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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA


CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(CHE465)











No. Title Allocated Marks () Marks
1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 ReIerence / Appendix 5
13 Supervisor`s grading 10
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

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---------------------------

Date :

NAME : IKHWAN BIN HASBULLAH
STUDENT NO. : 2010245466
GROUP : EH 220 2A
EXPERIMENT : REFRIGERANT UNIT
DATE PERFORMED : 17
TH
APRIL 2011
SEMESTER : 2
PROGRAMME / CODE : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING / EH220
SUBMIT TO : PN FUZIEAH SUBARI
Content

NO ITEMS PAGE
1 Abstract/Summary
2 Introduction
3 Theory
4 Aim/Objective
5 Apparatus
6 Procedures
7 Results
8 Calculations
9 Discussions
10 Conclusion
11 Recommendation
12 ReIerences
13 Appendices








Abstract / Summary























Introduction
The SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE 165) has been designed to provide
students with a practical and quantitative demonstration oI a vapour compression cycle, and is
suitable Ior all course levels (intermediate and undergraduate). ReIrigerators and heat pumps
both apply the vapour compression cycle, although the applications oI these machines diIIer, the
components are essentially the same.
The Mechanical Heat Pump is capable oI demonstrating the heat pump application where
a large Ireely available energy source, such as the atmosphere is to be upgraded Ior water
heating. The unit will be particular interest in those studying Mechanical Engineering, Energy
Conservation, Thermodynamics, Building Services, Chemical Engineering, Plant and Process
Engineering, ReIrigeration and Air Conditioning.

Summary of Theory
A heat pump is a mechanism that absorbs heat Irom waste water source or surrounding to
produce valuable heat on a higher temperature level than that oI the heat source. The
Iundamental idea oI all heat pumps is that heat is absorbed by a medium, which releases the heat
at a required temperature which is higher aIter a physical or chemical transIormation.
Heat pump technology has attracted increasing attention as one oI the most promising
technologies to save energy. Areas oI interest include heating oI buildings, recovery oI industrial
waste heatIor steam production and heating oI process water Ior example cleaning, sanitation.
Generally, there are three types oI heat pump systems:
O Closed cycle vapour compression heat pumps (electric and engine driven)
O Heat transIormers (a type oI absorption heat pump) and
O Mechanical vapour recompression heat pumps operating at about at 200
o
C
The CoeIIicient oI PerIormance, (COP
H
) oI a heat pump cycle is an expression oI the cycle
eIIiciency and is stated as the ratio oI the heat removed in the heated space to the heat energy
equivalent oI the energy supplied to the Compressor.
COP
H
Heat removed Irom heated space / Heat energy equivalent oI the energy
supplied to the Compressor
Thus, Ior the Theoretical Simple Cycle, this may be written as:
COP
H
Heating EIIect
Heat oI Compression
(h
2
h
3
)
(h
2
h
1
)

Note: The cooling water and reIrigerant Ilow rate display is in percentage (). Below are the
Iormula to convert cooling water and reIrigerant Ilow rate to LPM.
1. Cooling water Ilow rate (LPM) Cooling water Ilow rate () 5 LPM
100
2. ReIrigerant Ilow rate (LPM) ReIrigerant Ilow rate () 1.26 LPM
100







Objectives
O To determine the power input, heat output and coeIIicient oI perIormance oI a vapour
compression heat pump system
O To produce the perIormance oI heat pump over a range oI source and delivery
temperatures
O To plot the vapour compression cycle on the p-h diagram and compare with the ideal
cycle
O To perIorm energy balances Ior the condenser and compressor
O To determine the compression ratio and volumetric eIIiciency

Experimental Apparatus

Figure 1.1: SOLTEQ Mechanical Heat Pump (Model: HE165)


Experimental Procedure

General Start-up Procedures
1. All the unit and instrument were checked to be in proper condition
2. Both the water source and drain were checked to be connected. The water supply
was opened and the cooling water Ilow rate was set at 1.0 LPM
3. The drain hose at the condensate collector was checked to be connected
4. The power supply was connected. The main power was switch on Iollowed by
main switch at the control panel
5. The reIrigerant compressor was switch on.

General Shut-down Procedures
1. The compressor was switch oII, Iollowed by the main switch and power supply
2. The water supply was closed and the water was ensured not leIt running.

Experiment 1: Determination of power input, heat output and coefficient of performance
1. The general start-up procedures was perIormed
2. The cooling water Ilow rate was adjusted to 40
3. The system was allowed to run Ior 15 minutes
4. All necessary readings were recorded into experimental data sheet.



Experiment 2: Production of heat pump performance curves over a range of source and
delivery temperatures
1. The general start-up was perIormed
2. The cooling water was adjusted to 80
3. The system was allowed to run Ior 15 minutes
4. All necessary readings were recorded into experimental data sheet
5. The experiment was repeated by reducing the water Ilow rate so that the cooling
water outlet temperatures increases by about 3
o
C
6. The similar steps were repeated until the compressor delivery pressure reaches
around 14.0 bar
7. The experiment were repeated at diIIerent ambient temperature.
Experiment 3: Production of vapour compression cycle on p-h diagram and energy balance
study.
1. The general start-up was perIormed
2. The cooling water Ilow rate was adjusted to 40 and the system was allowed to
run Ior 10 minutes
3. All the necessary readings were recorded into the experimental data
Experiment 4: Estimation of the effect of compressor pressure ratio on volumetric
efficiency.
1. The general start-up procedure was perIormed
2. The cooling water Ilow rate was adjusted to 40
3. The system was allowed to run Ior 10 minutes
4. All necessary readings were recorded into the experiment data sheet
5. The experiment was repeated at diIIerent compressor delivery pressure.
Results
Experiment 1
Cooling water flow rate, FT1 40.0
Cooling water inlet temperature, TT5 C 20.2
Cooling water outlet temperature, TT6 C 28.5
Compressor power input W 165

Experiment 2
1
st
Reading 2
nd
Reading 3
rd
Reading
Cooling water flow rate,
FT1
63.0 60.0 50.0
Cooling water inlet
temperature, TT5
C 27.7 27.4 27.3
Cooling water outlet
temperature, TT6
C 28.5 28.4 28.4
Compressor power input W 158 160 160

Experiment 3
Refrigerant flow rate, FT2 58.3
Refrigerant pressure (low), P1 Bar (abs) 2.0
Refrigerant pressure (high), P2 Bar (abs) 7.0
Refrigerant temperature, TT1 C 25.7
Refrigerant temperature, TT2 C 84.1
Refrigerant temperature, TT3 C 27.9
Refrigerant temperature, TT4 C 20.6
Cooling water flow rate, FT1 45.0
Cooling water inlet temperature, TT5 C 27.2
Cooling water outlet temperature, TT6 C 28.4
Compressor power input W 158
Experiment 4
Refrigerant flow rate, FT2 58.3
Refrigerant pressure (low), P1 Bar (abs) 1.9
Refrigerant pressure (high), P2 Bar (abs) 6.7
Refrigerant temperature, TT1 C 25.7


Result Calculations
Experiment 1:
a. Calculation of conversion flow rate from to LPM:
Cooling water Ilow rate, LPM =
cooIng wutc ]Iow utc (%)
100%
x 5 LPM
=
40.0 x 5
100

= 2 LPM
b. Calculation of h
1
and h
2
:
Interpolation method was used (reIer to Table A-4):
h
1
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
20 83.915
20.2 h
1

25 104.83


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
1
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


20.2-20
25-20
=
h
1
-8.9
.8-8.9


1
= 4.7516k1/kg


h
2
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
28.5 h
2

30.0 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
2
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


28.5-25
30-25
=
h
2
-.8
.-.8


2
= 119.467k1/kg

c. Calculation of mass flow rate:

water
1000kg/m
3


=
2 L
1 mn
x
1 m3
1000 L
x
1 mn
60 s
3.333 x 10
-5
m
3
/s
=Mass Ilow rate =
3.333 x 10-5 m3
s
x
1000 kg
m3
0.0333 kg/s

d. Calculation of Q
H
:

n
=
out

1
=
H
+
2

H
= (
2
-
1
)
= .s(9. - 8.)[
= 1. 15 k1/s

e. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance:
9

1.15 k]s
165 k]s

0.00701
Experiment 2:
1
st
reading
a. Calculation of conversion flow rate from to LPM:
Cooling water Ilow rate, LPM =
cooIng wutc ]Iow utc (%)
100%
x 5 LPM
=
63.0 x 5
100

= 3.15 LPM
b. Calculation of h
1
and h
2
:
Interpolation method was used (also reIer to Table A-4):
h
1
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
27.7 h
1

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
1
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


27.7-25
30-25
=
h
1
-104.83
125.74-104.83


1
= 116.1214 k1/kg
h
2
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
28.5 h
2

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
2
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


28.5-25
30-25
=
h
2
-.8
.-.8


2
= 119.467 k1/kg

c. Calculation of mass flow rate:

water
1000kg/m
3


=
3.15 L
1 mn
x
1 m3
1000 L
x
1 mn
60 s
5.25
-5
m
3
/s
=Mass Ilow rate =
5.2510
-S
m3
s
x
1000 kg
m3
0.0525 kg/s

d. Calculation of Q
H
:

n
=
out

1
=
H
+
2


H
= (
2
-
1
)
= .s(9. -.)[
= . 1758 k1/s

e. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance:
9

0.1758 k]s
158 k]s

0.00111

2
nd
reading
a. Cooling water flow rate, LPM 3.0 LPM
b. h
1
114.66 k1/kg , h
2
119.04 k1/kg
c. Mass flow rate 0.0500 kg/s
d. Q
H
0.2091k1/s
e. COP
H
0.00131

3
rd
reading
a. Cooling water flow rate, LPM 2.5 LPM
b. h
1
114.446 k1/kg , h
2
119.04 k1/kg
c. Mass flow rate 0.0417 kg/s
d. Q
H
. 1918 k1/s
e. COP
H
0.00120

!071472,3.0.:7;041,0,95:25
Coefficient of performance vs Temperature of water delivered








00011
000113
00012
000123
00013
000133
2838 284 2842 2844 2846 2848 283 2832
C
o
e
f
f
|
c
|
e
n
t

o
f

e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e

(
C
C

)
Water De||vered (C)
Heat delivered vs Temperature of water delivered


Compressor power input vs Temperature of water delivered





017
0173
018
0183
019
0193
02
0203
021
0213
2838 284 2842 2844 2846 2848 283 2832

e
a
t

D
e
|
|
v
e
r
e
d

(
k
I
]
s
)
Water De||vered (C)
1373
138
1383
139
1393
160
1603
2838 284 2842 2844 2846 2848 283 2832
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
o
r

o
w
e
r

I
n
p
u
t

(
W
)
Water De||vered (C)
Experiment 3:

2 1





FT
H
FT
L

3 4

a. Calculation at point 1 and 2 (Refer to Table A-13 in Appendix):
at point 1, the h
1
is 270.18kJ/kg
at point 2, the h
2
is 318.28kJ/kg

b. Calculation at point 3 and 4 (Refer to Table A-11 in Appendix):
at point 3, the h
3
,
At P 0.7MPa,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
26 87.83
26.9 h
3

28 90.69


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
3
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


26.9-26
28-26
=
h
3
-87.83
90.69-87.83


3
= 9.117k1/kg

at point 4, the h
4
,
At P 0.2MPa,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
18 76.52
19.3 h
4

20 79.32


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
4
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


19.3-18
20-18
=
h
4
-76.52
79.32-76.52


4
= 7.34k1/kg
c. The value of h
1
, h
2
, h
3
and h
4
:
h
1
270.1k1/kg
h
2
31.2k1/kg
h
3
9.117k1/kg
h
4
7.34k1/kg

Appendices
Calculation for Experiment 2 (2
nd
and 3
rd
readings)
2
nd
reading
a. Calculation of conversion flow rate from to LPM:
Cooling water Ilow rate, LPM =
cooIng wutc ]Iow utc (%)
100%
x 5 LPM
=
60.0 x 5
100

= 3.0 LPM
b. Calculation of h
1
and h
2
:
Interpolation method was used (also reIer to Table A-4):
h
1
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
27.4 h
1

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
1
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


27.4-25
30-25
=
h
1
-104.83
125.74-104.83


1
= 114.66 k1/kg
h
2
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
28.4 h
2

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
2
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


28.4-25
30-25
=
h
2
-.8
.-.8


2
= 119.04 k1/kg

c. Calculation of mass flow rate:

water
1000kg/m
3


=
3.0 L
1 mn
x
1 m3
1000 L
x
1 mn
60 s
5.00
-5
m
3
/s
=Mass Ilow rate =
5.0010
-S
m3
s
x
1000 kg
m3
0.0500 kg/s

d. Calculation of Q
H
:

n
=
out

1
=
H
+
2


H
= (
2
-
1
)
= .s(9.88 -.88)[
= . 291 k1/s

e. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance:
9

0.2091 k]s
160 k]s

0.00131

3
rd
reading
a. Calculation of conversion flow rate from to LPM:
Cooling water Ilow rate, LPM =
cooIng wutc ]Iow utc (%)
100%
x 5 LPM
=
50.0 x 5
100

= 2.5 LPM


b. Calculation of h
1
and h
2
:
Interpolation method was used (also reIer to Table A-4):
h
1
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
27.3 h
1

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
1
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


27.3-25
30-25
=
h
1
-104.83
125.74-104.83


1
= 114.446 k1/kg




h
2
,
T (C) h (kJ/kg)
25 104.83
28.4 h
2

30 125.74


1
x
-1
1
1
2
-1
1
=
h
2
- h
T1
h
T2
-h
T1


28.4-25
30-25
=
h
2
-.8
.-.8


2
= 119.04 k1/kg

c. Calculation of mass flow rate:

water
1000kg/m
3


=
2,5 L
1 mn
x
1 m3
1000 L
x
1 mn
60 s
4.167
-5
m
3
/s
=Mass Ilow rate =
5.0010
-S
m3
s
x
1000 kg
m3
0.0417 kg/s

d. Calculation of Q
H
:

n
=
out

1
=
H
+
2


H
= (
2
-
1
)
= .s(9.88 -.8)[
= . 1918 k1/s

e. Calculation of Coefficient of Performance:
9

0.1918 k]s
160 k]s

0.00120

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