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UKUROVA UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE FACULITY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN PROJECT NAME OF SUBJECT: ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE FOR HEAT ACTIVATED COOLING

SUBMITTED BY: ASSOC. PROF. ALPER YILDIRIM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 17 OCTOBER 2011

PREPARED BY: AYTA ANLISOY STUDENT NO: 2011911608

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 1.2 2 RANKINE CYCLE ................................................................................................................. 3 ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE .............................................................................................. 4

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CYCLE ............................................................................ 4 2.1 2.2 1st Law cycle performance ...................................................................................................... 5 2nd Law cycle performance .................................................................................................... 5

3 4

ANALYSIS OF WORKING FLUID .............................................................................................. 6 REFERANCES ............................................................................................................................... 8

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RANKINE CYCLE The Rankine Cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used to generate useful work and electricity in many power stations, engineering applications and is the real-world approach to the Carnot Cycle. deal rankine cycle is represented in figure 10-2. 1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler 3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser

Fluid enters the pump at state 1 as saturated liquid and is compressed isentropically to the operating pressure of the boiler. The fluid temperature increases somewhat during this isentropic compression process due to a slight decrease in the specific volume of water. Fluid enters the boiler as a compressed liquid at state 2 and leaves as a superheated vapor at state 3. The boiler is basically a large heat exchanger where the heat originating from combustion gases, nuclear reactors, or other sources is transferred to the water essentially at constant pressure. The boiler, together with the section where the steam is superheated (the superheater), is often called the steam generator. The superheated vapor at state 3 enters the turbine, where it expands isentropically and produces work by rotating the shaft connected to an electric generator or turbo-compressor. The pressure and the temperature of steam drop during this process to the values at state 4, where steam enters the condenser. At this state, steam is usually a saturated liquidvapor mixture with a high quality. Steam is condensed at constant pressure in the condenser, which is basically a large heat exchanger, by rejecting heat to a cooling medium such as a lake, a river, or the atmosphere. Steam leaves the condenser as saturated liquid and enters the pump, completing the cycle. Remembering that the area under the process curve on a T-s diagram represents the heat transfer for internally reversible processes, we see that the area under process curve 2-3 represents the heat transferred to the water in the boiler and the area under the process curve 4-1 represents the heat rejected in the condenser. The difference between these two (the area enclosed by the cycle curve) is the net work produced during the cycle.

1.2

ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE

The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) uses an organic fluid such as n-pentane or toluene in place of water and steam. This allows use of lower-temperature heat sources, such as solar ponds, which typically operate at around 7090C The efficiency of the cycle is much lower as a result of the lower temperature range, but this can be worthwhile because of the lower cost involved in gathering heat at this lower temperature. Alternatively, fluids can be used that have boiling points above water, and this may have thermodynamic benefits. In recent years renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal have played increasingly important roles in satisfying energy needs. One method to use thermal sources of renewable energy is the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), which can utilize low-to-moderate grade heat. Resources including geothermal, solar thermal and waste heat fall into this category for the purposes of power generation. Generally in industry, industrial low-grade waste heat accounts for more than 50 percent of heat generated. In general, heat is considered to be moderate-to low grade if its temperature is less than 370 C, which is relevant to steam power plants based on the Rankine cycle. Since a wide range of fluid choices exist, ORCs have the advantage of operating with good relative efficiency over a wide range of temperatures, for example, from120C to 370C. Depending on the application, waste heat from a process could be used to generate useful energy such as shaft work, electricity, or cooling that can be used by another process. This reduces the energy consumption of the overall system. 2 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF CYCLE

2.1 1st Law cycle performance Based on the state points defined in the cycle diagram (Fig. 1), the power cycle conversion efficiency is defined as: p = Wnet/ Qboi Wnet= Wexp-Wpump Wexp= mp(h4-h5s )exp Wpump= (mp(h2s-h1 ))/pump Qboi = mp(h4 _ h3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

The cooling cycle COP is defined as: COPc = (Q eva)/ (Wcom) Wcom= mc(h9s-h8)/com Wexp = Wcom Qeva =mc(h8-h11) (6) (7) (8) (9)

The overall COP of combined cycle is: COPs= pCOPc (10) COPs= (Wnet/ Qboi)*(Q eva)/ (Wcom) COPs= ((mp*(h4-h5s )*exp -mp*(h2s-h1 )*)/pump)/ (mp*(h4 _ h3)))*( mc*(h8-h11))/ (mc*(h9s-h8)/com)

2.2 2nd Law cycle performance The 1st law performance of the cycle deals with energy conversion quantities of the cycle. It does not evaluate the quality of the energy conversion process. The 2nd law efficiency compares the efficiency of the current cycle to the efficiency of an internally reversible one such as Carnot cycle. It provides insight to identify the sources of irreversibility, or the so called exergy destruction, which can help improve the overall cycle efficiency. In addition, it provides a fair comparison of efficiency between different cycles operating at different conditions. The source of exergy destruction is attributable to entropy generation during a process such as heat transfer across finite temperature difference, and unconstrained expansion and compression. In addition, friction between surfaces and fluid pressure drop will also contribute to entropy generation inside each thermo-mechanical processes. Higher entropy generation for a particular process will lead to more exergy destruction, and thus lower 2nd law efficiency. By assuming each major component inside the combined cycle as a control volume and conducting the exergy balance around it, the exergy destruction rate based on steady state condition can be determined. After combining the exergy destruction rate in each component, the total exergy destruction rates of the cycle can be determined as follows: Exergy destruction in Power cycle: Ep= mp*T0*((h3-h4)/ Toil;ave+(h6-h7)/ Tair;ave) Exergy destruction in cooling cycle: Ec=mc*T0*((h9-h10)/Tair;ave+(h11-h8)/Troom;ave ) Exergy destruction in combined cycle: Es = Ep+Ec

(11)

(12)

(13)

Larger temperature differences in both the according to Eqs. (11) and (12), the higher the average oil heating temperature and the lower the average outdoor cooling air temperature, the higher the exergy destruction in the power cycle. This is because the temperature differences inside the boiler and power condenser are higher for given fluid boiling and condensing temperatures, which generate more entropy during the boiling and condensing processes. Another important parameter is the enthalpy at

the power condenser inlet. Its value reflects the degree of entropy generation in the expansion process. As indicated in Eq. (11), higher values of h6 (enthalpy at power condenser inlet) correspond to lower isentropic expansion efficiency, and thereby higher exergy destruction in the power cycle. Similarly, higher indoor air temperatures (to be cooled) and lower outdoor air (cooling agent) temperatures would result in higher exergy destruction in the cooling cycle because of larger temperature differences in both the evaporator and cooling condenser. A compressor with lower isentropic efficiency would also increase the value of h9 (enthalpy at the cooling condenser inlet), thus leading to higher cycle exergy destruction. For any given heat exchanger, the exergy transfer can be described in the following: Exergy supplied by the hot stream: Ehot= Q*(1-T0/Th;ave) Exergy recovered by the cold stream: Ecold=Q *(1-T0/Tc;ave)

(14)

(15)

Therefore the exergy destroyed inside the heat exchanger is: Edestroyed=Ehot-Ecold = Q*((1-T0/Th;ave)- Q *(1-T0/Tc;ave))

(16)

This indicates the higher the temperature difference between the hot and cold streams, the more exergy destruction occurs. In order to reduce the amount of exergy destroyed, it is desirable to keep the temperature difference to a minimum. Two approaches can be used to achieve this goal. One is to increase the heat transfer area, which will reduce the required temperature difference for a given amount of heat load. The other is to keep or even reduce the heat transfer area, but significantly increase the heat transfer coefficient. The first approach is achievable in stationary applications where size and weight are not an issue. It becomes impractical for portable applications where component size and weight significantly impact the overall design objectives. In this case, the alternate approach may be realized by using micro channel technology to enhance heat transfer. They can achieve both goals of reducing exergy destruction, and minimizing size and weight. In addition, scroll technology has been used to build the expander and compressor. Their inherent high isentropic efficiency at their intrinsic pressure ratio minimizes the entropy generation during the expansion and compression processes. Expressions of 2nd law efficiency for both the power and cooling cycles are given as, Power cycle: pII=p/(1-Tair;ave/Toil;ave) (17) Cooling cycle : c;II = COPc*(Tair;ave/Troom;ave-1) (18) The 2nd law efficiency of the power cycle can be determined by comparing the net work produced by the current power cycle with the reversible work produced by Carnot cycle. Thus: p;II =Wnet/Wrev=((h4-h5s)*exp-(h2s-h1)/pump)/(mp*(h4 _ h3)*1-(Tair;ave/Toil;ave )) (19)

3 ANALYSIS OF WORKING FLUID Basically, the working fluid can be classified into three categories. Those are dry, isentropic, and wet depending on the slope of the TS curve (dT/dS) to be positive, infinite, and negative, respectively. The working fluids of dry or isentropic type are more appropriate for ORC systems. This is because dry or isentropic fluids are superheated after isentropic expansion, thereby eliminating the influence of liquid droplets on the turbine blades. Moreover, the superheated apparatus is not needed. Attempts were made to examine various types of working fluids, such as dry, isentropic and wet ones, and effect of working fluids on system efficiency by equation of state and correlation based on experimental

data. A system has a better performance if the temperature difference between the heat source and the temperature of the working fluid in an evaporator is reduced due to its lower irreversibility. The thermodynamic relation of entropy S is described by (19) As shown in Fig. 1, the reference state (S=0) is at T=Tref and P= Pref which is in fact a subcooled liquid state. The entropy of the saturated vapor (state 3) can be expressed as

(20) where HH, TH, and PH denote the enthalpy of vaporization, the evaporating temperature, and the evaporating pressure, respectively. The RHS in Eq. (2) denotes the integral from the reference state (Tref, Pref) to state ref(Tref, PH), state ref (Tref, PH) to state 22 (TH, PH), then state 22 (TH, PH) to state 3 (TH, PH). During the integration, the heat capacity of liquid CP is relatively independent of pressure and of the incompressibility of the liquid (V=T)P0. In that respect, differentiating Eq. (2) with respect to TH yields the following approximately (21)

By exploitation of the Watson relation [11] between DHH and TH: (22) where TrHi (=THi/TC) and TrHii (=THii/TC) denote the reduced evaporating temperatures. DHHi and DHHii represent the enthalpies of vaporization at states i and ii, respectively; the exponent n is suggested to be 0.375 or 0.38. Substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) yields

(23)

where n (=dS/dTH) is the slope of saturated vapor curve on TS diagram. Types of working fluids can be predicted by the above expression. That is, n > 0: a dry fluid, n0: an isentropic fluid, and n < 0: a wet fluid. Table 1 illustrates types of some working fluids from thermodynamic data [12,13] and the results predicted by Eq. (23). As seen in the table, reasonably good agreement between thermodynamic data and predicted results by Eq. (23) is shown. From Table 1, we can find that not all the organic working fluids belong to dry or isentropic type. For example, ethanol is a wet fluid. This can be explained from Eq. (23), where n may become negative as DHH is large enough. This implies the working fluid is in fact a wet type. In addition to the above direct consequence, the actual cause is

related to the chemical structure of the working fluids. For working fluids such as water showing strong attraction among molecules (hydrogen bonds), DHH is comparatively large. Hence, molecules having hydrogen bonds interactions like water, ammonia, and ethanol give rise to large DHH and become wet types.

4 REFERANCES http://rankinecycle.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle [12] Perry RH, Green DW. Perrys chemical engineering handbook, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997. [13] Lide DR. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: ready-reference book of chemical and physical data, 74th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. Effect of working fluids on organic Rankine cycle for waste heat recovery, Energy 29 (2004) 12071217

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