln 18 for $407 mllllon ?ou could also Lry Coogle chaL" and [abber"
ln [ava chaL rooms [ava appleLs are downloaded aL Lhe same Llme as P1ML page 1hls may conLaln adverLlslng or
lnsLrucLlon on how Lo use Lhe appleL Cnce lL has been sLarLed lL connecLs back Lo Lhe server whlch Lhen passes
Lhe LexL lnpuL from Lhe user Lo oLher users who are also connecLed Lo Lhe same server and have chosen Lo chaL
wlLh ln a cerLaln channel 1wo Lypes of channels are used moderaLed and nonmoderaLed ln moderaLed channels
Lhe parLlclpanLs need Lo geL permlsslon Lo Lalk from an operaLor and hence Lhey cannoL Lalk freely ln non
moderaLed rooms any one can enLer and chaL
AdvanLages
O Low enLry barrler as mosL of Lhe chaL lnLerface and slmple
O SLrucLure ls noL compllcaLed LlLLle navlgaLlon ls needed Lo enLer Lhe deslred chaL room
O Sense of presence sponLanelLy and acLual conversaLlon ln chaLs
ulsadvanLages of chaL
O MulLlple unrelaLed conversaLlon ln a chaL room can be frusLraLlng
O ersons chaLLlng should be Lhere onllne
O lrusLraLlng Lo walL for chaL cllenLs pluglns or appleLs Lo load ls a blgger dlsadvanLage

13 WhaL are Lhe elecLronlc equlpmenLs used ln promoLlng L Commerce?
lL Lakes a loL Lo geL any small buslness golng and chooslng Lhe rlghL ecommerce sofLware package ls [usL one of
many sLeps 1here are a few oLher sLeps every ecommerce slLe owner musL Lake
O Choose and reglsLer a webslLe domaln name
O SelecL a webslLe hosLlng company
O ueslgn a webslLe
O ueclde on a shopplng carL provlder
O SeL up a paymenL gaLeway
O Arrange for credlL card processlng
O Cpen a merchanL accounL

14 Clve Lhe need for buslness process re englneerlng
A 8uslness rocess can be deflned as a seL of loglcally relaLed Lasks or acLlvlLles orlenLed Lowards achlevlng a
speclfled ouLcome lL ls a collecLlon of acLlvlLles whlch creaLes some value Lo Lhe cusLomer lL ofLen surpasses
deparLmenLal or funcLlonal boundarles lL ls a seL of acLlvlLles LhaL Lransform a seL of lnpuLs lnLo a seL ouLpuL for
anoLher person or process
Lxamples of 8uslness rocesses are uevelopmenL of a new producL or servlce Launchlng a new producL ln Lhe
markeL rocuremenL of goods from suppllers lulflllmenL of cusLomer orders reparaLlon of flrms flnanclal and
operaLlonal budgeLs eLc
mportance of bus|ness process
Ana|ys|s 1he sLrucLural elemenLs of a process are lmporLanL for lLs analysls appralsal and redeslgn for achlevlng
hlgher levels of efflclency and effecLlveness economy speed quallLy and ouLpuL
L|nkages A seL of lnLerconnecLed processes wlll form a buslness sysLem 1he performance of a buslness flrm ls Lhe
resulL of lnLerrelaLed operaLlons of lLs buslness processes
Compet|t|ve advantage Core buslness processes are crlLlcal for every company Such processes are very lmporLanL
for Lhe success of a buslness 1hus Lhey are very cruclal for generaLlng compeLlLlve advanLage Lo Lhe flrm

Core 8uslness rocesses of a Company may change over a perlod of Llme accordlng Lo Lhe shlfLlng requlremenLs of
lLs compeLlLlveness

8edeslgn Core or Cenerlc 8uslness rocesses of a flrm LhaL requlre redeslgn may be classlfled lnLo
1 rocesses relaLlng Lo developmenL and dellvery of producL(s) and/or servlces research deslgn englneerlng
manufacLurlng loglsLlcs purchaslng / procuremenL and maLerlals managemenL
2 rocesses lnvolvlng lnLerface(s) wlLh cusLomers markeLlng adverLlslng order fulflllmenL servlce
3 rocesses relaLlng Lo managemenL acLlvlLles sLraLegy formulaLlon plannlng and budgeLlng performance
measuremenL and reporLlng Puman 8esource ManagemenL bulldlng lnfrasLrucLure




8us|ness rocess keeng|neer|ng (8k) refers Lo Lhe analysls and redeslgn of workflows and processes boLh wlLhln
and beLween buslness flrms
lL ls a LoLal deconsLrucLlon and reLhlnklng of a buslness process ln lLs enLlreLy unconsLralned by lLs exlsLlng
sLrucLure and paLLern
Concept of 8k
O CperaLlonal excellence 1he operaLlonal excellence of a company ls very lmporLanL for lLs compeLlLlveness 1he
buslness sLraLegy of a company should be deslgned Lo Lake Lhe advanLage of lLs operaLlonal excellence
O rocess orlenLaLlon rocesses need Lo be managed effecLlvely 1he flrm should look aL whaL work ls belng
done and also how work ls belng done
O no old ldeas lor conslderlng new ways of redeslgnlng processes each and every concepL assumpLlon
purpose and prlnclple should be abandoned Lemporarlly lL ls necessary Lo proceed afresh wlLhouL belng
lnfluenced by old ldeas
O uramaLlc lmprovemenL ConLlnuous lmprovemenL ls noL sufflclenL when Lhe company ls far below lndusLry
sLandards ln such a case Lhe company needs Lo make quanLum leaps ln performance
O CompeLlLlve advanLage 1o survlve grow and Lackle compeLlLlon how Lo compeLe ls more lmporLanL Lhan
decldlng where Lo compeLe

1he ob[ect|ves of 8us|ness rocess keeng|neer|ng are
1 1o obLaln conslderable galn ln Lhe performance of Lhe process ln Lerms of Llme cosL ouLpuL quallLy and
responslveness Lo cusLomers
2 1o slmpllfy and sLreamllne Lhe process by
(a) LllmlnaLlng all redundanL and nonvalue addlng sLeps acLlvlLles and LransacLlons
(b) urasLlcally reduclng Lhe number of sLages or Lransfer polnLs of work and
(c) Speedlng up Lhe work flow by uslng lnformaLlon Lechnology sysLems
3 1o obLaln dramaLlc lmprovemenL ln operaLlonal effecLlveness by redeslgnlng core buslness processes and
supporLlng buslness sysLems

-eed of 8k
CuLdaLed rocesses MosL of Lhe processes LhaL flrms follow mlghL have been developed by Lhelr funcLlonal unlLs
over a perlod of Llme 1hey mlghL be developed based on a serles of unplanned declslons
SubSysLem vlew lndlvldual deparLmenLs or dlvlslons of a flrm Lry Lo opLlmlze Lhelr own performance wlLhouL
conslderlng Lhe effecL on oLher areas of operaLlon 1hls wlll lead Lo subopLlmal performance of Lhe enLlre
organlzaLlon
1lme and CosL LxlsLlng buslness processes may be lengLhy Llmeconsumlng cosLly lnefflclenL obsoleLe and
lrraLlonal 1hey need Lo be redeslgned as early as posslble
lragmenLaLlon lragmenLaLlon of work processes makes lL dlfflculL Lo lmprove Lhe quallLy of work performance
and also develops a narrow vlslon among Lhe employees
lnefflclency Lmerglng crlLlcal lssues may remaln unaLLended by LradlLlonal managemenL sysLems due Lo Lhe
narrow deflnlLlon of Lasks or roles of an lndlvldual deparLmenL
need for l1 uslng lnformaLlon Lechnology lL ls posslble Lo
(a) lncrease Lhe speed of normal producLlon
(b) lncrease asseL Lurnover le uLlllse asseLs and machlnery more effecLlvely and
(c) reduce Lhe cusLomer response Llme and lncrease cusLomer saLlsfacLlon 1hese advanLages may
noL be avallable ln Lhe exlsLlng buslness processes
1he above facLors brlng ouL Lhe need for 88

Ieatures of 8k
1 SLarLlng from scraLch 88 means sLarLlng from Lhe scraLch 88 means seLLlng aslde old pracLlces and
procedures
2 8eLhlnklng 88 beglns wlLh fundamenLal reLhlnklng
3 no assumpLlons 88 does noL begln wlLh any assumpLlons or premlses 1he Lhlnklng process ln 88 beglns wlLh
a LoLally free sLaLe of mlnd le wlLhouL any preconcelved noLlons
4 normaLlve 88 ls noL a sub[ecLlve process lL ls a normaLlve process lL flrsL decldes whaL a company musL do
and Lhen lL decldes on 'how Lo do lL' 88 lgnores whaL Lhe exlsLlng processes ls and focus on 'whaL lL should be'
3 8adlcal 88 lnvolves radlcal redeslgnlng of processes 8adlcal redeslgnlng means golng Lo Lhe rooL of Lhe
problem lL compleLely lgnores Lhe exlsLlng sLrucLures and procedures and develops compleLely new ways of dolng
Lhe work
6 uramaLlc lmprovemenL 88 alms Lo achleve dramaLlc lmprovemenL ln performance buL noL marglnal
lmprovemenL ln any area of operaLlon can be achleved by maklng some slmple ad[usLmenLs ln exlsLlng processes
7 8elnvenLlon 88 ls abouL buslness relnvenLlon noL buslness lmprovemenL buslness enhancemenL or buslness
modlflcaLlon
8 rocess CrlenLaLlon 88 focuses on Lhe process and Lrles Lo lmprove performance A process lnvolves
produclng Lhe ouLpuL or renderlng Lhe servlce and ouLpuL ls Lhe resulL of such process
ueLalled 88 looks aL Lhe mlnuLe deLalls of Lhe process such as why Lhe work ls done who does lL where lL ls
done and when lL ls done
10 1hrusL (focus) area 1he LhrusL area ln 88 ls reducLlon of LoLal cycle Llme of a buslness process"
1hls lnvolves
(a) LllmlnaLlng Lhe unwanLed unnecessary and redundanL sLeps
(b) Slmpllfylng Lhe sysLems and procedures and
(c) LllmlnaLlng walLlng Llme and LranslL Llme Lo Lhe maxlmum exLenL posslble
11 ConLlnuous 88 ls a conLlnuous lmprovemenL process Lven afLer redeslgnlng of a process 88 malnLalns a
conLlnuous efforL for more and more lmprovemenL
12 l1 supporLed 88 uses lnformaLlon Lechnology for Lhe mosL raLlonal slmple and efflclenL redeslgn of work
sLrucLure 88 alms Lo uLlllze lnformaLlon Lechnology for developlng new processes lnsLead of merely auLomaLlng
Lhe exlsLlng processes
13 WhollsLlc 88 wlll affecL all parLs of Lhe flrm 88 vlews Lhe processes from a crossfuncLlonal and whollsLlc
angle 88 focuses on a mulLldlmenslonal approach lL wlll dlsregard Lhe consLralnLs of organlzaLlonal sLrucLure
and deparLmenLal boundarles
14 CrganlzaLlonal change 88 lnvolve masslve organlzaLlonal change Work changes from Lask orlenLed Lo
processorlenLed eople have Lhe cholce of maklng Lhelr own declslons raLher Lhan belng dlrecLed Lvery aspecL of
Lhe flrm changes beyond recognlLlon
13 1op managemenL supporL 88 ls supporLed by Lhe vlslon and commlLmenL of Lhe flrms Lop leadershlp Lo
ensure lLs effecLlve compleLlon and lmplemenLaLlon


Steps |n 8k
1he sLeps lnvolved ln 8uslness rocess 8eenglneerlng are
1 ueflne Cb[ecLlves and lramework
O Cb[ecLlves are Lhe deslred end resulLs of Lhe 88 process whlch a flrm Lrles Lo achleve
O 1hls wlll provlde Lhe requlred focus dlrecLlon and moLlvaLlon for Lhe redeslgn process
O lL helps ln bulldlng a comprehenslve foundaLlon for Lhe 88 process
2 ldenLlfy cusLomer needs
1he purpose ls Lo redeslgn buslness process LhaL clearly provldes added value Lo Lhe cusLomer lor Lhls
purpose Lhe deslgners should undersLand cusLomers 1hls lnvolves ldenLlflcaLlon of
O cusLomer(s) and cusLomer group(s)
O cusLomer requlremenLs and expecLed uLlllLles ln a producL or servlce
O cusLomers problems and percepLlons abouL Lhe producL and
O 8uylng hablLs Lendencles eLc
3 SLudy Lhe exlsLlng process lor undersLandlng whaL and why of LargeLed processes Lhe exlsLlng processes
wlll acL as lmporLanL base Pence exlsLlng processes should be analyzed carefully
4 lormulaLe a redeslgn process plan
O lormulaLlon of redeslgn plan ls Lhe real crux of 88 efforLs So Lhe lnformaLlon galned Lhrough analysls
and sLudy ls LranslaLed lnLo an ldeal redeslgn process
O CusLomer focused redeslgn concepLs are ldenLlfled and formulaLed AlLernaLlve processes are consldered
and Lhe besL one ls selecLed
3 lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe redeslgn
O lmplemenLaLlon of Lhe redeslgned process and appllcaLlon of oLher knowledge galned from Lhe prevlous
sLeps ls very lmporLanL Lo achleve dramaLlc lmprovemenLs
O lL ls Lhe [olnL responslblllLy of Lhe deslgners and managemenL Lo lmplemenL Lhe new process

13 Speclfy some free sofLware Lxplaln lLs lmporLance?

lree sofLware ls a maLLer of Lhe users freedom Lo run copy dlsLrlbuLe sLudy change and lmprove Lhe sofLware
More preclsely lL means LhaL Lhe programs users have Lhe four essenLlal freedoms
1) 1he freedom Lo run Lhe program for any purpose
2) 1he freedom Lo sLudy how Lhe program works and change lL Lo make lL do whaL you wlsh Access Lo Lhe
source code ls a precondlLlon for Lhls
3) 1he freedom Lo redlsLrlbuLe coples so you can help your nelghbor
4) 1he freedom Lo dlsLrlbuLe coples of your modlfled verslons Lo oLhers 8y dolng Lhls you can glve Lhe whole
communlLy a chance Lo beneflL from your changes Access Lo Lhe source code ls a precondlLlon for Lhls
A program ls free sofLware lf users have all of Lhese freedoms 1hus you should be free Lo redlsLrlbuLe coples
elLher wlLh or wlLhouL modlflcaLlons elLher free or charglng a fee for dlsLrlbuLlon Lo anyone anywhere 8elng free
Lo do Lhese Lhlngs means LhaL one does noL have Lo ask or pay for permlsslon Lo do so lree sofLware musL allow
oLhers Lo make modlflcaLlons and use Lhem prlvaLely
1he freedom Lo run Lhe program means Lhe freedom for any klnd of person or organlzaLlon Lo use lL on any klnd of
compuLer sysLem for any klnd of overall [ob and purpose
1he freedom Lo redlsLrlbuLe coples musL lnclude blnary or execuLable forms of Lhe program as well as source code
for boLh modlfled and unmodlfled verslons
ln order for Lhe freedom Lo make changes and Lhe freedom Lo publlsh lmproved verslons Lo be meanlngful you
musL have access Lo Lhe source code of Lhe program 1herefore accesslblllLy of source code ls a necessary
condlLlon for free sofLware CbfuscaLed source code" ls noL real source code and does noL counL as source code
16 SLaLe Lhe use of banner ad campalgnlng
O 8anner adverLlslng ls a form of adverLlslng on Lhe web LhaL conslsLs of a graphlc wlLh a llnk aLLempLlng Lo
aLLracL vlslLors or Lrafflc Lo your webslLe 8anner ads flrsL came on Lhe lnLerneL ln 14 year
O CuallLy banner ls Lhe flrsL sLep Lowards Lhe success of any banner ad campalgn
O 8anner Ads wlll help Lo SLreLch your buslness markeLlng budgeL normally banner ads cosL less Lo deslgn
and run Lhan oLher forms of onllne markeLlng llke C AfflllaLe markeLlng eLc
O 8anner ads can help you Lo focus on markeLlng deal by allowlng you choose webslLes LhaL achleve Lhe besL
specLaLors
O 8y uslng Lhe banner ads your buslness revenue wlll lncrease and reduce cosLs
O AdvanLageously expose your webslLe or company name rlghL where you wanL lL on oLher webslLes
O 8anner AdverLlsemenLs wlll generaLe hlghly quallfled sales leads Lo Lhe buslness
O 8anner ads provlde dlrecL Lrafflc Lo your webslLe as [usL one cllck of a mouse buLLon glves Lhem lnformaLlon
on a company's producLs and servlces
O 8anner ads wlll esLabllsh your buslness brand name across Lhe lnLerneL
O lL ls easy Lo calculaLe Lhe Lrafflc whlch ls dellverlng from Lhe banner adverLlsemenLs
O 8anner AdverLlsemenL wlll glve back llnk Lo Lhe webslLe
O 8anner ads are a cosLeffecLlve and efflclenL way of markeLlng producLs and servlces of a company
Cost per thousand |mpress|on (CM)
1he CM model refers Lo adverLlslng boughL on Lhe basls of lmpresslon An onllne adverLlsemenL lmpresslon ls a
slngle appearance of an adverLlsemenL on a web page Lach Llme an adverLlsemenL loads onLo a users screen
Lhe ad server may counL LhaL loadlng as one lmpresslon Powever Lhe ad server may be programmed Lo exclude
from Lhe counL cerLaln non quallfylng acLlvlLy such as a reload lnLernal user acLlons and oLher evenLs LhaL Lhe
adverLlser and ad servlng company agreed Lo noL counL 1he LoLal prlce pald ln a CM deal ls calculaLed by
mulLlplylng Lhe CM raLe by Lhe number of CM unlLs lor example one mllllon lmpresslons aL $10 CM equals a
$10000 LoLal prlce
ay per c||ck (C) ls an lnLerneL adverLlslng model used Lo dlrecL Lrafflc Lo webslLes where adverLlsers pay Lhe
hosLlng servlce when Lhe ad ls cllcked WlLh search englnes adverLlsers Lyplcally bld on keyword phrases relevanL
Lo Lhelr LargeL markeL ConLenL slLes commonly charge a flxed prlce per cllck raLher Lhan use a blddlng sysLem
Cost per c||ck (CC) ls Lhe sum pald by an adverLlser Lo search englnes and oLher lnLerneL publlshers for a slngle
cllck on Lhelr adverLlsemenL whlch dlrecLs one vlslLor Lo Lhe adverLlsers webslLe
Cost per Act|on or CA (someLlmes known as ay per AcLlon or A) ls an onllne adverLlslng prlclng model where
Lhe adverLlser pays for each speclfled acLlon (a purchase a form submlsslon and so on) llnked Lo Lhe adverLlsemenL
ay per C||ck a pay per cllck search englne ls a search englne where by Lhe adverLlser can selecL a parLlcular key
word search Lerm or search phrase LhaL dlrecLly applles Lo Lhelr producL or servlce and Lhelr producL or servlce ls
llsLed when Lhelr keyword or Lerm ls searched ln a search englne 1he cosL parL of Lhls search meLhod only comes ln
Lo play lf Lhe person who searches ls Laken Lo Lhe adverLlser's webslLe whlle cllcklng Lhe llsLlng
AdvanLages of pay per cllck
O lnsLanL 1rafflc ay per cllck adverLlslng can provlde lnsLanL Lrafflc Lo your webslLe
O redlcLable cosL per webslLe vlslLor
O A key beneflL of uslng C adverLlslng ls LhaL you can LargeL your audlence geographlcally

17 Lxplaln one Lo one markeLlng
CneLoone markeLlng (someLlmes expressed as 11 markeLlng) ls a cusLomer relaLlonshlp managemenL (C8M)
sLraLegy emphaslzlng personallzed lnLeracLlons wlLh cusLomers 1he personallzaLlon of lnLeracLlons ls LhoughL Lo
fosLer greaLer cusLomer loyalLy and beLLer reLurn on markeLlng lnvesLmenL
1here are a number of personallzaLlon Lechnlques LhaL are belng used successfully Lo moLlvaLe people Lo reLurn Lo
a Web slLe Llme and Llme agaln and we sLrlve Lo cover Lhose Lechnlques
8epeaL conLacL wlLh prospecLs develops an afflnlLy for producLs and servlces and Lherefore greaLer revenue 1he
Lechnlques used by successful Web slLes Lo generaLe repeaL Lrafflc are Lhose LhaL bulld a communlLy among
members of Lhelr Web audlence 1he reason LhaL oneLoone Web markeLlng Lechnlques have proven Lo generaLe
more revenue ls LhaL everyone has a need Lo be recognlzed as an lndlvldual and Lo belong Lo a communlLy and
oneLoone Web markeLlng saLlsfles Lhose needs
Sales and markeLlng execuLlves have always searched for economlcal ways Lo creaLe a oneLoone relaLlonshlp wlLh
each of Lhelr prospecLs and cusLomers 1oday Lhe challenge ls dolng LhaL Lhrough Lhe lnLerneL
When lmplemenLed properly oneLoone Web markeLlng Lechnlques can be enLerLalnlng lnformaLlve and
engaglng whlle Lhey bulld relaLlonshlps on your Web slLe 1hese lnclude
O Web slLe personallzaLlon
O lnLeracLlve dlscusslon communlLles
O resenLaLlon collaboraLlon and audlo/vldeo conferenclng
O lnLegraLlng a Web slLe lnLo order processlng

18 Pow Lo aLLracL vlslLors on a web?
O 1ry and geL a web address LhaL ls memorable
O Manually reglsLer wlLh Lhe Lop search englnes
O AdverLlse ln proper newsgroups and forums where your producLs are searched for
O WebslLe ueslgn 1he mosL common and expenslve mlsLake LhaL a company can make ls Lo deslgn Lhelr
webslLe and Lhen laLer conslder opLlmlzlng lL for search englnes
O unforLunaLely your webslLe ls noL golng Lo be vlslLed because lL ls a beauLlful work of arL buL raLher
because lL ls accuraLely reLurned ln searches by one or more search englnes ALLracLlng vlslLors Lo your slLe
relles noL only on deslgn buL also search englne opLlmlzaLlon lL ls Lherefore recommended Lo brlng an SLC
experL ln aL Lhe sLarL of Lhe deslgn process
O ConLlnulng wlLh Lhe cusLomer lL ls wlse Lo conslder Lhe mosL llkely keywords LhaL a poLenLlal consumer wlll
use Lo search for your slLe ?our webslLe should be deslgned ln such a way LhaL Lhese keywords dlrecL Lhem
Lo Lhe rlghL page
O lnLeracLlve elemenLs lor example response forms qulzzes
O Clve offers LhaL are of value
O SLarL wlLh your exlsLlng markeLlng maLerlals uL your web slLe address on your exlsLlng brochures
adverLlslng and buslness cards
O rovlde someLhlng of value for your vlslLors
O uonL [usL bulld an elecLronlc blllboard Clve Lhem some useful and valuable lnformaLlon uonL ask Lhem Lo
send you $13 for lnformaLlon ?es ClvL lL away for free
O uevelop a broadcasL cenLer
O SupplemenL your Web slLe wlLh an emall and fax broadcasL cenLer
O negoLlaLe reclprocal llnks
O Look for esLabllshed and heavlly vlslLed slLes LhaL may be wllllng Lo make reclprocal llnks wlLh yours
O 8uy banner ads
O lck a slLe LhaL ls heavlly vlslLed by people ln your LargeL markeL CreaLe and place a banner ad wlLh one or
more of Lhese slLes Lxpenslve buL posslbly worLh lL Lo geL your buslness hopplng!
O Clve your guesLs a reason Lo reLurn
O Change Lhe conLenL of your slLe wlLh new feaLures and conLenL rovlde a place for guesLs Lo slgn up for Lhe
auLomaLlc noLlflcaLlon when someLhlng on your slLe changes
O CeL broadcasL medla aLLenLlon
O CeL your slLe menLloned ln a naLlonal perlodlcal or ln Lhe naLlonal broadcasL medla Local exposure of your
slLe may help Loo as local medla may be more wllllng Lo promoLe a successful local buslness

1 Lxplaln Lhe lmpllcaLlon of new economy on onllne shopplng?
1he new economy ls a vague name for LhaL parL of Lhe economy LhaL ls lnvolved wlLh lnformaLlon Lechnology
1he new economy lnvolves acqulslLlon processlng and LransformaLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon of lnformaLlon 1he
Lhree ma[or componenLs are Lhe hardware (prlmarlly compuLers) LhaL processes Lhe lnformaLlon Lhe
communlcaLlons sysLems LhaL acqulre and dlsLrlbuLe Lhe lnformaLlon and Lhe sofLware whlch wlLh human
help manages Lhe enLlre sysLem 1he maln characLerlsLlc of Lhe new Lechnology ls LhaL lL uses dlglLal
lnformaLlon 1he volume of lnLerneL shopplng ls sLlll negllglble ln LoLal Lrade neverLheless all buslness analysLs
predlcL a growLh ln onllne reLall sales 1here are many lndlcaLors of Lhe expanslon of lnLerneL Lrade llrsL Lhe
slze of Web grows exponenLlally Second parallel Lo Lhe growLh of lnLerneL usage Lhe volume of onllne Lrade
expands exponenLlally
MosL of Lhe acLlon ls ln compuLers and sofLware 1rade vla Lhe lnLerneL has farreachlng economlc lmpllcaLlons
as lL provldes a fundamenLally new way of conducLlng LransacLlons 1hls arlses from Lhe facL LhaL lL shrlnks Lhe
physlcal and economlc dlsLance beLween Lraders hyslcal dlsLance dlsappears because buyers can 'go'
anywhere for shopplng aL almosL zero cosL ln Lerms of Llme Lconomlc dlsLance shrlnks because buyers are able
Lo reach sellers dlrecLly wlLhouL Lhe need for lnLermedlarles


20 Pow wlll you bulld an ebuslness appllcaLlon? Pow wlll you avold legal lssues ln selecLlng Lhe appllcaLlon?

21 Lxplaln Lhe sLeps lnvolved ln deslgnlng developlng and deploylng a sysLem?

22 Pow wlll you choose Lhe rlghL enLerprlse appllcaLlon and lS?

23 Lxplaln Lhe markeLlng sLraLegles adopLed on web

24 WhaL are Lhe uses and abuses of onllne shopplng?

23 ls lnLerneL based L ralnlng effecLlve? CommenL

26 WrlLe on Lhe varlous caLegorles of L commerce and descrlbe Lhe new paradlgm of L commerce?

27 ulscuss ln deLall abouL decldlng Lhe enLerprlse mlddleware?

28 ulscuss brlefly abouL operaLlonal resource managemenL

2 lllusLraLe Lhe meLhodologles of lnformaLlon exchange sysLem

30 ulscuss Lhe l1 lnfrasLrucLure necessary Lo lmplemenL Lcommerce sysLem for Lhe ayroll rocess?

31 Pow Lo compare Lhe web Lechnology?
32 MenLlon Lhe scope of fuLure searchlng?